Publications
157 results found
Giallourou N, Urbaniak C, Puebla-Barragan S, et al., 2021, Characterizing the breast cancer lipidome and its interaction with the tissue microbiota, Communications Biology, Vol: 4, ISSN: 2399-3642
Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer amongst women worldwide. We have previously shown that there is a breast microbiota which differs between women who have breast cancer and those who are disease-free. To better understand the local biochemical perturbations occurring with disease and the potential contribution of the breast microbiome, lipid profiling was performed on non-tumor breast tissue collected from 19 healthy women and 42 with breast cancer. Here we identified unique lipid signatures between the two groups with greater amounts of lysophosphatidylcholines and oxidized cholesteryl esters in the tissue from women with breast cancer and lower amounts of ceramides, diacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines. By integrating these lipid signatures with the breast bacterial profiles, we observed that Gammaproteobacteria and those from the class Bacillus, were negatively correlated with ceramides, lipids with antiproliferative properties. In the healthy tissues, diacylglyerols were positively associated with Acinetobacter, Lactococcus, Corynebacterium, Prevotella and Streptococcus. These bacterial groups were found to possess the genetic potential to synthesize these lipids. The cause-effect relationships of these observations and their contribution to disease patho-mechanisms warrants further investigation for a disease afflicting millions of women around the world.
Spitzer SO, Tkacz A, Savignac HM, et al., 2021, Postnatal prebiotic supplementation in rats affects adult anxious behaviour, hippocampus, electrophysiology, metabolomics, and gut microbiota, ISCIENCE, Vol: 24
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- Citations: 5
Hu G, Ling C, Chi L, et al., 2021, STIMULATING THE TRYPTOPHAN-NAD plus PATHWAY IMPROVES DISTURBED HEPATIC METABOLIC FUNCTION IN A SEVERE MALNUTRITION MODEL IN A SIRT1 DEPENDENT MANNER, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 1179A-1179A, ISSN: 0270-9139
Osman A, Zuffa S, Walton G, et al., 2021, Post-weaning A1/A2 β-casein milk intake modulates depressive-like behavior, brain μ-opioid receptors, and the metabolome of rats, iScience, Vol: 24, ISSN: 2589-0042
The postnatal period is critical for brain and behavioral development and is sensitive to environmental stimuli, such as nutrition. Prevention of weaning from maternal milk was previously shown to cause depressive-like behavior in rats. Additionally, loss of dietary casein was found to act as a developmental trigger for a population of brain opioid receptors. Here, we explore the effect of exposure to milk containing A1 and A2 β-casein beyond weaning. A1 but not A2 β-casein milk significantly increased stress-induced immobility in rats, concomitant with an increased abundance of Clostridium histolyticum bacterial group in the caecum and colon of A1 β-casein fed animals, brain region-specific alterations of μ-opioid and oxytocin receptors, and modifications in urinary biochemical profiles. Moreover, urinary gut microbial metabolites strongly correlated with altered brain metabolites. These findings suggest that consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein beyond weaning age may affect mood via a possible gut-brain axis mechanism.
Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, et al., 2021, Publisher Correction: The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics (vol 18, pg 671, 2021), NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY, Vol: 18, Pages: 671-671, ISSN: 1759-5045
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- Citations: 10
Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, et al., 2021, The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, Vol: 18, Pages: 649-667
In 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of experts specializing in nutrition, microbial physiology, gastroenterology, paediatrics, food science and microbiology to review the definition and scope of postbiotics. The term 'postbiotics' is increasingly found in the scientific literature and on commercial products, yet is inconsistently used and lacks a clear definition. The purpose of this panel was to consider the scientific, commercial and regulatory parameters encompassing this emerging term, propose a useful definition and thereby establish a foundation for future developments. The panel defined a postbiotic as a "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host". Effective postbiotics must contain inactivated microbial cells or cell components, with or without metabolites, that contribute to observed health benefits. The panel also discussed existing evidence of health-promoting effects of postbiotics, potential mechanisms of action, levels of evidence required to meet the stated definition, safety and implications for stakeholders. The panel determined that a definition of postbiotics is useful so that scientists, clinical triallists, industry, regulators and consumers have common ground for future activity in this area. A generally accepted definition will hopefully lead to regulatory clarity and promote innovation and the development of new postbiotic products.
DeBoer MD, Platts-Mills JA, Elwood SE, et al., 2021, Effect of scheduled antimicrobial and nicotinamide treatment on linear growth in children in rural Tanzania: A factorial randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, PLOS MEDICINE, Vol: 18, ISSN: 1549-1277
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- Citations: 7
Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, et al., 2021, Publisher Correction: The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Vol: 18, Pages: 671-671, ISSN: 1759-5045
Caspani G, Turecki G, Lam R, et al., 2021, Metabolomic signatures associated with depression and predictors of antidepressant response in humans: A CAN-BIND-1 report, Communications Biology, Vol: 4, ISSN: 2399-3642
One of the biggest challenges in treating depression is the heterogeneous and qualitative nature of its clinical presentations. This highlights the need to find quantitative molecular markers to tailor existing treatment strategies to the individual’s biological system. In this study, high-resolution metabolic phenotyping of urine and plasma samples from the CAN-BIND study collected before treatment with two common pharmacological strategies, escitalopram and aripiprazole, was performed. Here we show that a panel of LDL and HDL subfractions were negatively correlated with depression in males. For treatment response, lower baseline concentrations of apolipoprotein A1 and HDL were predictive of escitalopram response in males, while higher baseline concentrations of apolipoprotein A2, HDL and VLDL subfractions were predictive of aripiprazole response in females. These findings support the potential of metabolomics in precision medicine and the possibility of identifying personalized interventions for depression.
Guerrant RL, Bolick DT, Swann JR, 2021, Modeling enteropathy or diarrhea with the top bacterial and protozoal pathogens: differential determinants of outcomes, ACS Infectious Diseases, Vol: 7, Pages: 1020-1031, ISSN: 2373-8227
Developing effective therapeutics or preventive interventions for important health threats is greatly enhanced whenever accessible models can enable the assessment of clinically important outcomes. While no non-human model is ever perfect, inexpensive in vivo small animal models in such as mice are often of great help in assessing the relevant efficacy of potential interventions. In addition to acute diarrhea, the long-term growth and developmental effects of enteric infections, with or without overt diarrhea, are increasingly recognized. To address these diverse effects, inexpensive animal models are proving to be very helpful. Herein, we review the major clinical concerns with enteric parasitic and bacterial infections that are extremely common worldwide, especially in vulnerable young children living in impoverished areas, and the recently published murine models of these infections and their outcomes. We find that common dietary deficiencies seen in children in developing areas have striking effects on diarrhea and enteropathy outcomes in mice. However, these effects differ with different pathogens. Specifically, the effects of protein or zinc deficiency differ considerably with different major protozoal and bacterial pathogens, suggesting different pathogenetic pathways and intervention effects. The pathogens reviewed are the seven top parasitic and bacterial pathogens seen in children, namely, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Campylobacter, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC).
Mutasa K, Ntozini R, Mbuya MNN, et al., 2021, Biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction are not consistently associated with linear growth velocity in rural Zimbabwean infants, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol: 113, Pages: 1185-1198, ISSN: 0002-9165
BackgroundChild stunting remains a poorly understood, prevalent public health problem. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is hypothesized to be an important underlying cause.ObjectivesWithin a subgroup of 1169 children enrolled in the SHINE (Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy) trial in rural Zimbabwe, followed longitudinally from birth to 18 mo of age, we evaluated associations between the concentration of 11 EED biomarkers and linear growth velocity.MethodsAt infant ages 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 mo, nurses measured child length and collected stool and blood; the lactulose-mannitol urine test was also conducted at all visits except at 1 mo. Stool neopterin, α-1 antitrypsin, myeloperoxidase, and regenerating gene 1β protein; urinary lactulose and mannitol; and plasma kynurenine, tryptophan, C-reactive protein, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), soluble CD14, intestinal fatty acid binding protein, and citrulline were measured. We analyzed the change in relative [∆ length-for-age z score (LAZ)/mo] and absolute (∆ length/mo) growth velocity during 4 age intervals (1–3 mo; 3–6 mo; 6–12 mo; and 12–18 mo) per SD increase in biomarker concentration at the start of each age interval.ResultsIn fully adjusted models, we observed only 3 small, statistically significant associations: kynurenine:tryptophan ratio at 12 mo was associated with decreased mean LAZ velocity during the 12–18 mo interval (−0.015 LAZ/mo; 95% CI: −0.029, −0.001 LAZ/mo); mannitol excretion at 6 mo was associated with increased LAZ velocity during the 6–12 mo interval (0.013 LAZ/mo; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.025 LAZ/mo), and plasma IGF-1 at 1 mo was associated with increased LAZ velocity during the 1–3 mo interval (0.118 LAZ/mo; 95% CI: 0.024, 0.211 LAZ/mo). Results for absolute growth velocity were similar, except IGF-1 was also associated with growth during the 12–18 mo interval. We found no other associations between any EED
Jordi M-P, Wellington A, Lubach G, et al., 2021, Gut microbial and metabolic profiling reveal the lingering effects of infantile iron deficiency unless treated with iron, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, Vol: 65, ISSN: 1613-4125
ScopeIron deficiency (ID) compromises the health of infants worldwide. Although readily treated with iron, concerns remain about the persistence of some effects. Metabolic and gut microbial consequences of infantile ID were investigated in juvenile monkeys after natural recovery (pID) from iron deficiency or post‐treatment with iron dextran and B vitamins (pID+Fe).Methods and ResultsMetabolomic profiling of urine and plasma is conducted with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Gut microbiota are characterized from rectal swabs by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Urinary metabolic profiles of pID monkeys significantly differed from pID+Fe and continuously iron‐sufficient controls (IS) with higher maltose and lower amounts of microbial‐derived metabolites. Persistent differences in energy metabolism are apparent from the plasma metabolic phenotypes with greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis in pID monkeys. Microbial profiling indicated higher abundances of Methanobrevibacter, Lachnobacterium, and Ruminococcus in pID monkeys and any history of ID resulted in a lower Prevotella abundance compared to the IS controls.ConclusionsLingering metabolic and microbial effects are found after natural recovery from ID. These long‐term biochemical derangements are not present in the pID+Fe animals emphasizing the importance of the early detection and treatment of early‐life ID to ameliorate its chronic metabolic effects.
van der Linde C, Barone M, Turroni S, et al., 2021, An In Vitro Pilot Fermentation Study on the Impact of <i>Chlorella pyrenoidosa</i> on Gut Microbiome Composition and Metabolites in Healthy and Coeliac Subjects, MOLECULES, Vol: 26
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- Citations: 3
Walker JM, Garcet S, Aleman JO, et al., 2021, Obesity and ethnicity alter gene expression in skin (vol 10, 14079, 2021), SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2045-2322
Letertre MPM, Myridakis A, Whiley L, et al., 2021, A targeted ultra performance liquid chromatography - Tandem mass spectrometric assay for tyrosine and metabolites in urine and plasma: Application to the effects of antibiotics on mice, JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES, Vol: 1164, ISSN: 1570-0232
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- Citations: 5
Invernizzi R, Giallourou N, Swann JR, et al., 2021, THE RESPIRATORY MICROBIOME AND METABOLOME IN IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A2-A3, ISSN: 0040-6376
Randall D, Alsam A, Kieswich J, et al., 2021, Uremia causes dysbiosis-mediated periodontal disease
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>It is presently unclear why there is a high prevalence of periodontal disease (PD) in individuals living with chronic kidney disease (CKD). By employing three different models in rats and mice, we demonstrate that experimental uremia causes periodontal bone loss. Uremia alters the biochemical composition of saliva and induces progressive dysbiosis of the oral microbiota, with microbial samples from uremic animals displaying reduced overall bacterial growth, increased alpha diversity, reduced abundance of key components of the healthy oral microbiota such as Streptococcus and Rothia, and an increase in minor taxa including those from gram-negative phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. We show that transfer of oral microbiota from uremic mice induces PD in germ-free animals, whilst co-housing with healthy animals ameliorates the PD phenotype in rats. Thus, we advocate that periodontal disease should be regarded as a bacterially mediated complication of chronic uremia.</jats:p>
Whiley L, Chappell KE, D'Hondt E, et al., 2021, Metabolic phenotyping reveals a reduction in the bioavailability of serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolites in both the urine and serum of individuals living with Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimers Research & Therapy, Vol: 13, Pages: 1-18, ISSN: 1758-9193
BackgroundBoth serotonergic signalling disruption and systemic inflammation have been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The common denominator linking the two is the catabolism of the essential amino acid, tryptophan. Metabolism via tryptophan hydroxylase results in serotonin synthesis, whilst metabolism via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) results in kynurenine and its downstream derivatives. IDO is reported to be activated in times of host systemic inflammation and therefore is thought to influence both pathways. To investigate metabolic alterations in AD, a large-scale metabolic phenotyping study was conducted on both urine and serum samples collected from a multi-centre clinical cohort, consisting of individuals clinically diagnosed with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and age-matched controls.MethodsMetabolic phenotyping was applied to both urine (n = 560) and serum (n = 354) from the European-wide AddNeuroMed/Dementia Case Register (DCR) biobank repositories. Metabolite data were subsequently interrogated for inter-group differences; influence of gender and age; comparisons between two subgroups of MCI - versus those who remained cognitively stable at follow-up visits (sMCI); and those who underwent further cognitive decline (cMCI); and the impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication on metabolite concentrations.ResultsResults revealed significantly lower metabolite concentrations of tryptophan pathway metabolites in the AD group: serotonin (urine, serum), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (urine), kynurenine (serum), kynurenic acid (urine), tryptophan (urine, serum), xanthurenic acid (urine, serum), and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (urine). For each listed metabolite, a decreasing trend in concentrations was observed in-line with clinical diagnosis: control > MCI > AD. There were no significant differences in the two MCI subgroups whilst SSRI medication status influenced o
Ledwaba SE, Costa DVS, Bolick DT, et al., 2020, Enteropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Infection Induces Diarrhea, Intestinal Damage, Metabolic Alterations, and Increased Intestinal Permeability in a Murine Model, FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2235-2988
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- Citations: 21
Swann JR, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Salonen A, et al., 2020, Considerations for the design and conduct of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods, European Journal of Nutrition, Vol: 59, Pages: 3347-3368, ISSN: 0044-264X
With the growing appreciation for the influence of the intestinal microbiota on human health, there is increasing motivation to design and refine interventions to promote favorable shifts in the microbiota and their interactions with the host. Technological advances have improved our understanding and ability to measure this indigenous population and the impact of such interventions. However, the rapid growth and evolution of the field, as well as the diversity of methods used, parameters measured and populations studied, make it difficult to interpret the significance of the findings and translate their outcomes to the wider population. This can prevent comparisons across studies and hinder the drawing of appropriate conclusions. This review outlines considerations to facilitate the design, implementation and interpretation of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods based upon our current understanding of the intestinal microbiota, its functionality and interactions with the human host. This includes parameters associated with study design, eligibility criteria, statistical considerations, characterization of products and the measurement of compliance. Methodologies and markers to assess compositional and functional changes in the microbiota, following interventions are discussed in addition to approaches to assess changes in microbiota-host interactions and host responses. Last, EU legislative aspects in relation to foods and health claims are presented. While it is appreciated that the field of gastrointestinal microbiology is rapidly evolving, such guidance will assist in the design and interpretation of human gut microbiota interventional studies relating to foods.
Mars RAT, Yang Y, Ward T, et al., 2020, Longitudinal multi-omics reveals subset-specific mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome (vol 182, pg 1460, 2020), Cell, Vol: 183, Pages: 1137-1140, ISSN: 0092-8674
Daniels SP, Leng J, Swann JR, et al., 2020, Bugs and drugs: a systems biology approach to characterising the effect of moxidectin on the horse's faecal microbiome, ANIMAL MICROBIOME, Vol: 2
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- Citations: 8
Parpia TC, Elwood SE, Scharf RJ, et al., 2020, Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants in the Early Life Interventions for Childhood Growth and Development in Tanzania (ELICIT) Trial, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, Vol: 103, Pages: 1397-1404, ISSN: 0002-9637
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- Citations: 6
Moore SR, Quinn LA, Maier EA, et al., 2020, Intervention and mechanisms of alanyl-glutamine for inflammation, nutrition, and enteropathy: a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Vol: 71, Pages: 393-400, ISSN: 0277-2116
Objective: Determine the minimum dosage of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) required to improve gut integrity and growth in children at risk of environmental enteropathy (EE).Methods: This was a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled dose-response trial. We enrolled 140 children residing in a low-income community in Fortaleza, Brazil. Participants were 2 to 60 months old and had weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), or weight-for-height (WHZ) z-scores less than −1. We randomized children to 10 days of nutritional supplementation: Ala-Gln at 3 g/day, Ala-Gln at 6 g/day, Ala-Gln at 12 g/day, or an isonitrogenous dose of glycine (Gly) placebo at 12.5 g/day. Our primary outcome was urinary lactulose-mannitol excretion testing. Secondary outcomes were anthropometry, fecal markers of inflammation, urine metabolic profiles, and malabsorption (spot fecal energy).Results: Of 140 children, 103 completed 120 days of follow-up (24% dropout). In the group receiving the highest dose of Ala-Gln, we detected a modest improvement in urinary lactulose excretion from 0.19% on day 1 to 0.17% on day 10 (P = 0.05). We observed significant but transient improvements in WHZ at day 10 in 2 Ala-Gln groups, and in WHZ and WAZ in all Ala-Gln groups at day 30. We detected no effects on fecal inflammatory markers, diarrheal morbidity, or urine metabolic profiles; but did observe modest reductions in fecal energy and fecal lactoferrin in participants receiving Ala-Gln.Conclusions: Intermediate dose Ala-Gln promotes short-term improvement in gut integrity and ponderal growth in children at risk of EE. Lower doses produced improvements in ponderal growth in the absence of enhanced gut integrity.
Kroll JS, Hall L, Kiu R, et al., 2020, Microbiota supplementation with Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus modifies the preterm infant gut microbiota and metabolome: an observational study, Cell Reports Medicine, Vol: 1, ISSN: 2666-3791
Supplementation with members of the early-life microbiota as “probiotics” is increasingly used in attempts to beneficially manipulate the preterm infant gut microbiota. We performed a large observational longitudinal study comprising two preterm groups: 101 infants orally supplemented with Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (Bif/Lacto) and 133 infants non-supplemented (control) matched by age, sex, and delivery method. 16S rRNA gene profiling on fecal samples (n = 592) showed a predominance of Bifidobacterium and a lower abundance of pathobionts in the Bif/Lacto group. Metabolomic analysis showed higher fecal acetate and lactate and a lower fecal pH in the Bif/Lacto group compared to the control group. Fecal acetate positively correlated with relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, consistent with the ability of the supplemented Bifidobacterium strain to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides into acetate. This study demonstrates that microbiota supplementation is associated with a Bifidobacterium-dominated preterm microbiota and gastrointestinal environment more closely resembling that of full-term infants.
Walker JM, Garcet S, Aleman JO, et al., 2020, Obesity and ethnicity alter gene expression in skin, SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2045-2322
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- Citations: 8
Burgess SL, Leslie JL, Uddin J, et al., 2020, Gut microbiome communication with bone marrow regulates susceptibility to amebiasis, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Vol: 130, Pages: 4019-4024, ISSN: 0021-9738
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- Citations: 24
Johanson SM, Swann JR, Umu ÖCO, et al., 2020, Maternal exposure to a human relevant mixture of persistent organic pollutants reduces colorectal carcinogenesis in A/J Min/+ mice, Chemosphere, Vol: 252, ISSN: 0045-6535
An increased risk of developing colorectal cancer has been associated with exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and alteration in the gut bacterial community. However, there is limited understanding about the impact of maternal exposure to POPs on colorectal cancer and gut microbiota. This study characterized the influence of exposure to a human relevant mixture of POPs during gestation and lactation on colorectal cancer, intestinal metabolite composition and microbiota in the A/J Min/+ mouse model. Surprisingly, the maternal POP exposure decreased colonic tumor burden, as shown by light microscopy and histopathological evaluation, indicating a restriction of colorectal carcinogenesis. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic analysis identified alterations in the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, glycerophospholipids and energy in intestinal tissue. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbiota indicated that maternal exposure modified fecal bacterial composition. In conclusion, the results showed that early-life exposure to a mixture of POPs reduced colorectal cancer initiation and promotion, possibly through modulation of the microbial and biochemical environment. Further studies should focus on the development of colorectal cancer after combined maternal and dietary exposures to environmentally relevant low-dose POP mixtures.
Breton J, Giallourou N, Nobis S, et al., 2020, Characterizing the metabolic perturbations induced by activity-based anorexia in the C57Bl/6 mouse using <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectroscopy, CLINICAL NUTRITION, Vol: 39, Pages: 2428-2434, ISSN: 0261-5614
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- Citations: 8
Letertre M, Munjoma NC, Slade SE, et al., 2020, Metabolic phenotyping using UPLC–MS and rapid microbore UPLC–IM–MS: determination of the effect of different dietary regimes on the urinary metabolome of the rat, Chromatographia, Vol: 83, Pages: 853-861, ISSN: 0009-5893
A rapid reversed-phase gradient method employing a 50 mm × 1 mm i.d., C18 microbore column, combined with ion mobility and high-resolution mass spectrometry, was applied to the metabolic phenotyping of urine samples obtained from rats receiving different diets. This method was directly compared to a “conventional” method employing a 150 × 2.1 mm i.d. column packed with the same C18 bonded phase using the same samples. Multivariate statistical analysis of the resulting data showed similar class discrimination for both microbore and conventional methods, despite the detection of fewer mass/retention time features by the former. Multivariate statistical analysis highlighted a number of ions that represented diet-specific markers in the samples. Several of these were then identified using the combination of mass, ion-mobility-derived collision cross section and retention time including N-acetylglutamate, urocanic acid, and xanthurenic acid. Kynurenic acid was tentatively identified based on mass and ion mobility data.
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