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@inbook{Freudenthal:2021:10.1016/B978-0-12-813073-5.00046-0,
author = {Freudenthal, B and Watts, L and Bassett, JHD and Williams, G},
booktitle = {Marcus and Feldman's Osteoporosis (Fifth Edition)},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-813073-5.00046-0},
title = {Thyroid hormone, thyroid medication, and the skeleton},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813073-5.00046-0},
year = {2021}
}

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TY  - CHAP
AB  - Thyroid hormone is an essential systemic regulator of development and metabolism and has important effects on bone that are mediated principally by thyroid hormone receptor α. In children, hypothyroidism causes growth retardation and delayed bone age, whereas hyperthyroidism accelerates linear growth and advances skeletal maturation. In adults, hyperthyroidism causes high bone turnover osteoporosis and an increased risk of fracture. Overt thyrotoxicosis, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overtreatment of hypothyroid patients with thyroxine can all result in reduced bone mineral density and an increased susceptibility to fracture. Thyroid hormones are thus essential for normal skeletal development and the normal maintenance of adult bone. When treating patients with thyroid disorders, it is important to consider the potential for detrimental consequences to the skeleton.
AU  - Freudenthal,B
AU  - Watts,L
AU  - Bassett,JHD
AU  - Williams,G
DO  - 10.1016/B978-0-12-813073-5.00046-0
PY  - 2021///
TI  - Thyroid hormone, thyroid medication, and the skeleton
T1  - Marcus and Feldman's Osteoporosis (Fifth Edition)
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813073-5.00046-0
UR  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128130735000460
ER  -

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