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@article{Gakidou:2017:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8,
author = {Gakidou, E and Afshin, A and Abajobir, AA and Abate, KH and Abbafati, C and Abbas, KM and Abd-Allah, F and Abdulle, AM and Abera, SF and Aboyans, V and Abu-Raddad, LJ and Abu-Rmeileh, NME and Abyu, GY and Adedeji, IA and Adetokunboh, O and Afarideh, M and Agrawal, A and Agrawal, S and Kiadaliri, AA and Ahmadieh, H and Ahmed, MB and Aichour, AN and Aichour, I and Aichour, MTE and Akinyemi, RO and Akseer, N and Alahdab, F and Al-Aly, Z and Alam, K and Alam, N and Alam, T and Alasfoor, D and Alene, KA and Ali, K and Alizadeh-Navaei, R and Alkerwi, A and Alla, F and Allebeck, P and Al-Raddadi, R and Alsharif, U and Altirkawi, KA and Alvis-Guzman, N and Amare, AT and Amini, E and Ammar, W and Amoako, YA and Ansari, H and Anto, JM and Antonio, CAT and Anwari, P and Arian, N and Arnlov, J and Artaman, A and Aryal, KK and Asayesh, H and Asgedom, SW and Atey, TM and Avila-Burgos, L and Avokpaho, EFGA and Awasthi, A and Azzopardi, P and Bacha, U and Badawi, A and Balakrishnan, K and Ballew, SH a},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8},
journal = {Lancet},
pages = {1345--1422},
title = {Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8},
volume = {390},
year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.MethodsWe used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined.FindingsSince 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smok
AU  - Gakidou,E
AU  - Afshin,A
AU  - Abajobir,AA
AU  - Abate,KH
AU  - Abbafati,C
AU  - Abbas,KM
AU  - Abd-Allah,F
AU  - Abdulle,AM
AU  - Abera,SF
AU  - Aboyans,V
AU  - Abu-Raddad,LJ
AU  - Abu-Rmeileh,NME
AU  - Abyu,GY
AU  - Adedeji,IA
AU  - Adetokunboh,O
AU  - Afarideh,M
AU  - Agrawal,A
AU  - Agrawal,S
AU  - Kiadaliri,AA
AU  - Ahmadieh,H
AU  - Ahmed,MB
AU  - Aichour,AN
AU  - Aichour,I
AU  - Aichour,MTE
AU  - Akinyemi,RO
AU  - Akseer,N
AU  - Alahdab,F
AU  - Al-Aly,Z
AU  - Alam,K
AU  - Alam,N
AU  - Alam,T
AU  - Alasfoor,D
AU  - Alene,KA
AU  - Ali,K
AU  - Alizadeh-Navaei,R
AU  - Alkerwi,A
AU  - Alla,F
AU  - Allebeck,P
AU  - Al-Raddadi,R
AU  - Alsharif,U
AU  - Altirkawi,KA
AU  - Alvis-Guzman,N
AU  - Amare,AT
AU  - Amini,E
AU  - Ammar,W
AU  - Amoako,YA
AU  - Ansari,H
AU  - Anto,JM
AU  - Antonio,CAT
AU  - Anwari,P
AU  - Arian,N
AU  - Arnlov,J
AU  - Artaman,A
AU  - Aryal,KK
AU  - Asayesh,H
AU  - Asgedom,SW
AU  - Atey,TM
AU  - Avila-Burgos,L
AU  - Avokpaho,EFGA
AU  - Awasthi,A
AU  - Azzopardi,P
AU  - Bacha,U
AU  - Badawi,A
AU  - Balakrishnan,K
AU  - Ballew,SH
AU  - Barac,A
AU  - Barber,RM
AU  - Barker-Collo,SL
AU  - Barnighausen,T
AU  - Barquera,S
AU  - Barregard,L
AU  - Barrero,LH
AU  - Batis,C
AU  - Battle,KE
AU  - Baune,BT
AU  - Beardsley,J
AU  - Bedi,N
AU  - Beghi,E
AU  - Bell,ML
AU  - Bennett,DA
AU  - Bennett,JR
AU  - Bensenor,IM
AU  - Berhane,A
AU  - Berhe,DF
AU  - Bernabe,E
AU  - Betsu,BD
AU  - Beuran,M
AU  - Beyene,AS
AU  - Bhansali,A
AU  - Bhutta,ZA
AU  - Bikbov,B
AU  - Birungi,C
AU  - Biryukov,S
AU  - Blosser,CD
AU  - Boneya,DJ
AU  - Bou-Orm,IR
AU  - Brauer,M
AU  - Breitborde,NJK
AU  - Brenner,H
AU  - Brugha,TS
AU  - Bulto,LNB
AU  - Baumgarner,BR
AU  - Butt,ZA
AU  - Cahuana-Hurtado,L
AU  - Cardenas,R
AU  - Carrero,JJ
AU  - Castaneda-Orjuela,CA
AU  - Catala-Lopez,F
AU  - Cercy,K
AU  - Chang,H-Y
AU  - Charlson,FJ
AU  - Chimed-Ochir,O
AU  - Chisumpa,VH
AU  - Chitheer,AA
AU  - Christensen,H
AU  - Christopher,DJ
AU  - Cirillo,M
AU  - Cohen,AJ
AU  - Comfort,H
AU  - Cooper,C
AU  - Coresh,J
AU  - Cornaby,L
AU  - Cortesi,PA
AU  - Criqui,MH
AU  - Crump,JA
AU  - Dandona,L
AU  - Dandona,R
AU  - das,Neves J
AU  - Davey,G
AU  - Davitoiu,DV
AU  - Davletov,K
AU  - de,Courten B
AU  - Degenhardt,L
AU  - Deiparine,S
AU  - Dellavalle,RP
AU  - Deribe,K
AU  - Deshpande,A
AU  - Dharmaratne,SD
AU  - Ding,EL
AU  - Djalalinia,S
AU  - Huyen,PD
AU  - Dokova,K
AU  - Doku,DT
AU  - Dorsey,ER
AU  - Driscoll,TR
AU  - Dubey,M
AU  - Duncan,BB
AU  - Duncan,S
AU  - Ebert,N
AU  - Ebrahimi,H
AU  - El-Khatib,ZZ
AU  - Enayati,A
AU  - Endries,AY
AU  - Ermakov,SP
AU  - Erskine,HE
AU  - Eshrati,B
AU  - Eskandarieh,S
AU  - Esteghamati,A
AU  - Estep,K
AU  - Faraon,EJA
AU  - E,Sa Farinha CS
AU  - Faro,A
AU  - Farzadfar,F
AU  - Fay,K
AU  - Feigin,VL
AU  - Fereshtehnejad,S-M
AU  - Fernandes,JC
AU  - Ferrari,AJ
AU  - Feyissa,TR
AU  - Filip,I
AU  - Fisc
DO  - 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8
EP  - 1422
PY  - 2017///
SN  - 0140-6736
SP  - 1345
TI  - Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
T2  - Lancet
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8
UR  - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000410630000006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/54153
VL  - 390
ER  -

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