Publications
219 results found
Franco E, Tang J, Garriga Casanovas A, et al., 2021, Position control of soft manipulators with dynamic and kinematic uncertainties, 21st IFAC World Congress, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 9847-9852, ISSN: 2405-8963
This work investigates the position control problem for a soft continuum manipulator in Cartesian space intended for minimally invasive surgery. Soft continuum manipulators have a large number of degrees-of-freedom and are particularly susceptible to external forces because of their compliance. This, in conjunction with the limited number of sensors typically available, results in uncertain kinematics, which further complicates the control problem. We have designed a partial state feedback that compensates the effects of external forces employing a rigid-link model and a port-Hamiltonian approach and we have investigated in detail the use of integral action to achieve position regulation in Cartesian space. Local stability conditions are discussed with a Lyapunov approach. The performance of the controller is compared with that achieved with a radial-basis-functions neural network by means of simulations and experiments on two prototypes.
Jamal A, Mongelli M, Vidotto M, et al., 2021, Infusion mechanisms in brain white matter and its dependence of microstructure: an experimental study of hydraulic permeability, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol: 68, Pages: 1229-1237, ISSN: 0018-9294
Objective: Hydraulic permeability is a topic of deep interest in biological materials because of its important role in a range of drug delivery-based therapies. The strong dependence of permeability on the geometry and topology of pore structure and the lack of detailed knowledge of these parameters in the case of brain tissue makes the study more challenging. Although theoretical models have been developed for hydraulic permeability, there is limited consensus on the validity of existing experimental evidence to complement these models. In the present study, we measure the permeability of white matter (WM) of fresh ovine brain tissue considering the localised heterogeneities in the medium using an infusion based experimental set up, iPerfusion. We measure the flow across different parts of the WM in response to applied pressures for a sample of specific dimensions and calculate the permeability from directly measured parameters. Furthermore, we directly probe the effect of anisotropy of the tissue on permeability by considering the directionality of tissue on the obtained values. Additionally, we investigate whether WM hydraulic permeability changes with post-mortem time. To our knowledge, this is the first report of experimental measurements of the localised WM permeability, showing the effect of axon directionality on permeability. This work provides a significant contribution to the successful development of intra-tumoural infusion-based technologies, such as convection-enhanced delivery (CED), which are based on the delivery of drugs directly by injection under positive pressure into the brain.
Favaro A, Secoli R, Rodriguez y Baena F, et al., 2021, Optimal pose estimation method for a multi-segment, programmable bevel-tip steerable needle, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2020), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 3232-3238
Pose tracking is fundamental to achieve preciseand safe insertion of a surgical tool for minimally invasiveinterventions. In this work, a method for the estimation of thefull pose of steerable needles is presented. Our approach uses aProgrammable Bevel Tip (PBN) needle with four-segment designas a case study. A novel 3D kinematic model of the PBN isdeveloped and used to predict the full needle pose during theinsertion. The pose prediction is estimated through an ExtendedKalman Filter using the position measurements provided byan electromagnetic sensor located at each tip of the needlesegments. The method estimates also the torsion of the needleshaft that can arise over the insertion of the needle becauseof the shear forces exerted between the needle and the insertionmedium. The feasibility of the proposed solution was validated ina number of experiments in gelatin demonstrating a small errorin position reconstruction (RMSE<0.6mm) and good accuracy incomparison to a bespoke geometric pose reconstruction method.
Treratanakulchai S, Baena FRY, 2021, A Passive Decoupling Mechanism for Misalignment Compensation in Master-Slave Teleoperation, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL ROBOTICS AND BIONICS, Vol: 3, Pages: 285-288
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 1
Bautista-Salinas D, Kundrat D, Kogkas A, et al., 2021, Integrated Augmented Reality Feedback for Cochlear Implant Surgery Instruments, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL ROBOTICS AND BIONICS, Vol: 3, Pages: 261-264
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 2
Virdyawan V, Secoli R, Matheson E, et al., 2021, Supervisory-control robots, Neuromethods, Pages: 35-47
The supervisory-control method is used in the majority of neurosurgical robots to date where the surgeon makes the high-level decisions, which are then autonomously performed by the robot. In this chapter the differences in the roles of the robots during preoperative and intraoperative procedures are explained. During intraoperative procedures the robot can have either direct interaction or no direct interaction with the human tissues, called active and passive systems, respectively. The flow of information between the robots, the surgical environment, and the surgeons, to enable these forms of interaction, is also discussed. Examples of currently available robotic systems are provided.
Franco E, Brown T, Astolfi A, et al., 2021, Adaptive energy shaping control of robotic needle insertion, Mechanism and Machine Theory, Vol: 155, ISSN: 0094-114X
This work studies the control of a pneumatic actuator for needle insertion in soft tissue without using axial rotation or additional needle supports. Employing a simplified rigid-link model description of an axial-symmetric tip needle supported at the base, two energy shaping controllers are proposed. The friction forces of the pneumatic actuator are compensated adaptively and the stability conditions for the closed-loop equilibrium are discussed. The controllers are compared by means of simulations and experiments on two different silicone rubber phantoms. The results indicate that the proposed controllers effectively compensate the actuator's friction, which is comparable to the insertion forces for the chosen pneumatic actuators. The first controller only depends on the actuator's position thus it achieves the prescribed insertion depth but results in a larger tip rotation and corresponding deflection. The second controller also accounts for the rotation of the needle tip on the bending plane, which can consequently be reduced by over 70% for this specific system. This is achieved by modulating the actuator force and, in case of harder phantoms, by automatically limiting the insertion depth.
Ng KCG, Bankes M, El Daou H, et al., 2021, Cam osteochondroplasty for femoroacetabular impingement increases microinstability in deep flexion: A cadaveric study, Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopy and Related Surgery, Vol: 37, Pages: 159-170, ISSN: 0749-8063
Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro cadaveric study was to examine the contributions of each surgical stage during cam femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) surgery (i.e., intact cam hip, T8 capsulotomy, cam resection, capsular repair) towards hip range of motion, translations, and microinstability.Methods: Twelve cadaveric cam hips were denuded to the capsule and mounted onto a robotic tester. Hips were positioned in several flexion positions: Full Extension, Neutral 0°, Flexion 30°, and Flexion 90°; and performed internal-external rotations to 5-Nm torque in each position. Hips underwent a series of surgical stages (T-capsulotomy, cam resection, capsular repair) and was retested after each stage. Changes in range of motion, translation, and microinstability (overall translation normalized by femoral head radius) were measured after each stage.Results: For range of motion, cam resection increased internal rotation at Flexion 90° (ΔIR = +6°, P = .001), but did not affect external rotation. Capsular repairs restrained external rotations compared to the cam resection stage (ΔER = –4 to –8°, P ≤ .04). For translations, the hip translated after cam resection at Flexion 90° in the medial-lateral plane (ΔT = +1.9 mm, P = .04), relative to the intact and capsulotomy stages. For microinstability, capsulotomy increased microinstability in Flexion 30° (ΔM = +0.05; P = .003), but did not further increase after cam resection. At Flexion 90°, microinstability did not increase after capsulotomy (ΔM = +0.03; P = .2, d = .24), but substantially increased after cam resection (ΔM = +0.08; P = .03), accounting for a 31% change with respect to the intact stage.Conclusions: Cam resection increased microinstability by 31% during deep hip flexion relative to the intact hip. This suggests that iatrogenic microinstability may be due to separation of the labral seal and resected contour of the femoral head.
Hu X, Rodriguez y Baena F, Cutolo F, 2021, Rotation-constrained optical see-through headset calibration with bare-hand alignment, 20th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Publisher: IEEE COMPUTER SOC, Pages: 256-264, ISSN: 1554-7868
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 4
Koenig A, Rodriguez y Baena F, Secoli R, 2021, Gesture-Based Teleoperated Grasping for Educational Robotics, 30th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 222-228, ISSN: 1944-9445
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 6
Hu X, Rodriguez y Baena F, Cutolo F, 2020, Alignment-free offline calibration of commercial optical see-through head-mounted displays with simplified procedures, IEEE Access, Vol: 8, Pages: 223661-223674, ISSN: 2169-3536
Despite the growing availability of self-contained augmented reality head-mounted displays (AR HMDs) based on optical see-through (OST) technology, their potential applications across highly challenging medical and industrial settings are still hampered by the complexity of the display calibration required to ensure the locational coherence between the real and virtual elements. The calibration of commercial OST displays remains an open challenge due to the inaccessibility of the user’s perspective and the limited hardware information available to the end-user. State-of-the-art calibrations usually comprise both offline and online stages. The offline calibration at a generic viewpoint provides a starting point for the subsequent refinements and it is crucial. Current offline calibration methods either heavily rely on the user-alignment or require complicated hardware calibrations, making the overall procedure subjective and/or tedious. To address this problem, in this work we propose two fully alignment-free calibration methods with less complicated hardware calibration procedures compared with state-of-the-art solutions. The first method employs an eye-replacement camera to compute the rendering camera’s projection matrix based on photogrammetry techniques. The second method controls the rendered object position in a tracked 3D space to compensate for the parallax-related misalignment for a generic viewpoint. Both methods have been tested on Microsoft HoloLens 1. Quantitative results show that the average overlay misalignment is fewer than 4 pixels (around 1.5 mm or 9 arcmin) when the target stays within arm’s reach. The achieved misalignment is much lower than the HoloLens default interpupillary distance (IPD)-based correction, and equivalent but with lower variance than the Single Point Active Alignment Method (SPAAM)-based calibration. The two proposed methods offer strengths in complementary aspects and can be chosen according to the user&rsqu
Matheson E, Baena FRY, 2020, Biologically Inspired Surgical Needle Steering: Technology and Application of the Programmable Bevel-Tip Needle, BIOMIMETICS, Vol: 5
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 7
Denham TLDO, Cleary K, Baena FRY, et al., 2020, Guest editorial medical robotics: surgery and beyond, IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics, Vol: 2, Pages: 509-510, ISSN: 2576-3202
The IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics (T-MRB) is an initiative shared by the two IEEE Societies of Robotics and Automation—RAS—and Engineering in Medicine and Biology—EMBS.
Laws SG, Souipas S, Davies BL, et al., 2020, Toward Automated Tissue Classification for Markerless Orthopaedic Robotic Assistance, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL ROBOTICS AND BIONICS, Vol: 2, Pages: 537-540
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 4
Terzano M, Dini D, Rodriguez y Baena F, et al., 2020, An adaptive finite element model for steerable needles, Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, Vol: 19, Pages: 1809-1825, ISSN: 1617-7940
Penetration of a flexible and steerable needle into a soft target material is a complex problem to be modelled, involving several mechanical challenges. In the present paper, an adaptive finite element algorithm is developed to simulate the penetration of a steerable needle in brain-like gelatine material, where the penetration path is not predetermined. The geometry of the needle tip induces asymmetric tractions along the tool–substrate frictional interfaces, generating a bending action on the needle in addition to combined normal and shear loading in the region where fracture takes place during penetration. The fracture process is described by a cohesive zone model, and the direction of crack propagation is determined by the distribution of strain energy density in the tissue surrounding the tip. Simulation results of deep needle penetration for a programmable bevel-tip needle design, where steering can be controlled by changing the offset between interlocked needle segments, are mainly discussed in terms of penetration force versus displacement along with a detailed description of the needle tip trajectories. It is shown that such results are strongly dependent on the relative stiffness of needle and tissue and on the tip offset. The simulated relationship between programmable bevel offset and needle curvature is found to be approximately linear, confirming empirical results derived experimentally in a previous work. The proposed model enables a detailed analysis of the tool–tissue interactions during needle penetration, providing a reliable means to optimise the design of surgical catheters and aid pre-operative planning.
Favaro A, Secoli R, Rodriguez y Baena F, et al., 2020, Model-Based Robust Pose Estimation for a Multi-Segment, Programmable Bevel-Tip Steerable Needle, IEEE ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LETTERS, Vol: 5, Pages: 6780-6787, ISSN: 2377-3766
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 12
Tatti F, Iqbal H, Jaramaz B, et al., 2020, A novel computer-assisted workflow for treatment of osteochondral lesions in the knee, CAOS 2020. The 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery, Publisher: EasyChair, Pages: 250-253
Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery (CAOS) is now becoming more prevalent, especially in knee arthroplasty. CAOS systems have the potential to improve the accuracy and repeatability of surgical procedures by means of digital preoperative planning and intraoperative tracking of the patient and surgical instruments.One area where the accuracy and repeatability of computer-assisted interventions could prove especially beneficial is the treatment of osteochondral defects (OCD). OCDs represent a common problem in the patient population, and are often a cause of pain and discomfort. The use of synthetic implants is a valid option for patients who cannot be treated with regenerative methods, but the outcome can be negatively impacted by incorrect positioning of the implant and lack of congruency with the surrounding anatomy.In this paper, we present a novel computer-assisted surgical workflow for the treatment of osteochondral defects. The software we developed automatically selects the implant that most closely matches the patient’s anatomy and computes the best pose. By combining this software with the existing capabilities of the Navio™ surgical system (Smith & Nephew inc.), we were able to create a complete workflow that incorporates both surgical planning and assisted bone preparation.Our preliminary testing on plastic bone models was successful and demonstrated that the workflow can be used to select and position an appropriate implant for a given defect.
Tan Z, Ewen J, Galvan S, et al., 2020, What does a brain feel like?, Journal of Chemical Education, Vol: 97, Pages: 4078-4083, ISSN: 0021-9584
We present a two-part hands-on science outreach demonstration utilizing composite hydrogels to produce realistic models of the human brain. The blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) and Phytagel closely match the mechanical properties of real brain tissue under conditions representative of surgical operations. The composite hydrogel is simple to prepare, biocompatible, and nontoxic, and the required materials are widely available and inexpensive. The first part of the demonstration gives participants the opportunity to feel how soft and deformable our brains are. The second part allows students to perform a mock brain surgery on a simulated tumor. The demonstration tools are suitable for public engagement activities as well as for various student training groups. The activities encompass concepts in polymer chemistry, materials science, and biology.
Khan F, Donder A, Galvan S, et al., 2020, Pose Measurement of Flexible Medical Instruments Using Fiber Bragg Gratings in Multi-Core Fiber, IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, Vol: 20, Pages: 10955-10962, ISSN: 1530-437X
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 26
Franco E, Rodriguez y Baena F, Astolfi A, 2020, Robust dynamic state feedback for underactuated systems with linearly parameterized disturbances, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Vol: 30, Pages: 4112-4128, ISSN: 1049-8923
This article investigates the control problem for underactuated port‐controlled Hamiltonian systems with multiple linearly parameterized additive disturbances including matched, unmatched, constant, and state‐dependent components. The notion of algebraic solution of the matching equations is employed to design an extension of the interconnection and damping assignment passivity‐based control methodology that does not rely on the solution of partial differential equations. The result is a dynamic state‐feedback that includes a disturbance compensation term, where the unknown parameters are estimated adaptively. A simplified implementation of the proposed approach for underactuated mechanical systems is detailed. The effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated with numerical simulations for the magnetic‐levitated‐ball system and for the ball‐on‐beam system.
Hu X, Fabrizio C, Tatti F, et al., 2020, Automatic calibration of commercial optical see-through head-mounted displays for medical applications, 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 754-755
The simplified, manual calibration of commercial Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays (OST-HMDs) is neither accurate nor convenient for medical applications. An interaction-free calibration method that can be easily implemented in commercial headsets is thus desired. State-of-the-art automatic calibrations simplify the eye-screen system as a pinhole camera and tedious offline calibrations are required. Furthermore, they have never been tested on original commercial products. We present a gaze-based automatic calibration method that can be easily implemented in commercial headsets without knowing hardware details. The location of the virtual target is revised in world coordinate according to the real-time tracked eye gaze. The algorithm has been tested with the Microsoft HoloLens. Current quantitative and qualitative user studies show that the automatically calibrated display is statistically comparable with the manually calibrated display under both monocular and binocular rendering mode. Since it is cumbersome to ask users to perform manual calibrations every time the HMD is re-positioned, our method provides a comparably accurate but more convenient and practical solution to the HMD calibration.
Virdyawan V, Dessi O, Rodriguez y Baena F, 2020, A novel sensing method to detect tissue boundaries during robotic needle insertion based on laser Doppler flowmetry, IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, Vol: 5, Pages: 1524-1531, ISSN: 2377-3766
This study investigates the use of Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) as a method to detect tissue transitions during robotic needle insertions. Insertions were performed in gelatin tissue phantoms with different optical and mechanical properties and into ex-vivo sheep brain. The effect of changing the optical properties of gelatin tissue phantoms was first investigated and it was shown that using gelatin concentration to modify the stiffness of samples was suitable. Needle insertion experiments were conducted into both one-layer and two-layer gelatin phantoms. In both cases, three stages could be observed in the perfusion values: tissue loading, rupture and tissue cutting. These were correlated to force values measured from the tip of the needle during insertion. The insertions into ex-vivo sheep brain also clearly showed the time of rupture in both force and perfusion values, demonstrating that tissue puncture can be detected using an LDF sensor at the tip of a needle.
Franco E, Garriga Casanovas A, Rodriguez y Baena F, et al., 2020, Model based adaptive control for a soft robotic manipulator, 58th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1019-1024
The application of model based adaptive control to an underactuated system representative of a class of soft continuummanipulators is investigated. To this end, a rigid-linkmodel with elastic joints is employed and an energy shaping controller is designed. Additionally, model uncertainties and external disturbances, both matched and unmatched, are compensated with an adaptive algorithm. This results in a control law that only depends on the orientation and on the angular velocity of the distal link and it is therefore independent of the number of links. Finally, stability conditions are discussed and the effectiveness of the controller is verified via simulations.
Liu H, Rodriguez y Baena F, 2020, Automatic markerless registration and tracking of the bone for computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery, IEEE Access, Vol: 8, Pages: 42010-42020, ISSN: 2169-3536
To achieve a simple and less invasive registration procedure in computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery, we propose an automatic, markerless registration and tracking method based on depth imaging and deep learning. A depth camera is used to continuously capture RGB and depth images of the exposed bone during surgery, and deep neural networks are trained to first localise the surgical target using the RGB image, then segment the target area of the corresponding depth image, from which the surface geometry of the target bone can be extracted. The extracted surface is then compared to a pre-operative model of the same bone for registration. This process can be performed dynamically during the procedure at a rate of 5-6 Hz, without any need for surgeon intervention or invasive optical markers. Ex vivo registration experiments were performed on a cadaveric knee, and accuracy measurements against an optically tracked ground truth resulted in a mean translational error of 2.74 mm and a mean rotational error of 6.66°. Our results are the first to describe a promising new way to achieve automatic markerless registration and tracking in computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery, demonstrating that truly seamless registration and tracking of the limb is within reach. Our method reduces invasiveness by removing the need for percutaneous markers. The surgeon is also exempted from inserting markers and collecting registration points manually, which contributes to a more efficient surgical workflow and shorter procedure time in the operating room.
Matheson E, Secoli R, Galvan S, et al., 2020, Human-robot visual interface for 3D steering of a flexible, bioinspired needle for neurosurgery, 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Publisher: IEEE
Robotic minimally invasive surgery has been a subject of intense research and development over the last three decades, due to the clinical advantages it holds for patients and doctors alike. Particularly for drug delivery mechanisms, higher precision and the ability to follow complex trajectories in three dimensions (3D), has led to interest in flexible, steerable needles such as the programmable bevel-tip needle (PBN). Steering in 3D, however, holds practical challenges for surgeons, as interfaces are traditionally designed for straight line paths. This work presents a pilot study undertaken to evaluate a novel human-machine visual interface for the steering of a robotic PBN, where both qualitative evaluation of the interface and quantitative evaluation of the performance of the subjects in following a 3D path are measured. A series of needle insertions are performed in phantom tissue (gelatin) by the experiment subjects. User could adequately use the system with little training and low workload, and reach the target point at the end of the path with millimeter range accuracy.
Virdyawan V, Rodriguez y Baena F, 2019, A long short-term memory network for vessel reconstruction based on laser doppler flowmetry via a steerable needle, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol: 19, Pages: 11367-11376, ISSN: 1530-437X
Hemorrhage is one risk of percutaneous intervention in the brain that can be life-threatening. Steerable needles can avoid blood vessels thanks to their ability to follow curvilinear paths, although knowledge of vessel pose is required. To achieve this, we present the deployment of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) sensors as an in-situ vessel detection method for steerable needles. Since the perfusion value from an LDF system does not provide positional information directly, we propose the use of a machine learning technique based on a Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) network to perform vessel reconstruction online. Firstly, the LSTM is used to predict the diameter and position of an approaching vessel based on successive measurements of a single LDF probe. Secondly, a "no-go" area is predicted based on the measurement from four LDF probes embedded within a steerable needle, which accounts for the full vessel pose. The network was trained using simulation data and tested on experimental data, with 75 % diameter prediction accuracy and 0.27 mm positional Root Mean Square (RMS) Error for the single probe network, and 77 % vessel volume overlap for the 4-probe setup.
Rodriguez y Baena F, Liu H, 2019, Letter to the editor on "augmented reality based navigation for computer assisted hip resurfacing: a proof of concept study", Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol: 47, Pages: 2154-2154, ISSN: 0090-6964
Iqbal H, Tatti F, Rodriguez Y Baena F, 2019, Augmented-reality within computer assisted orthopaedic surgery workflows: a proof of concept study, CAOS 2019. The 19th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery, Publisher: EasyChair
The integration of augmented-reality (AR) in medical robotics has been shown to reduce cognitive burden and improve information management in the typically cluttered environment of computer-assisted surgery. A key benefit of such systems is the ability to generate a composite view of medical-informatics and the real environment, streamlining the pathway for delivering patient-specific data. Consequently, AR was integrated within an orthopaedic setting by designing a system that captured and replicated the user- interface of a commercially available surgical robot onto a commercial head mounted see through display. Thus, a clinician could simultaneously view the operating-site and real- time informatics when carrying out an assisted patellofemoral-arthroplasty (PFA). The system was tested with 10 surgeons to examine its usability and impact on procedure- completion times when conducting simulated PFA on sawbone models. A statistically insignificant mean increase in procedure completion-time (+23.7s, p=0.240) was found, and the results of a post-operative qualitative-evaluation indicated a strongly positive consensus on the system, with a large majority of subjects agreeing the system provided value to the procedure without incurring noticeable physical discomfort. Overall, this study provides an encouraging insight into the high levels of engagement AR has with a clinical audience as well as its ability to enhance future generations of medical robotics.
Darwood A, Hurst S, Villatte G, et al., 2019, Towards a commercial system for intraoperative manufacture of patient-specific guides for shoulder arthroplasty, CAOS 2019. The 19th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery, Publisher: EasyChair, Pages: 110-114
The accurate placement of orthopaedic implants according to a biomechanically derived preoperative plan is an important consideration in the long-term success of these interventions. Guidance technologies are widely described however, high cost, complex theatre integration, intraoperative inefficiency and functional limitations have prevented the widespread use. A novel, intraoperative mechatronics platform is presented, capable of the rapid, intraoperative manufacture of low-cost patient-specific guides. The device consists of a tableside robot with sterile drapes and some low cost, sterile disposable components. The robot comprises a 3D optical scanner, a three-axis sterile computer numerical control (CNC) drill and a two-axis receptacle into which the disposable consumables may be inserted. The sterile consumable comprises a region of rapidly setting moldable material and a clip allowing it to be reversibly attached to the tableside robot. In use, patient computed tomography (CT) imaging is obtained at any point prior to surgery and a surgical plan is created on associated software. This plan describes the axis and positioning of one or more guidewires which may, in turn, locate the prosthesis into position. Intraoperatively, osseous anatomy is exposed, and the sterile disposable is used to rapidly create a mould of the joint surface. Once set, the mould is inserted into the robot and an optical scan of the surface is taken followed by automatic surface registration, bringing the optical scan into the same coordinate frame of reference as the CT data and plan. The CNC drill is orientated such that the drill axis and position exactly matches the planned axis and position with respect to the moulded surface. A guide hole is drilled into the mould blank, which is removed from the robot and placed back into the patient with the moulded surface ensuring exact replacement. A wire is subsequently driven through the guide hole into the osseous anatomy in accordance with
Munford MJ, Baena FRY, Bowyer S, 2019, Stereoscopic Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging: A Proof of Concept Toward Real-Time Depth Perception in Surgical Robotics, FRONTIERS IN ROBOTICS AND AI, Vol: 6, ISSN: 2296-9144
This data is extracted from the Web of Science and reproduced under a licence from Thomson Reuters. You may not copy or re-distribute this data in whole or in part without the written consent of the Science business of Thomson Reuters.