Publications
138 results found
Doorly D, Xiao Q, Bates A, 2024, Effects of decongestion on nasal cavity air conditioning efficiency: a CFD cohort study, Scientific Reports, ISSN: 2045-2322
Alemany I, Rose JN, Ferreira PF, et al., 2023, Realistic numerical simulations of diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance: the effects of perfusion and membrane permeability, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol: 90, Pages: 1641-1656, ISSN: 0740-3194
PurposeTo study the sensitivity of diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DT-CMR) to microvascular perfusion and changes in cell permeability.MethodsMonte Carlo (MC) random walk simulations in the myocardium have been performed to simulate self-diffusion of water molecules in histology-based media with varying extracellular volume fraction (ECV) and permeable membranes. The effect of microvascular perfusion on simulations of the DT-CMR signal has been incorporated by adding the contribution of particles traveling through an anisotropic capillary network to the diffusion signal. The simulations have been performed considering three pulse sequences with clinical gradient strengths: monopolar stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM), monopolar pulsed-gradient spin echo (PGSE), and second-order motion-compensated spin echo (MCSE).ResultsReducing ECV intensifies the diffusion restriction and incorporating membrane permeability reduces the anisotropy of the diffusion tensor. Widening the intercapillary velocity distribution results in increased measured diffusion along the cardiomyocytes long axis when the capillary networks are anisotropic. Perfusion amplifies the mean diffusivity for STEAM while the opposite is observed for short diffusion encoding time sequences (PGSE and MCSE).ConclusionThe effect of perfusion on the measured diffusion tensor is reduced using an increased reference b-value. Our results pave the way for characterization of the response of DT-CMR to microstructural changes underlying cardiac pathology and highlight the higher sensitivity of STEAM to permeability and microvascular circulation due to its longer diffusion encoding time.
Alemany I, Ferreira PF, Nielles-Vallespin S, et al., 2023, The Effect of Temporal Variations in Myocardial Perfusion on Diffusion Tensor Measurements, Pages: 54-63, ISBN: 9783031353017
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of velocity fluctuations on the perfusion signal and tensor parameters in diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DT-CMR) using numerical simulations. A sinusoidal velocity function with increasing amplitude and frequency and a physiological velocity function have been considered. Both velocity functions have been analyzed using two mean inter-capillary velocity distributions with varying levels of dispersion. The results of the perfusion simulations, along with previous diffusion results, have been utilized to analyse the impact of perfusion on the diffusion tensor. The findings indicated that MCSE effectively compensated the rapid velocity changes considered in the study, while PGSE was sensitive to temporal changes in velocity. STEAM was found to be more sensitive to variations in the mean-intercapillary dispersion rather than to temporal velocity fluctuations. These simulation results provide insights regarding the potential of dispersed perfusion velocity fluctuations to affect the DT-CMR signal.
Alemany Juvanteny I, Rose J, Garnier-Brun J, et al., 2022, Random walk diffusion simulations in semi-permeable layered media with varying diffusivity, Scientific Reports, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2045-2322
In this paper we present random walk based solutions to diffusion in semi-permeable layered media with varying diffusivity.We propose a novel transit model for solving the interaction of random walkers with a membrane. This hybrid model isbased on treating the membrane permeability and the step change in diffusion coefficient as two interactions separated byan infinitesimally small layer. By conducting an extensive analytical flux analysis, the performance of our hybrid model iscompared with a commonly used membrane transit model (reference model). Numerical simulations demonstrate the limitationsof the reference model in dealing with step changes in diffusivity and show the capability of the hybrid model to overcomethis limitation and to offer substantial gains in computational efficiency. The suitability of both random walk transit modelsfor the application to simulations of diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DT-CMR) imaging is assessed in ahistology-based domain relevant to DT-CMR. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the new hybrid model for other possibleapplications, we also consider a larger range of permeabilities beyond those commonly found in biological tissues.
Stettler MEJ, Nishida RT, de Oliveira PM, et al., 2022, Source terms for benchmarking models of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols and droplets, Royal Society Open Science, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2054-5703
There is ongoing and rapid advancement in approaches to modelling the fate of exhaled particles in different environments relevant to disease transmission. It is important that models are verified by comparison with each other using a common set of input parameters to ensure that model differences can be interpreted in terms of model physics rather than unspecified differences in model input parameters. In this paper, we define parameters necessary for such benchmarking of models of airborne particles exhaled by humans and transported in the environment during breathing and speaking.
Scott A, Jackson T, Khalique Z, et al., 2022, Development of a CMR compatible large animal isolated heart model for direct comparison of beating and arrested hearts, NMR in Biomedicine, Vol: 35, ISSN: 0952-3480
BackgroundCardiac motion results in image artefacts and quantification errors in many cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques, including microstructural assessment using diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DT-CMR). Here we develop a CMR compatible isolated perfused porcine heart model that allows comparison of data obtained in beating and arrested states.Methods10 porcine hearts (8/10 for protocol optimisation) were harvested using a donor heart retrieval protocol and transported to the remote CMR facility. Langendorff perfusion in a 3D printed chamber and perfusion circuit re-established contraction. Hearts were imaged using cine, parametric mapping and STEAM DT-CMR at cardiac phases with the minimum and maximum wall thickness. High potassium and lithium perfusates were then used to arrest the heart in a slack and contracted state respectively. Imaging was repeated in both arrested states. After imaging, tissue was removed for subsequent histology in a location matched to the DT-CMR data using fiducial markers.ResultsRegular sustained contraction was successfully established in 6/10 hearts, including the final 5 hearts. Imaging was performed in 4 hearts and one underwent the full protocol including co-localised histology. Image quality was good and there was good agreement between DT-CMR data in equivalent beating and arrested states. Despite the use of autologous blood and dextran within the perfusate, T2, DT-CMR measures and an increase in mass was consistent with development of myocardial edema resulting in failure to achieve a true diastolic-like state. A contiguous stack of 313 5μm histological sections at and a 100μm thick section showing cell morphology on 3D fluorescent confocal microscopy co-localised to DT-CMR data were obtained.ConclusionsA CMR compatible isolated perfused beating heart setup for large animal hearts allows direct comparisons of beating and arrested heart data with subsequent co-localised histology without
Calmet H, Bertomeu PF, McIntyre C, et al., 2022, Computational modelling of an aerosol extraction device for use in COVID-19 surgical tracheotomy, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol: 159, ISSN: 0021-8502
In view of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on global health, understanding and accurately modelling the propagation of human biological aerosols has become crucial. Worldwide, health professionals have been one of the most affected demographics, representing approximately 20% of all cases in Spain, 10% in Italy and 4% in China and US. Methods to contain and remove potentially infected aerosols during Aerosol Generating Procedures (AGPs) near source offer advantages in reducing the contamination of protective clothing and the surrounding theatre equipment and space. In this work we describe the application of computational fluid dynamics in assessing the performance of a prototype extraction hood as a means to contain a high speed aerosol jet. Whilst the particular prototype device is intended to be used during tracheotomies, which are increasingly common in the wake of COVID-19, the underlying physics can be adapted to design similar machines for other AGPs. Computational modelling aspect of this study was largely carried out by Barcelona Supercomputing Center using the high performance computational mechanics code Alya. Based on the high fidelity LES coupled with Lagrangian frameworks the results demonstrate high containment efficiency of generated particles is feasible with achievable air extraction rates.
Doorly D, Xiao Q, Bates A, et al., 2021, The effect of decongestion on nasal airway patency and airflow, Nature Scientific Reports, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-13, ISSN: 2045-2322
Nasal decongestant reduces blood flow to the nasal turbinates, reducing tissue volume and increasing nasal airway patency. This study maps the changes in nasal anatomy and measures how these changes affect nasal resistance, flow partitioning between superior and inferior cavity, flow patterns and wall shear stress. High-resolution MRI was applied to capture nasal anatomy in 10 healthy subjects before and after application of a topical decongestant. Computational fluid dynamics simulated nasal airflow at steady inspiratory flow rates of 15 L.min−1 and 30 L.min−1. The results show decongestion mainly increases the cross-sectional area in the turbinate region and SAVR is reduced (median approximately 40% reduction) in middle and lower parts of the cavity. Decongestion reduces nasal resistance by 50% on average, while in the posterior cavity, nasal resistance decreases by a median factor of approximately 3 after decongestion. We also find decongestant regularises nasal airflow and alters the partitioning of flow, significantly decreasing flow through the superior portions of the nasal cavity. By comparing nasal anatomies and airflow in their normal state with that when pharmacologically decongested, this study provides data for a broad range of anatomy and airflow conditions, which may help characterize the extent of nasal variability.
Kimura S, Miura S, Sera T, et al., 2021, Voxel-based simulation of flow and temperature in the human nasal cavity, COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 24, Pages: 459-466, ISSN: 1025-5842
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- Citations: 2
Solis-Lemus JA, Costar E, Doorly D, et al., 2020, A simulated single ventilator/dual patient ventilation strategy for acute respiratory distress syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic, Royal Society Open Science, Vol: 7, Pages: 1-12, ISSN: 2054-5703
The potential for acute shortages of ventilators at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the possibility of needing to support two patients from a single ventilator. To provide a system for understanding and prototyping designs, we have developed a mathematical model of two patients supported by a mechanical ventilator. We propose a standard set-up where we simulate the introduction of T-splitters to supply air to two patients and a modified set-up where we introduce a variable resistance in each inhalation pathway and one-way valves in each exhalation pathway. Using the standard set-up, we demonstrate that ventilating two patients with mismatched lung compliances from a single ventilator will lead to clinically significant reductions in tidal volume in the patient with the lowest respiratory compliance. Using the modified set-up, we demonstrate that it could be possible to achieve the same tidal volumes in two patients with mismatched lung compliances, and we show that the tidal volume of one patient can be manipulated independently of the other. The results indicate that, with appropriate modifications, two patients could be supported from a single ventilator with independent control of tidal volumes.
Xiao Q, Cetto R, Doorly D, et al., 2019, Assessing changes in airflow and energy loss in a progressive tracheal compression before and after surgical correction, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol: 48, Pages: 822-833, ISSN: 0090-6964
The energy needed to drive airflow through the trachea normally constitutes a minor component of the work ofbreathing. However, with progressive tracheal compression, patient subjective symptoms can include severe breathingdifficulties. Many patients suffer multiple respiratory co-morbidities and so it is important to assess compression effectswhen evaluating the need for surgery. This work describes the use of computational prediction to determine airflowresistance in compressed tracheal geometries reconstructed from a series of CT scans. Using energy flux analysis, theregions that contribute the most to airway resistance during inhalation are identified. The principal such region is where flowemerging from the zone of maximum constriction undergoes breakup and turbulent mixing. Secondary regions are alsofound below the tongue base and around the glottis, with overall airway resistance scaling nearly quadratically with flowrate. Since the anatomical extent of the imaged airway varied between scans - as commonly occurs with clinical data andwhen assessing reported differences between research studies - the effect of sub-glottic inflow truncation is considered.Analysis shows truncation alters the location of jet breakup and weakly influences the pattern of pressure recovery. Testsalso show that placing a simple artificial glottis in the inflow to a truncated model can replicate patterns of energy loss inmore extensive models, suggesting a means to assess sensitivity to domain truncation in tracheal airflow simulations.
Cookson AN, Doorly DJ, Sherwin SJ, 2019, Efficiently Generating Mixing by Combining Differing Small Amplitude Helical Geometries, FLUIDS, Vol: 4, ISSN: 2311-5521
Rose JN, Nielles-Vallespin S, Ferreira PF, et al., 2019, Novel insights into in-vivo diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance using computational modelling and a histology-based virtual microstructure, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol: 81, Pages: 2759-2773, ISSN: 0740-3194
PurposeTo develop histology‐informed simulations of diffusion tensor cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DT‐CMR) for typical in‐vivo pulse sequences and determine their sensitivity to changes in extra‐cellular space (ECS) and other microstructural parameters.MethodsWe synthesised the DT‐CMR signal from Monte Carlo random walk simulations. The virtual tissue was based on porcine histology. The cells were thickened and then shrunk to modify ECS. We also created idealised geometries using cuboids in regular arrangement, matching the extra‐cellular volume fraction (ECV) of 16–40%. The simulated voxel size was 2.8 × 2.8 × 8.0 mm3 for pulse sequences covering short and long diffusion times: Stejskal–Tanner pulsed‐gradient spin echo, second‐order motion‐compensated spin echo, and stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM), with clinically available gradient strengths.ResultsThe primary diffusion tensor eigenvalue increases linearly with ECV at a similar rate for all simulated geometries. Mean diffusivity (MD) varies linearly, too, but is higher for the substrates with more uniformly distributed ECS. Fractional anisotropy (FA) for the histology‐based geometry is higher than the idealised geometry with low sensitivity to ECV, except for the long mixing time of the STEAM sequence. Varying the intra‐cellular diffusivity (DIC) results in large changes of MD and FA. Varying extra‐cellular diffusivity or using stronger gradients has minor effects on FA. Uncertainties of the primary eigenvector orientation are reduced using STEAM.ConclusionsWe found that the distribution of ECS has a measurable impact on DT‐CMR parameters. The observed sensitivity of MD and FA to ECV and DIC has potentially interesting applications for interpreting in‐vivo DT‐CMR parameters.
Doorly D, Kimura S, Sakamoto T, et al., 2019, Voxel-based modeling of airflow in the human nasal cavity, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, ISSN: 1025-5842
Kimura S, Sakamoto T, Sera T, et al., 2019, Voxel-based modeling of airflow in the human nasal cavity, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Vol: 22, Pages: 331-339, ISSN: 1025-5842
This paper describes the simulation of airflow in human nasal airways using voxel-based modeling characterized by robust, automatic, and objective grid generation. Computed tomography scans of a healthy adult nose are used to reconstruct 3D virtual models of the nasal airways. Voxel-based simulations of restful inspiratory flow are then performed using various mesh sizes to determine the level of granularity required to adequately resolve the airflow. For meshes with close voxel spacings, the model successfully reconstructs the nasal structure and predicts the overall pressure drop through the nasal cavity.
Calmet H, Houzeaux G, Vazquez M, et al., 2018, Flow features and micro-particle deposition in a human respiratory system during sniffing, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol: 123, Pages: 171-184, ISSN: 0021-8502
As we inhale, the air drawn through our nose undergoes successive accelerations and decelerations as it is turned, split and recombined before splitting again at the end of the trachea as it enters the bronchi. Fully describing the dynamic behaviour of the airflow and how it transports inhaled particles poses a severe challenge to computational simulations. In this paper we explore two aspects: the dynamic behaviour of airflow during a rapid inhalation (or sniff) and the transport of inhaled aerosols. The development of flow unsteadiness from a laminar state at entry to the nose through to the turbulent character of tracheal flow is resolved using accurate numerical models with high performance computing-based large scale simulations. Combining the flow solution with a Lagrangian computation reveals the effects of flow behaviour and airway geometry on the deposition of inhaled microparticles. Improved modelling of airflow and delivery of therapeutic aerosols could be applied to improve diagnosis and treatment.
Bates AJ, Cetto R, Doorly DJ, et al., 2016, The effects of curvature and constriction on airflow and energy loss in pathological tracheas, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol: 234, Pages: 69-78, ISSN: 1569-9048
This paper considers factors that play a significant role in determining inspiratory pressure and energy losses in the human trachea. Previous characterisations of pathological geometry changes have focussed on relating airway constriction and subsequent pressure loss, however many pathologies that affect the trachea cause deviation, increased curvature, constriction or a combination of these. This study investigates the effects of these measures on tracheal flow mechanics, using compressive goitre (a thyroid gland enlargement) as an example. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed in airways affected by goitres (with differing geometric consequences) and a normal geometry for comparison. Realistic airways, derived from medical images, were used because idealised geometries often oversimplify the complex anatomy of the larynx and its effects on the flow. Two mechanisms, distinct from stenosis, were found to strongly affect airflow energy dissipation in the pathological tracheas. The jet emanating from the glottis displayed different impingement and breakdown patterns in pathological geometries and increased loss was associated with curvature.
Doorly DJ, Bates A, Comerford A, et al., 2016, Computational fluid dynamics benchmark dataset of airflow in tracheas, Data in Brief, Vol: 10, Pages: 101-107, ISSN: 2352-3409
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is fast becoming a useful tool to aid clinicians in pre-surgical planning through the ability to provide information that could otherwise be extremely difficult if not impossible to obtain. However, in order to provide clinically relevant metrics, the accuracy of the computational method must be sufficiently high. There are many alternative methods employedin the process of performing CFD simulations within the airways, including different segmentation and meshing strategies, as well as alternative approaches to solving the Navier-Stokes equations.However, as in vivovalidation of the simulated flow patterns within the airways is not possible, little exists in the way of validation of the various simulation techniques. The data presented here consists of very highly resolved flow data. The degree of resolution is compared to the highest necessary resolutions of the Kolmogorov length and timescales. Therefore this data is ideally suited to act as a benchmark case to which cheaper computational methods may be compared.A dataset and solution setup for one such more efficient method, large eddy simulation (LES), is also presented.
Bates A, Comerford A, Cetto R, et al., 2016, Power loss mechanisms in pathological tracheas, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol: 49, Pages: 2187-2192, ISSN: 0021-9290
The effort required to inhale a breath of air is a critically important measure in assessing airway function. Although the contribution of the trachea to the total flow resistance of the airways is generally modest, pathological alterations in tracheal geometry can have a significant negative effect. This study investigates the mechanisms of flow energy loss in a healthy trachea and in four geometries affected by retrosternal goitre which can cause significant distortions of tracheal geometry including constriction and deviation with abnormal curvature. By separating out the component of energy loss related to the wall shear (frictional loss), striking differences are found between the patterns of energy dissipation in the normal and pathological tracheas. Furthermore the ratio of frictional to total loss is dramatically reduced in the pathological geometries.
Doorly DJ, Calmet H, Gambaruto AM, et al., 2015, Large-scale CFD simulations of the transitional and turbulent regime for the large human airways during rapid inhalation, Computers in Biology and Medicine, Vol: 69, Pages: 166-180, ISSN: 0010-4825
The dynamics of unsteady flow in the human large airways during a rapid inhalation were investigated using highly detailed large-scale computational fluid dynamics on a subject-specific geometry. The simulations were performed to resolve all the spatial and temporal scales of the flow, thanks to the use of massive computational resources. A highly parallel finite element code was used, running on two supercomputers, solving the transient incompressible Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured meshes. Given that the finest mesh contained 350 million elements, the study sets a precedent for large-scale simulations of the respiratory system, proposing an analysis strategy for mean flow, fluctuations and wall shear stresses on a rapid and short inhalation (a so-called sniff). The geometry used encompasses the exterior face and the airways from the nasal cavity, through the trachea and up to the third lung bifurcation; it was derived from a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of a 48-year-old male. The transient inflow produces complex flows over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (Re). Thanks to the high fidelity simulations, many features involving the flow transition were observed, with the level of turbulence clearly higher in the throat than in the nose. Spectral analysis revealed turbulent characteristics persisting downstream of the glottis, and were captured even with a medium mesh resolution. However a fine mesh resolution was found necessary in the nasal cavity to observe transitional features. This work indicates the potential of large-scale simulations to further understanding of airway physiological mechanics, which is essential to guide clinical diagnosis; better understanding of the flow also has implications for the design of interventions such as aerosol drug delivery.
Eguzkitza B, Houzeaux G, Calmet H, et al., 2015, A gluing method for non-matching meshes, COMPUTERS & FLUIDS, Vol: 110, Pages: 159-168, ISSN: 0045-7930
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Bates AJ, Doorly DJ, Cetto R, et al., 2015, Dynamics of airflow in a short inhalation, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, Vol: 12, ISSN: 1742-5662
During a rapid inhalation, such as a sniff, the flow in the airways accelerates and decays quickly. The consequences for flow development and convective transport of an inhaled gas were investigated in a subject geometry extending from the nose to the bronchi. The progress of flow transition and the advance of an inhaled non-absorbed gas were determined using highly resolved simulations of a sniff 0.5 s long, 1 l s⁻¹ peak flow, 364 ml inhaled volume. In the nose, the distribution of airflow evolved through three phases: (i) an initial transient of about 50 ms, roughly the filling time for a nasal volume, (ii) quasi-equilibrium over the majority of the inhalation, and (iii) a terminating phase. Flow transition commenced in the supraglottic region within 20 ms, resulting in large-amplitude fluctuations persisting throughout the inhalation; in the nose, fluctuations that arose nearer peak flow were of much reduced intensity and diminished in the flow decay phase. Measures of gas concentration showed non-uniform build-up and wash-out of the inhaled gas in the nose. At the carina, the form of the temporal concentration profile reflected both shear dispersion and airway filling defects owing to recirculation regions.
Rossi L, Doorly D, Kustrin D, 2013, Lamination, stretching, and mixing in cat's eyes flip sequences with varying periods, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS, Vol: 25, ISSN: 1070-6631
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- Citations: 5
Houzeaux G, Eguzkitza B, Soni B, et al., 2013, A gluing method for non-matching meshes, Procedia Engineering, Vol: 61, Pages: 258-263, ISSN: 1877-7058
This paper presents a gluing method for composite meshes. Different meshes are generated independently and are glued together using some extension elements to connect them. The resulting global mesh is non-conforming and consists of connected overlapping meshes. The method is inherently implicit, parallel and versatile, in the sense that it is PDE independent. The most cited gluing method is probably the Chimera method, used for overset grids, where patch meshes are superimposed onto a background mesh. The method employed here was originally devised for such situations and is now applied to disjoint or overlapping meshes. One of the advantages of the method is that the meshes do not have to coincide and can present a gap between them. The method is illustrated through some simple examples to demonstrate the mesh convergence and finally applied to the solution of the airflow in the complete respiratory system, by joining independent meshes for the large and small airways. © 2013 The Authors.
Rossi L, Doorly D, Kustrin D, 2012, Lamination and mixing in three fundamental flow sequences driven by electromagnetic body forces, PHYSICAL REVIEW E, Vol: 86, ISSN: 1539-3755
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- Citations: 9
Cetto R, Rennie CE, Bates AJ, et al., 2012, Regional Patterns of Nasal Decongestion., Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, Vol: 147
Objective: We present a study investigating the effect of a decongestant on the nasal mucosa, showing results in terms of the change in erectile tissue volume (ETV) in normal subjects using high resolution 3T-MRI scanning. Method: Seven volunteers with no nasal complaints (SNOT-22) or obvious rhinoscopic abnormalities were studied. Each subject underwent 2 MRI scans producing a series of 120 contiguous 1.2 mm sections pre- and postdecongestion. Patients were decongested with xylometazoline-HCL, remaining immobilized following the first scan. The scans were segmented using ITK-Snap and analyzed using MATLAB. Results: Subject age ranged from 21-38 years (mean = 28). The SNOT-22 scores ranged from 1-10 (mean = 4.8). Decongestion had the greatest effect in 3 sites: the inferior turbinates, middle turbinates, and septum. The greatest change in ETV was observed in the inferior turbinates (P <.005), reducing by up to 1/3 at the posterior aspect of the inferior turbinate following decongestion. Changes were also seen in ETV of the middle turbinate and septal mucosa to a lesser extent. Conclusion: The effect of decongestion on ETV has been investigated here in far greater detail than previously studied, and at higher spatial resolution. 3T-MRI was found to be an excellent modality for mapping changes in nasal mucosa. Our results demonstrate the significant effect of decongestion on ETV of the inferior turbinates.
Gambaruto AM, Taylor DJ, Doorly DJ, 2012, Decomposition and Description of the Nasal Cavity Form, ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 40, Pages: 1142-1159, ISSN: 0090-6964
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- Citations: 18
Alastruey J, Siggers JH, Peiffer V, et al., 2012, Reducing the data: Analysis of the role of vascular geometry on blood flow patterns in curved vessels, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS, Vol: 24, ISSN: 1070-6631
Rossi L, Doorly D, Kustrin D, 2012, Lamination and mixing in laminar flows driven by Lorentz body forces, EPL, Vol: 97, ISSN: 0295-5075
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- Citations: 6
Rennie CE, Hood CM, Blenke EJSM, et al., 2011, Physical and computational modelling of ventilation of the maxillary sinus, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vol: 145, ISSN: 0194-5998
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