Publications
121 results found
Nsanya MK, Atchison CJ, Bottomley C, et al., 2019, Modern contraceptive use among sexually active women aged 15-19 years in North-Western Tanzania: results from the Adolescent 360 (A360) baseline survey, BMJ OPEN, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2044-6055
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- Citations: 23
Doyle AM, Mulhern E, Rosen J, et al., 2019, Challenges and opportunities in evaluating programmes incorporating human-centred design: lessons learnt from the evaluation of Adolescents 360, Gates Open Research, Vol: 3, Pages: 1472-1472
<ns4:p>Adolescents 360 (A360) is a four-year initiative (2016–2020) to increase 15-19-year-old girls’ use of modern contraception in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania. The innovative A360 approach is led by human-centred design (HCD), combined with social marketing, developmental neuroscience, public health, sociocultural anthropology and youth engagement ‘lenses’, and aims to create context-specific, youth-driven solutions that respond to the needs of adolescent girls. The A360 external evaluation includes a process evaluation, quasi-experimental outcome evaluation, and a cost-effectiveness study. We reflect on evaluation opportunities and challenges associated with measuring the application and impact of this novel HCD-led design approach.</ns4:p><ns4:p> For the process evaluation, participant observations were key to capturing the depth of the fast-paced, highly-iterative HCD process, and to understand decision-making within the design process. The evaluation team had to be flexible and align closely with the work plan of the implementers. The HCD process meant that key information such as intervention components, settings, and eligible populations were unclear and changed over outcome evaluation and cost-effectiveness protocol development. This resulted in a more time-consuming and resource-intensive study design process. As much time and resources went into the creation of a new design approach, separating one-off “creation” costs versus those costs associated with actually implementing the programme was challenging. Opportunities included the potential to inform programmatic decision-making in real-time to ensure that interventions adequately met the contextualized needs in targeted areas.</ns4:p><ns4:p> Robust evaluation of interventions designed using HCD, a promising and increasingly popular approach, is warranted yet challenging. Future HCD-based initiatives should consider a phased evaluation
Walker JL, Andrews NJ, Atchison CJ, et al., 2019, Effectiveness of oral rotavirus vaccination in England against rotavirus-confirmed and all-cause acute gastroenteritis, Vaccine: X, Vol: 1, Pages: 100005-100005, ISSN: 2590-1362
Atchison CJ, Cresswell JA, Kapiga S, et al., 2019, Sexuality, fertility and family planning characteristics of married women aged 15 to 19 years in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania: a comparative analysis of cross-sectional data, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Vol: 16
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- Citations: 8
Doyle AM, Mulhern E, Rosen J, et al., 2019, Challenges and opportunities in evaluating programmes incorporating human-centred design: lessons learnt from the evaluation of Adolescents 360., Gates Open Res, Vol: 3
Adolescents 360 (A360) is a four-year initiative (2016-2020) to increase 15-19-year-old girls' use of modern contraception in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania. The innovative A360 approach is led by human-centred design (HCD), combined with social marketing, developmental neuroscience, public health, sociocultural anthropology and youth engagement 'lenses', and aims to create context-specific, youth-driven solutions that respond to the needs of adolescent girls. The A360 external evaluation includes a process evaluation, quasi-experimental outcome evaluation, and a cost-effectiveness study. We reflect on evaluation opportunities and challenges associated with measuring the application and impact of this novel HCD-led design approach. For the process evaluation, participant observations were key to capturing the depth of the fast-paced, highly-iterative HCD process, and to understand decision-making within the design process. The evaluation team had to be flexible and align closely with the work plan of the implementers. The HCD process meant that key information such as intervention components, settings, and eligible populations were unclear and changed over outcome evaluation and cost-effectiveness protocol development. This resulted in a more time-consuming and resource-intensive study design process. As much time and resources went into the creation of a new design approach, separating one-off "creation" costs versus those costs associated with actually implementing the programme was challenging. Opportunities included the potential to inform programmatic decision-making in real-time to ensure that interventions adequately met the contextualized needs in targeted areas. Robust evaluation of interventions designed using HCD, a promising and increasingly popular approach, is warranted yet challenging. Future HCD-based initiatives should consider a phased evaluation, focusing initially on programme theory refinement and process evaluation, and then, when the
Atchison CJ, Mulhern E, Kapiga S, et al., 2018, Evaluating the impact of an intervention to increase uptake of modern contraceptives among adolescent girls (15–19 years) in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania: the Adolescents 360 quasi-experimental study protocol, BMJ Open, Vol: 8, Pages: e021834-e021834, ISSN: 2044-6055
Saxena S, Atchison C, Cecil E, et al., 2015, Additive impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on pneumonia and empyema hospital admissions in England, JOURNAL OF INFECTION, Vol: 71, Pages: 428-436, ISSN: 0163-4453
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- Citations: 35
Atchison CJ, Zenner D, Barnett L, et al., 2015, Treating latent TB in primary care: a survey of enablers and barriers among UK General Practitioners, BMC Infectious Diseases, Vol: 15, ISSN: 1471-2334
BackgroundTreating latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an important public health intervention. In the UK, LTBI treatment is delivered in secondary care. Treating LTBI in the community would move care closer to home and could increase uptake and treatment completion rates. However, healthcare providers’ views about the feasibility of this in the UK are unknown. This is the first study to investigate perceived barriers and enablers to primary care-based LTBI treatment among UK general practitioners (GPs).MethodsA national survey amongst 140 randomly sampled UK GPs practising in areas of high TB incidence was performed. GPs’ experience and perceived confidence, barriers and enablers of primary care-based LTBI treatment were explored and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether these were associated with a GP’s willingness to deliver LTBI treatment.ResultsOne hundred and twelve (80 %) GPs responded. Ninety-three (83 %; 95 % CI 75 %–89 %) GPs said they would be willing to deliver LTBI treatment in primary care, if key perceived barriers were addressed during service development. The major perceived barriers to delivering primary care-based LTBI treatment were insufficient experience among GPs of screening and treating LTBI, lack of timely specialist support and lack of allied healthcare staff. In addition, GPs felt that appropriate resourcing was key to the successful and sustainable delivery of the service. GPs who reported previous experience of screening or treatment of patients with active or latent TB were almost ten times more likely to be willing to deliver LTBI treatment in primary care compared to GPs with no experience (OR: 9.98; 95 % CI 1.22–81.51).ConclusionsUK GPs support primary care-based LTBI treatment, provided they are given appropriate training, specialist support, staffing and financing.
Atchison CJ, Stowe J, Andrews N, et al., 2015, Rapid Declines in Age Group-Specific Rotavirus Infection and Acute Gastroenteritis Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Individuals Within 1 Year of Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in England and Wales., Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol: 213, Pages: 243-249, ISSN: 1537-6613
BACKGROUND: The oral infant rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix, was introduced in England and Wales in July 2013. We estimated the impact on laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections and hospitalizations for all-cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) during the first year after introduction. METHODS: We extracted data on laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections (July 2000 through June 2015) and all-cause AGE-associated hospitalizations (July 2007 through June 2014) for all age groups using national databases (LabBase2 and HES). We determined the ratio of the rate during the 2013-2014 rotavirus season to the rate during the prevaccination era. RESULTS: In infants, there was a 77% decline (rate ratio [RR], 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], .16-.32) in laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections and a 26% decline (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, .65-.84) in all-cause AGE-associated hospitalizations in 2013-2014, compared with the prevaccination era. Large reductions were also observed in older children, adults, and older adults. We estimated that 10 884 laboratory-confirmed infections and 50 427 all-cause AGE-associated hospital admissions were averted in 2013-2014. Similar reductions have been observed for laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections during the 2014-2015 season. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid declines in rotavirus infection and AGE in vaccinated and unvaccinated age groups within 1 year of introducing an infant rotavirus vaccination program are far greater than expected and than previously reported by other countries.
Chalmers RM, Atchison C, Barlow K, et al., 2015, An audit of the laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Vol: 64, Pages: 688-693, ISSN: 0022-2615
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- Citations: 17
Bilcke J, Chapman R, Atchison C, et al., 2015, Quantifying Parameter and Structural Uncertainty of Dynamic Disease Transmission Models Using MCMC: An Application to Rotavirus Vaccination in England and Wales, MEDICAL DECISION MAKING, Vol: 35, Pages: 633-647, ISSN: 0272-989X
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- Citations: 12
Atchison C, Collins S, Brown D, et al., 2015, Reduction in rotavirus disease due to the infant immunisation programme in England; evidence from national surveillance, JOURNAL OF INFECTION, Vol: 71, Pages: 128-131, ISSN: 0163-4453
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- Citations: 15
Karafillakis E, Hassounah S, Atchison C, 2015, Effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccines in Europe, 2006-2014, VACCINE, Vol: 33, Pages: 2097-2107, ISSN: 0264-410X
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- Citations: 111
Atchison CJ, Hassounah S, 2015, The UK immunisation schedule: changes to vaccine policy and practice in 2013/14., JRSM Open, Vol: 6, ISSN: 2054-2704
Vaccination programmes are implemented either as new vaccines become available or evidence about them accumulates, or in response to specific situations. In the United Kingdom, development and implementation of the national immunisation programme is centrally coordinated and funded by the Department of Health on behalf of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. A number of significant changes were made to the UK immunisation schedule for 2013/2014. Three new vaccines were introduced: intranasal influenza and oral rotavirus for children and subcutaneous shingles for older adults. To ensure protection against meningococcal C infection into adulthood, there has been a change to the schedule for meningitis C vaccination. The temporary pertussis vaccination programme for pregnant women, set up in response to an increase in the number of cases of pertussis particularly among young babies, has been extended until further notice. Furthermore, in response to large outbreaks of measles in south Wales and other parts of the UK, a national measles, mumps and rubella catch-up campaign specifically targeted at unvaccinated children aged 10-16 years was launched to ensure that all children and young people have received two doses of measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. This review describes the rationale behind these policy changes.
Clark A, Jit M, Andrews N, et al., 2014, Evaluating the potential risks and benefits of infant rotavirus vaccination in England, VACCINE, Vol: 32, Pages: 3604-3610, ISSN: 0264-410X
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- Citations: 23
Simone B, Atchison C, Ruiz B, et al., 2014, Investigating an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in a school using smartphone technology, London, March 2013, Euro Surveill, Vol: 19
On 22 March 2013, 150 of 1,255 students (13–17 years) and staff at a school in London reported gastrointestinal symptoms; onset peaked 8 to 12 hours after a lunch served in the school on 21 March. We performed a retrospective cohort study of all students and staff. We defined cases as school attenders on 20 and 21 March with onset of gastrointestinal symptoms between 20 and 23 March. We tested food, environmental and stool samples of cases for common pathogens and bacterial toxins. We administered an online questionnaire via email, encouraging the use of smartphones to respond, to measure risk of illness for food items eaten at school on 20 and 21 March. Survey response was 45%. Adjusted risk ratios were generated in a multivariable analysis. Those who ate chicken balti on 21 March were 19.3 times more likely to become ill (95% confidence interval: 7.3–50.9). Clostridium perfringens was detected in all 19 stool samples collected. Within eight school hours of its launch, 412 of 561 (73%) responders had completed the survey. Hygienic standards in the kitchen were satisfactory. The investigation was done rapidly due to smartphone technology and we recommend considering this technology in future outbreaks.
Atchison C, Zvoc M, Balakrishnan R, 2013, The Evaluation of a Standardized Call/Recall System for Childhood Immunizations in Wandsworth, England, JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH, Vol: 38, Pages: 581-587, ISSN: 0094-5145
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- Citations: 10
Malla F, Yin Lam H, Al-Qurashi H, et al., 2012, The Cost-Effectiveness of a Universal Rotavirus Vaccination Programme in Bangladesh, Health Protection 2012
Pitzer VE, Atkins KE, de Blasio BF, et al., 2012, Direct and Indirect Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination: Comparing Predictions from Transmission Dynamic Models, PLOS ONE, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1932-6203
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- Citations: 52
Lopman BA, Pitzer VE, Sarkar R, et al., 2012, Understanding Reduced Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy in Low Socio-Economic Settings, PLOS ONE, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1932-6203
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- Citations: 101
Atchison CJ, Duffell E, 2011, Audit of surveillance of acute hepatitis Binfection in Greater Manchester, Five Nations Health Protection Conference
Atchison C, Iturriza-Gomara M, Tam C, et al., 2010, SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF ROTAVIRUS DISEASE IN EUROPE <i>CAN CLIMATE OR DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABILITY EXPLAIN THE PATTERNS OBSERVED</i>, PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL, Vol: 29, Pages: 566-568, ISSN: 0891-3668
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- Citations: 6
Atchison C, Lopman B, Edmunds WJ, 2010, Modelling the seasonality of rotavirus disease and the impact of vaccination in England and Wales, VACCINE, Vol: 28, Pages: 3118-3126, ISSN: 0264-410X
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- Citations: 55
Atchison CJ, Tam CC, Hajat S, et al., 2010, Temperature-dependent transmission of rotavirus in Great Britain and The Netherlands, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol: 277, Pages: 933-942, ISSN: 0962-8452
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- Citations: 49
Phillips G, Atchison CJ, Tam CC, et al., 2009, Asymptomatic rotavirus A infections in England: prevalence, characteristics and risk factors, 3rd European Rotavirus Biology Meeting
Lopman B, Armstrong B, Atchison C, et al., 2009, Host, Weather and Virological Factors Drive Norovirus Epidemiology: Time-Series Analysis of Laboratory Surveillance Data in England and Wales, PLOS ONE, Vol: 4, ISSN: 1932-6203
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- Citations: 103
Atchison CJ, Tam CC, Lopman BA, 2009, Season of birth and risk of rotavirus diarrhoea in children aged <5 years, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Vol: 137, Pages: 957-960, ISSN: 0950-2688
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- Citations: 11
Atchison CJ, Lopman BA, Tam C, et al., 2009, Climatic factors associated with rotavirus infections in children under 5 years of age in England and Wales., 27th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases
Atchison CJ, Lopman BA, Harris CJ, et al., 2009, Clinical laboratory practices for the detection of rotavirus in England and Wales: can surveillance based on routine laboratory testing data be used to evaluate the impact of vaccination?, Euro Surveill, Vol: 14
Two rotavirus vaccines have recently been licensed in Europe. Rotavirus surveillance data in many European countries are based on reports of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections. If surveillance data based on routine laboratory testing data are to be used to evaluate the impact of vaccination programmes, it is important to determine how the data are influenced by differences in testing practices, and how these practices are likely to affect the ability of the surveillance data to represent trends in rotavirus disease in the community. We conducted a survey of laboratory testing policies for rotavirus gastroenteritis in England and Wales in 2008. 60% (94/156) of laboratories responded to the survey. 91% of reporting laboratories offered routine testing for rotavirus all year round and 89% of laboratories offered routine rotavirus testing of all stool specimens from children under the age of five years. In 96% of laboratories, rotavirus detection was presently done either by rapid immunochromatographic tests or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Currently, rotavirus testing policies among laboratories in England and Wales are relatively homogenous. Therefore, surveillance based on laboratory testing data is likely to be representative of rotavirus disease trends in the community in the most frequently affected age groups (children under the age of five years) and could be used to help determine the impact of a rotavirus vaccine.
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