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Conference paperHeiles B, Zadrazil I, Matar OK, 2013,
The effect of surfactant on stratified and stratifying gas-liquid flows
, American Physical Society - Division of Fluid DynamicsWe consider the dynamics of a stratified/stratifying gas-liquid flow in horizontal tubes. This flow regime is characterised by the thin liquid films that drain under gravity along the pipe interior, forming a pool at the bottom of the tube, and the formation of large-amplitude waves at the gas-liquid interface. This regime is also accompanied by the detachment of droplets from the interface and their entrainment into the gas phase. We carry out an experimental study involving axial- and radial-view photography of the flow, in the presence and absence of surfactant. We show that the effect of surfactant is to reduce significantly the average diameter of the entrained droplets, through a tip-streaming mechanism. We also highlight the influence of surfactant on the characteristics of the interfacial waves, and the pressure gradient that drives the flow.
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Conference paperZadrazil I, Matar OK, Markides CN, 2013,
Slug front gas entrainment in gas-liquid two-phase horizontal flow using hi-speed slug-tracking
, American Physical Society - Division of Fluid DynamicsA gas-liquid flow regime where liquid-continuous regions travel at high speeds (i.e. slugs) through a pipe separated by regions of stratified flow (i.e. elongated bubbles) is referred to as a ``slug flow.'' This regime is characterised by the turbulent entrainment of gas into the slug front body. We use a high-speed camera mounted on a moving robotic linear rail to track the formation of naturally occurring slugs over 150 pipe diameters. We show that the dynamics of the slugs become progressively more complex with increasing liquid and gas Reynolds numbers. Based on the slug- tracking visualization we present, over a range of conditions: (i) phenomenological observations of the formation and development of slugs, and (ii) statistical data on the slug velocity and gas entrainment rate into the slug body.
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Conference paperZadrazil I, Matar OK, Markides CN, 2013,
On the Frequency of Large Waves in Vertical Gas-Liquid Annular Flow
, American Institute of Chemical Engineers -
Journal articleZhao Y, Markides CN, Matar OK, et al., 2013,
Disturbance wave development in two-phase gas-liquid upwards vertical annular flow
, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol: 55, Pages: 111-129, ISSN: 0301-9322Disturbance waves are of central importance in annular flows. Such waves are characterised by their large amplitudes relative to the mean film thickness, their high translation velocities relative to the mean film speed, and their circumferential coherence. The present paper is concerned with the existence, development and translation of disturbance waves in upwards, gas–liquid annular flows. Experiments are described, which featured simultaneous high-frequency film thickness measurements from multiple conductance probes positioned circumferentially and axially along a vertical pipe, these measurements were aimed at studying the three-dimensional development of these interfacial structures as a function of distance from the tube inlet. From the results, it is found that disturbance waves begin to appear and to achieve their circumferential coherence from lengths as short as 5–10 pipe diameters downstream of the liquid injection location; this coherence gradually strengthens with increasing distance from the inlet. It is further shown that the spectral content of the entire interfacial wave activity shifts to lower frequencies with increasing axial distance from the inlet, with the peak frequency levelling off after approximately 20 pipe diameters. Interestingly, on the other hand, the frequency of occurrence of the disturbance waves first increases away from the inlet as these waves form, reaches a maximum at a length between 7.5 and 15 pipe diameters that depends on the flow conditions, and then decreases again. This trend becomes increasingly evident at higher gas and/or liquid flow-rates. Both wave frequency measures increase monotonically at higher gas and/or liquid flow-rates.
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Journal articleKarapetsas G, Sahu KC, Matar OK, 2013,
Effect of Contact Line Dynamics on the Thermocapillary Motion of a Droplet on an Inclined Plate
, LANGMUIR, Vol: 29, Pages: 8892-8906, ISSN: 0743-7463- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 71
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ReportSmith E, Trevelyan D, Zaki T, 2013,
Scalable coupling of Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of Multi-scale Flows — Part 2
The objective of this project was the development and performance optimisation of a couplingapplication. The coupler library is intended for interfacing massively-parallel algorithmsfor multi-physics simulations. The development of the coupler library adopted the same philosophyof the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library: The coupler was engineered as a setof libraries that are accessible from various applications, in order to interface their operation.However, the applications maintain independent data and scope, and only exchange informationvia calls to the coupler library. The development, validation, verification and optimisation ofthe coupling library were performed in the context of interfacing two massively parallel algorithms:a continuum Navier-Stokes solver (T ransFlow) and a molecular dynamics algorithm(StreamMD). However, the development of the coupling library has maintained generality inorder to facilitate coupling other application softwares in the future.
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Conference paperZadrazil I, Markides CN, Hewitt GF, et al., 2013,
Wave Structure and Velocity Profiles in Downwards Gas-Liquid Annular Flow
, 8th International Conference on Multiphase FlowThe downwards co-current gas-liquid annular flows inside a vertically oriented pipe have been experimentally investigated.The measurements and characterisation were performed using advanced optical non-intrusive laser-based techniques, namelyLaser Induced Fluorescence, and Particle Image/Tracking Velocimetry. The investigated conditions were in the range of ReL =306 – 1,532 and ReG = 0 – 84,600. Temporal film thickness time traces were constructed using the Laser Induced Fluorescenceimages. Based on these, the wave frequency was evaluated using direct wave counting approach and power spectral densityanalysis. Additionally, qualitative PIV observations revealed the presence of recirculation zones within a wave front ofdisturbance waves.
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Conference paperZadrazil I, Hewitt GF, Matar OK, et al., 2012,
Wave Structure and Velocity Profiles in Downwards Gas-Liquid Annular Flows, American Physical Society
, American Physical Society - Division of Fluid DynamicsA downwards flow of gas in the core of a vertical pipe, and of liquid in the annulus between the pipe wall and the gas phase is referred to as a ``downwards annular flow'' (DAF). DAFs are conventionally described in terms of short-lived, small-amplitude ``ripples,'' and large-amplitude, high-speed ``disturbances.'' We use a combination of Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Particle Image and Tracking Velocimetry (PIV, PTV) to study DAFs. We demonstrate through these techniques that the liquid films become progressively more complex with increasing liquid Reynolds number (ReL), while a similar increase of complexity is observed for increasing gas Reynolds number (ReG). Disturbance waves are observed for low and high ReL, and ripples for intermediate ReL. Additionally, a high degree of rolling breakdown of disturbance waves is observed in falling films at the highest ReL, which is a source of bubble entrainment into the film body. Our results will comprise: (i) statistical data on film thickness, and (ii) wave frequency, velocity, wavelength. In addition, a qualitative (e.g. re-circulation zones) and quantitative (e.g. mean/rms velocity profiles) velocity characterisation of the film flows will be presented.
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Conference paperZhao Y, Zadrazil I, Markides CN, et al., 2012,
Wave structure in Upwards Gas-Liquid Annular Flows
, American Physical Society - Division of Fluid DynamicsA two-phase flow system in a vertical pipe in which the liquid around the pipe periphery is lifted by the gas core is referred to as an ``upwards annular flow'' (UAF). UAFs have a complex interfacial structure, which consists of short-lived, small-amplitude ``ripple'' waves, and large amplitude, high-speed ``disturbances'' waves. Two sets of flush-mounted electrically conducting probes together with axial view photography were used to study UAFs. The overall wave frequency decreased with increasing distance from the inlet until saturation. Disturbance waves were observed over a wide range (both low and high) of liquid Reynolds numbers, ReL, while ripples were observed at lower ReL. Disturbance ``bursts,'' which are a source of liquid entrainment into the gas core, were also observed, with increasing frequency at progressively higher ReL. The waves appeared more chaotic near the inlet, which hindered the formation of the correlated waves. As the small (ripple) waves coalesced into bigger waves with increasing distance from the inlet, the waves became more coherent around the pipe periphery. The results that will be presented comprise: (i) statistical film thickness data, and (ii) wave, frequency, velocity, and wavelength.
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Conference paperZadrazil I, Markides CN, Naraigh LO, et al., 2012,
Dynamics of Turbulent Falling Films
, American Physical Society - Division of Fluid DynamicsThe dynamics of laminar falling films have received considerable attention over the past several decades. In contrast, turbulent falling films have been the subject of far fewer studies. We seek to redress this balance by studying the stability of falling films which have already undergone a transition from a laminar to a turbulent flow regime. We derive a uniform-film base-state for this flow by assuming the averaged turbulent velocity field to be steady and fully-developed, and by employing a modified version of mixing-length theory. The latter features an interpolation function for the eddy viscosity, and van Driest-type functions for turbulence-damping near the wall and interface regions. The predicted base-state streamwise velocity component is in good agreement with experimental data. A linear stability analysis of this base-state is then carried out by solving a modified version of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. Our results suggest that the unstable mode is a long-wave one. This provides motivation for the derivation of long-wave equations for the nonlinear evolution of the film.
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