Imperial College London

Dr Mikaela Smit

Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public Health

Honorary Research Fellow
 
 
 
//

Contact

 

mikaela.smit

 
 
//

Location

 

47 Praed StreetSt Mary's Campus

//

Summary

 

Publications

Publication Type
Year
to

27 results found

Davis K, Moorhouse L, Maswera R, Mandizvidza P, Dadirai T, Museka T, Nyamukapa C, Smit M, Gregson Set al., 2023, Associations between HIV status and self-reported hypertension in a high HIV prevalence sub-Saharan African population: a cross-sectional study, BMJ Open, Vol: 13, ISSN: 2044-6055

Objectives: This study examined whether HIV status and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-exposure were associated with self-reported hypertension in Zimbabwe. Design: Study data were taken from a cross-sectional, general population survey, which included HIV testing (July 2018 – December 2019). Setting: The data were collected in Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe.Participants: 9,780 people aged 15 years and above were included. Outcome measure: Self-reported hypertension was the outcome measure. This was defined as reporting a previous diagnosis of hypertension by a doctor or nurse. After weighting of survey responses by age and sex using household census data, chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to explore whether HIV status and ART-exposure were associated with self-reported hypertension.Results: The weighted prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 13.6% (95% Confidence Interval: 12.9%-14.2%) and the weighted prevalence of HIV was 11.1% (10.4%-11.7%). In univariable analyses, there was no evidence of a difference in the weighted prevalence of self-reported hypertension between people living with HIV (PLHIV) and HIV-negative people (14.1%, 11.9%-16.3% vs 13.3%, 12.6%-14.0%; p=0.503) or between ART-exposed and ART-naive PLHIV (14.8%, 12.0%-17.7% vs 12.8%, 9.1%-16.4%, p=0.388). Adjusting for socio-demographic variables in logistic regression did not alter this finding (odds ratios: HIV status: 0.88, 0.70-1.10, p=0.261; ART-exposure: 0.83, 0.53-1.30, p=0.411). Conclusions: Approximately one in seven PLHIV self-reported having hypertension, highlighting an important burden of disease. However, no associations were found between HIV status or ART-exposure and self-reported hypertension, suggesting that it will be valuable to focus on managing other risk factors for hypertension in this population. These findings should be fully accounted for as Zimbabwe re-orients its health system towards non-communicable disease control and management.

Journal article

Labhardt ND, Smit M, Petignat I, Perneger T, Marinosci A, Ustero P, Diniz Ribeiro MP, Ragozzino S, Nicoletti GJ, Fare PB, Andrey DO, Jacquerioz F, Lebowitz D, Agoritsas T, Meyer B, Spechbach H, Salamun J, Guessous I, Chappuis F, Kaiser L, Decosterd LA, Grinsztejn B, Bernasconi E, Cardoso SW, Calmy Aet al., 2021, Post-exposure lopinavir-ritonavir prophylaxis versus surveillance for individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2: the COPEP pragmatic open-label, cluster randomized trial, ECLINICALMEDICINE, Vol: 42

Journal article

Courlet P, Barbieux C, Sculier D, Wandeler G, Stoeckle M, Bernasconi E, Braun D, Vernazza P, Cavassini M, Marinosci A, Smit M, Gunthard HF, Schmid P, Limacher A, Guidi M, Saldanha SA, Decosterd LA, Calmy Aet al., 2021, Pharmacokinetic parameters and weight change in HIV patients newly switched to dolutegravir-based regimens in SIMPL'HIV clinical trial, BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Vol: 87, Pages: 4455-4460, ISSN: 0306-5251

Journal article

Davis K, Perez-Guzman P, Hoyer A, Brinks R, Gregg E, Althoff KN, Justice AC, Reiss P, Gregson S, Smit Met al., 2021, Correction to: Association between HIV infection and hypertension: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies., BMC Medicine, Vol: 19, Pages: 228-228, ISSN: 1741-7015

Journal article

Spechbach H, Jacquerioz F, Prendki V, Kaiser L, Smit M, Calmy A, Chappuis F, Guessous I, Salamun J, Baggio Set al., 2021, Network Analysis of Outpatients to Identify Predictive Symptoms and Combinations of Symptoms Associated With Positive/Negative SARS-CoV-2 Nasopharyngeal Swabs, FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE, Vol: 8

Journal article

Davis K, Perez Guzman P, Hoyer A, Brinks R, Gregg E, Althoff KN, Justice AC, Reiss P, Gregson S, Smit Met al., 2021, Association between HIV infection and hypertension: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies, BMC Medicine, Vol: 19, ISSN: 1741-7015

Background:Improved access to effective antiretroviral therapy has meant that people living with HIV (PLHIV) are surviving to older ages. However, PLHIV may be ageing differently to HIV-negative individuals, with dissimilar burdens of non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension. While some observational studies have reported a higher risk of prevalent hypertension among PLHIV compared to HIV-negative individuals, others have found a reduced burden. To clarify the relationship between HIV and hypertension, we identified observational studies and pooled their results to assess whether there is a difference in hypertension risk by HIV status.Methods:We performed a global systematic review and meta-analysis of published cross-sectional studies that examined hypertension risk by HIV status among adults aged > 15 (PROSPERO: CRD42019151359). We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health and Cochrane CENTRAL to August 23, 2020, and checked reference lists of included articles. Our main outcome was the risk ratio for prevalent hypertension in PLHIV compared to HIV-negative individuals. Summary estimates were pooled with a random effects model and meta-regression explored whether any difference was associated with study-level factors.Results:Of 21,527 identified studies, 59 were eligible (11,101,581 participants). Crude global hypertension risk was lower among PLHIV than HIV-negative individuals (risk ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.85–0.96), although heterogeneity between studies was high (I2 = 97%, p < 0.0001). The relationship varied by continent, with risk higher among PLHIV in North America (1.12, 1.02–1.23) and lower among PLHIV in Africa (0.75, 0.68–0.83) and Asia (0.77, 0.63–0.95). Meta-regression revealed strong evidence of a difference in risk ratios when comparing North American and European studies to African ones (North America 1.45, 1.21–1.74; Europe 1.20, 1.03–1.40).Conclusions:Our findings suggest that the r

Journal article

Smit M, Marinosci A, Agoritsas T, Calmy Aet al., 2021, Prophylaxis for COVID-19: a systematic review, CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Vol: 27, Pages: 532-537, ISSN: 1198-743X

Journal article

Lugon CC, Smit M, Salamun J, Abderrahmane M, Braillard O, Nehme M, Bausch FJ, Guessous I, Spechbach Het al., 2021, Novel outpatient management of mild to moderate COVID-19 spares hospital capacity and safeguards patient outcome: The Geneva PneumoCoV-Ambu study, PLOS ONE, Vol: 16, ISSN: 1932-6203

Journal article

Tshikung ON, Smit M, Marinosci A, Buvelot H, Valladares P, Lecompte TD-C, Flammer Y, Calmy Aet al., 2021, Caring for people living with HIV during the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, AIDS, Vol: 35, Pages: 355-358, ISSN: 0269-9370

Journal article

Smit M, Perez-Guzman PN, Mutai KK, Cassidy R, Kibachio J, Kilonzo N, Hallett TBet al., 2020, Mapping the Current and Future Noncommunicable Disease Burden in Kenya by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status: A Modeling Study., Clin Infect Dis, Vol: 71, Pages: 1864-1873

BACKGROUND: The noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden in Kenya is not well characterized, despite estimates needed to identify future health priorities. We aimed to quantify current and future NCD burden in Kenya by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. METHODS: Original systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prevalence/incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease, depression, diabetes, high total cholesterol, hypertension, human papillomavirus infection, and related precancerous stages in Kenya were carried out. An individual-based model was developed, simulating births, deaths, HIV disease and treatment, aforementioned NCDs, and cancers. The model was parameterized using systematic reviews and epidemiological national and regional surveillance data. NCD burden was quantified for 2018-2035 by HIV status among adults. RESULTS: Systematic reviews identified prevalence/incidence data for each NCD except ischemic heart disease. The model estimates that 51% of Kenyan adults currently suffer from ≥1 NCD, with a higher burden in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to persons not living with HIV (62% vs 51%), driven by their higher age profile and partly by HIV-related risk for NCDs. Hypertension and high total cholesterol are the main NCD drivers (adult prevalence of 20.5% [5.3 million] and 9.0% [2.3 million]), with CVD and cancers the main causes of death. The burden is projected to increase by 2035 (56% in persons not living with HIV; 71% in PLWH), with population growth doubling the number of people needing services (15.4 million to 28.1 million) by 2035. CONCLUSIONS: NCD services will need to be expanded in Kenya. Guidelines in Kenya already support provision of these among both the general and populations living with HIV; however, coverage remains low.

Journal article

Davis K, Perez Guzman P, Hoyer A, Brinks R, Justice AC, Reiss P, Gregson S, Smit Met al., 2020, Comparing the prevalence of hypertension among HIV-positive and HIV-negative adults: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies, Virtual International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Co-Morbidities in HIV

Conference paper

Davis K, Guzman PP, Gregson S, Smit Met al., 2020, Comparing the prevalence of hypertension by HIV status in sub-Saharan African adults: a systematic review and meta-analyses of cross-sectional studies, HIV Glasgow, Publisher: JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD, Pages: 70-70

Background: Some evidence from high-income countries (HICs) suggests that PLHIV experience a higher hypertension prevalence thanHIV-negative individuals. It is unclear whether this is the case in subSaharan Africa (SSA), where large-scale integration of hypertensionservices into HIV programmes is being considered. We examined thehypothesis that living with HIV is associated with higher hypertensionprevalence among adults in SSA.Materials and methods: A systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE,Global Health, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CochraneCentral Register of Controlled Trials and African Journals Online wasperformed, following PRISMA guidelines, to identify cross-sectionalstudies assessing hypertension prevalence in PLHIV and HIV-negativeindividuals >15 years, in SSA. Only studies defining hypertension as“study-ascertained blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg”, or as “studyascertained blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg and/or history of antihypertensive medication usage”, were included. Risk of bias assessmentsaddressed adequacy of sample sizes, participant selection and HIV andhypertension status measurement. Random effects models were usedto pool odds ratios (ORs) for prevalent hypertension.Results: We identified 1431 unique studies, of which 12 wereselected for quantitative analysis, providing data on 107 425 participants (49.4% to 69.6% female). The 12 studies collected data between2003 and 2015, in South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. Risk of biaswas low to moderate, with participant selection a key source of bias.Hypertension prevalence ranged from 5.3% to 51.7% among PLHIVand 8.2% to 65.4% in HIV-negative individuals. Overall, hypertensionprevalence was 41% lower among PLHIV than HIV-negative individuals when using the ≥140/90 mmHg definition (n = 5, OR 0.59, 95%CI 0.55 to 0.64) and 34% lower when using the definition thatincluded medication (n = 7, OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.99).Conclusions: Robust studies comparing hypertension

Conference paper

Davis K, Moorhouse L, Maswera R, Nyamukapa C, Smit M, Gregson Set al., 2020, Examining associations between HIV status and high blood pressure (hypertension) in a high HIV prevalence population in Manicaland, east Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study of adults, HIV Glasgow, Publisher: JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD, Pages: 69-69

Background: Evidence from high‐income countries indicates that PLHIV experience a higher hypertension prevalence than HIV‐negative individuals. However, it is unclear whether this applies in sub‐Saharan Africa, where behaviour and healthcare access differ. It is also unclear whether reported differences in hypertension prevalence result from socio‐demographic differences between PLHIV and HIV‐negative individuals or from HIV infection and treatment. We analysed data from Manicaland, Zimbabwe, to test the hypothesis that PLHIV had a higher hypertension prevalence than HIV‐negative individuals and assess whether controlling for socio‐demographic factors affected this relationship.Materials and methods: A cross‐sectional study, including interviews and HIV testing, was performed at two urban sites, a town and a roadside trading area (07/2018 to 03/2019). All young women (15 to 24 years) and men (15 to 29 years), and a random sample of 2/3 of older adults were eligible. Individuals were considered hypertensive if they reported ever being diagnosed with hypertension by a doctor/nurse. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for prevalent hypertension, controlling for socio‐demographic confounders. Weights were used in all analyses to compensate for unequal selection probabilities.Results: Among 3404 participants (2169 men; 1235 women), the weighted HIV prevalence was 10.8% (95% CI 9.7 to 11.9%). There were more women among PLHIV (PLHIV: 62.5%, 57.2 to 67.8%; HIV‐negative: 53.2%, 52.2% to 54.2%) and PLHIV were older (>45 years: PLHIV: 40%, 31.8% to 48.2%; HIV‐negative: 25.3%, 23.9% to 26.6%). Hypertension prevalence was higher among PLHIV (20.6%, 16.3% to 25.0%) than HIV‐negative individuals (16.4%, 15.1% to 17.6%; OR 1.33, 1.01 to 1.76, p = 0.048). However, hypertension prevalence was higher in older individuals and women, so after adjusting for age and gender the difference in hypertension between PLHIV and HIV‐negative individuals was non‐signific

Conference paper

Kibachio J, Mwenda V, Ombiro O, Kamano JH, Perez-Guzman PN, Mutai KK, Guessous I, Beran D, Kasaie P, Weir B, Beecroft B, Kilonzo N, Kupfer L, Smit Met al., 2020, Recommendations for the use of mathematical modelling to support decision‐making on integration of non‐communicable diseases into HIV, Journal of the International AIDS Society, Vol: 23, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 1758-2652

Introduction: Kenya plans to focus on integrating services for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) into existing care platforms as a way of strengthening its health system, reducing redundancies and leveraging existing systems. Mathematical modelling provides a powerful tool to address questions around priorities, optimization and implementation. In this paper we will examine the case for integration of NCDs into HIV care platforms, review examples of how mathematical models have supported policy formulation in Kenya and provide a set of recommendations on the use of modelling in policy development on integration of NCD-HIV services in Kenya.Discussion: In Kenya, NCDs are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality after HIV/AIDS and has been shown to be higher in people living with HIV. Integration of care services has shown to have generated advantages for both provider and user, be cost-effective, practical and achieve rapid coverage scale-up. The National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2015-2020 emphasizes integration of NCD with HIV care; their shared chronic nature means a majority of the programmatic and operational approaches and infrastructure developed for HIV programs could be used for NCDs, especially in resource-constrained settings. However, the vertical nature of current disease programs, policy financing and operations operate as barriers to NCD integration in Kenya. Modelling has successfully been used to inform health policy in Kenya across a number of disease areas and in a number of ways, including i) estimating current and future disease burden to set priorities for public health policy interventions, ii) forecast the requisite investments by government, iii) comparing the impact of different integration approaches, iv) performing cost-benefit analysis for integration, and v) evaluating health system capacity needs. Conclusions Modelling can and should play an integral part in the decision-making processes

Journal article

Perez-Guzman PN, Chung MH, De Vuyst H, Dalal S, Mutai KK, Muthoni K, Kigen B, Kilonzo N, Hallett TB, Smit Met al., 2020, The impact of scaling up cervical cancer screening and treatment services among women living with HIV in Kenya: a modelling study, BMJ Global Health, Vol: 5, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 2059-7908

Introduction We aimed to quantify health outcomes and programmatic implications of scaling up cervical cancer (CC) screening and treatment options for women living with HIV in care aged 18–65 in Kenya.Methods Mathematical model comparing from 2020 to 2040: (1) visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and cryotherapy (Cryo); (2) VIA and Cryo or loop excision electrical procedure (LEEP), as indicated; (3) human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA testing and Cryo or LEEP; and (4) enhanced screening technologies (either same-day HPV-DNA testing or digitally enhanced VIA) and Cryo or LEEP. Outcomes measured were annual number of CC cases, deaths, screening and treatment interventions, and engaged in care (numbers screened, treated and cured) and five yearly age-standardised incidence.Results All options will reduce CC cases and deaths compared with no scale-up. Options 1–3 will perform similarly, averting approximately 28 000 (33%) CC cases and 7700 (27%) deaths. That is, VIA screening would yield minimal losses to follow-up (LTFU). Conversely, LTFU associated with HPV-DNA testing will yield a lower care engagement, despite better diagnostic performance. In contrast, option 4 would maximise health outcomes, averting 43 200 (50%) CC cases and 11 800 (40%) deaths, given greater care engagement. Yearly rescreening with either option will impose a substantial burden on the health system, which could be reduced by spacing out frequency to three yearly without undermining health gains.Conclusions Beyond the specific choice of technologies to scale up, efficiently using available options will drive programmatic success. Addressing practical constraints around diagnostics’ performance and LTFU will be key to effectively avert CC cases and deaths.

Journal article

Smit M, Marinosci A, Nicoletti GJ, Perneger T, Ragozzino S, Andrey DO, Stoeckle M, Jacquerioz F, Lebowitz D, Agoritsas T, Meyer B, Spechbach H, Salamun J, Back M, Schaubhut C, Fuchs S, Decosterd L, Battegay M, Guessous I, Chappuis F, Kaiser L, Labhardt ND, Calmy Aet al., 2020, Efficacy of pragmatic same-day ring prophylaxis for adult individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland (COPEP): protocol of an open-label cluster randomised trial, BMJ OPEN, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2044-6055

Journal article

Smit M, Olney J, Ford NP, Vitoria M, Gregson S, Vassall A, Hallett TBet al., 2018, The growing burden of non-communicable disease among persons living with HIV in Zimbabwe, AIDS, Vol: 32, Pages: 773-782, ISSN: 0269-9370

Objectives:We aim to characterize the future noncommunicable disease (NCD)burden in Zimbabwe to identify future health system priorities.Methods:We developed an individual-based multidisease model for Zimbabwe,simulating births, deaths, infection with HIV and progression and key NCD [asthma,chronic kidney disease (CKD), depression, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, breast,cervical, colorectal, liver, oesophageal, prostate and all other cancers]. The modelwas parameterized using national and regional surveillance and epidemiological data.Demographic and NCD burden projections were generated for 2015 to 2035.Results:The model predicts that mean age of PLHIV will increase from 31 to 45 yearsbetween 2015 and 2035 (compared with 20 –26 in uninfected individuals). Conse-quently, the proportion suffering from at least one key NCD in 2035 will increase by26% in PLHIV and 6% in uninfected. Adult PLHIV will be twice as likely to suffer from atleast one key NCD in 2035 compared with uninfected adults; with 15.2% of all keyNCDs diagnosed in adult PLHIV, whereas contributing only 5% of the Zimbabweanpopulation. The most prevalent NCDs will be hypertension, CKD, depression andcancers. This demographic and disease shift in PLHIV is mainly because of reductions inincidence and the success of ART scale-up leading to longer life expectancy, and to alesser extent, the cumulative exposure to HIV and ART.Conclusion:NCD services will need to be expanded in Zimbabwe. They will need tobe integrated into HIV care programmes, although the growing NCD burden amongstuninfected individuals presenting opportunities for additional services developedwithin HIV care to benefit HIV-negative persons.

Journal article

Smit M, Cassidy R, Cozzi-Lepri A, Quiros-Roldan E, Girardi E, Mammone A, Antinori A, Saracino A, Bai F, Rusconi S, Magnani G, Castelli F, Prisculla H, d'Arminio Monforte A, Hallett TBet al., 2017, Projections of Non-Communicable Disease and Health Care Costs Among HIV-Positive Persons in Italy and the U.S.A: A Modelling Study, PLoS ONE, Vol: 12, ISSN: 1932-6203

BackgroundCountry-specific forecasts of the growing non-communicable disease (NCD) burden in ageing HIV-positive patients will be key to guide future HIV policies. We provided the first national forecasts for Italy and the Unites States of America (USA) and quantified direct cost of caring for these increasingly complex patients.Methods and SettingWe adapted an individual-based model of ageing HIV-positive patients to Italy and the USA, which followed patients on HIV-treatment as they aged and developed NCDs (chronic kidney disease, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, non-AIDS malignancies, myocardial infarctions and strokes). The models were parameterised using data on 7,469 HIV-positive patients from the Italian Cohort Naïve to Antiretrovirals Foundation Study and 3,748 commercially-insured patients in the USA and extrapolated to national level using national surveillance data.ResultsThe model predicted that mean age of HIV-positive patients will increase from 46 to 59 in Italy and from 49 to 58 in the USA in 2015–2035. The proportion of patients in Italy and the USA diagnosed with ≥1 NCD is estimated to increase from 64% and 71% in 2015 to 89% and 89% by 2035, respectively, driven by moderate cardiovascular disease (CVD) (hypertension and dyslipidaemia), diabetes and malignancies in both countries. NCD treatment costs as a proportion of total direct HIV costs will increase from 11% to 23% in Italy and from 40% to 56% in the USA in 2015–2035.ConclusionsHIV patient profile in Italy and the USA is shifting to older patients diagnosed with multiple co-morbidity. This will increase NCD treatment costs and require multi-disciplinary patient management.

Journal article

Smit M, van Zoest RA, Nichols BE, Vaartjes I, Smit C, van der Vallk M, van Sighem A, Wit FW, Hallett TB, Reiss Pet al., 2017, Cardiovascular disease prevention policy in HIV: recommendations from a modelling study, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol: 66, Pages: 743-750, ISSN: 1058-4838

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is expected to contribute a large noncommunicable disease burden among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected people. We quantify the impact of prevention interventions on annual CVD burden and costs among HIV-infected people in the Netherlands.MethodsWe constructed an individual-based model of CVD in HIV-infected people using national ATHENA (AIDS Therapy Evaluation in The Netherlands) cohort data on 8791 patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The model follows patients as they age, develop CVD (by incorporating a CVD risk equation), and start cardiovascular medication. Four prevention interventions were evaluated: (1) increasing the rate of earlier HIV diagnosis and treatment; (2) avoiding use of cART with increased CVD risk; (3) smoking cessation; and (4) intensified monitoring and drug treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia, quantifying annual number of averted CVDs and costs.ResultsThe model predicts that annual CVD incidence and costs will increase by 55% and 36% between 2015 and 2030. Traditional prevention interventions (ie, smoking cessation and intensified monitoring and treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia) will avert the largest number of annual CVD cases (13.1% and 20.0%) compared with HIV-related interventions—that is, earlier HIV diagnosis and treatment and avoiding cART with increased CVD risk (0.8% and 3.7%, respectively)—as well as reduce cumulative CVD-related costs. Targeting high-risk patients could avert the majority of events and costs.ConclusionsTraditional CVD prevention interventions can maximize cardiovascular health and defray future costs, particularly if targeting high-risk patients. Quantifying additional public health benefits, beyond CVD, is likely to provide further evidence for policy development.

Journal article

Smit M, Cassidy R, Cozzi-Lepri A, Girardi E, Mammone A, Antinori A, Angarano G, Bai F, Rusconi S, Magnani G, Monforte AD, Hallett Tet al., 2016, Quantifying the future clinical burden of an ageing HIV-positive population in Italy: a mathematical modelling study, International Congress of Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Publisher: JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD

Conference paper

Smit M, Cassidy R, Hallett T, 2016, Quantifying the future clinical burden of an ageing HIV-positive population in the USA: a mathematical modelling, Publisher: JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD

Conference paper

Althoff KN, Smit M, Reiss P, Justice ACet al., 2016, HIV and ageing: improving quantity and quality of life, Current Opinions in HIV & AIDS, Vol: 11, Pages: 527-536, ISSN: 1746-630X

Purpose of reviewEvidence-based strategies are needed to address the growing complexity of care of those ageing with HIVso that as life expectancy is extended, quality of life is also enhanced.Recent findingsModifiable contributing factors to the quantity and quality of life in adults ageing with HIV include: burdenof harmful health behaviours, injury from HIV infection, HIV treatment toxicity and general burden of ageassociatedcomorbidities. In turn, these factors contribute to geriatric syndromes including multimorbidityand polypharmacy, physiologic frailty, falls and fragility fractures and cognitive dysfunction, which furthercompromise the quality of life long before they lead to mortality.SummaryViral suppression of HIV with combination antiviral therapy has led to increasing longevity but has notenabled a complete return to health among ageing HIV-infected individuals (HIVþ). As adults age withHIV, the role of HIV itself and associated inflammation, effects of exposure to antiretroviral agents, the highprevalence of modifiable risk factors for age-associated conditions (e.g. smoking), and the effects of otherviral coinfections are all influencing the health trajectory of persons ageing with HIV. We must move fromthe simplistic notion of HIV becoming a ‘chronic controllable illness’ to understanding the continuallyevolving ‘treated’ history of HIV infection with the burden of age-associated conditions and geriatricsyndromes in the context of an altered and ageing immune system.

Journal article

Smit M, Hallett T, 2016, Respiratory co-morbidities in people with HIV, Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol: 16, Pages: 152-152, ISSN: 1473-3099

Journal article

Smit M, Brinkman K, Geerlings S, Smit C, Thyagarajan K, van Sighem A, de Wolf F, Hallett TBet al., 2015, Future challenges for clinical care of an ageing population infected with HIV: a modelling study, Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol: 15, Pages: 810-818, ISSN: 1473-3099

Background The population infected with HIV is getting older and these people will increasingly develop age-relatednon-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to quantify the scale of the change and the implications for HIV carein the Netherlands in the future.Methods We constructed an individual-based model of the ageing HIV-infected population, which followed patientson HIV treatment as they age, develop NCDs—including cardiovascular disease (hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia,myocardial infarctions, and strokes), diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, and non-AIDS malignancies—and start co-medication for these diseases. The model was parameterised by use of data for 10 278 patients from thenational Dutch ATHENA cohort between 1996 and 2010. We made projections up to 2030.Findings Our model suggests that the median age of HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy(ART) will increase from 43·9 years in 2010 to 56·6 in 2030, with the proportion of HIV-infected patients aged50 years or older increasing from 28% in 2010 to 73% in 2030. In 2030, we predict that 84% of HIV-infected patientswill have at least one NCD, up from 29% in 2010, with 28% of HIV-infected patients in 2030 having three or moreNCDs. 54% of HIV-infected patients will be prescribed co-medications in 2030, compared with 13% in 2010, with20% taking three or more co-medications. Most of this change will be driven by increasing prevalence ofcardiovascular disease and associated drugs. Because of contraindications and drug–drug interactions, in 2030, 40%of patients could have complications with the currently recommended fi rst-line HIV regimens.Interpretation The profi le of patients in the Netherlands infected with HIV is changing, with increasing numbers ofolder patients with multiple morbidities. These changes mean that, in the near future, HIV care will increasingly need todraw on a wide range of medical disciplines, in addition to evidence-bas

Journal article

Smit M, Smit C, Geerlings S, Gras L, Brinkman K, Hallett TB, de Wolf Fet al., 2013, Changes in First-Line cART Regimens and Short-Term Clinical Outcome between 1996 and 2010 in The Netherlands, PLOS One, Vol: 8, ISSN: 1932-6203

Objectives: Document progress in HIV-treatment in the Netherlands since 1996 by reviewing changing patterns of cART useand relating those to trends in patients’ short-term clinical outcomes between 1996 and 2010.Design and Methods: 1996–2010 data from 10,278 patients in the Dutch ATHENA national observational cohort wereanalysed. The annual number of patients starting a type of regimen was quantified. Trends in the following outcomes weredescribed: i) recovery of 150 CD4 cells/mm3 within 12 months of starting cART; ii) achieving viral load (VL) suppression#1,000 copies/ml within 12 months of starting cART; iii) switching from first-line to second-line regimen within three yearsof starting treatment; and iv) all-cause mortality rate per 100 person-years within three years of starting treatment.Results: Between 1996 and 2010, first-line regimens changed from lamivudine/zidovudine-based or lamivudine/stavudinebasedregimens with unboosted-PIs to tenofovir with either emtricitabine or lamivudine with NNRTIs. Mortality rates did notchange significantly over time. VL suppression and CD4 recovery improved over time, and the incidence of switching due tovirological failure and toxicity more than halved between 1996 and 2010. These effects appear to be related to the use ofnew regimens rather than improvements in clinical care.Conclusion: The use of first-line cART in the Netherlands closely follows changes in guidelines, to the benefit of patients.While there was no significant improvement in mortality, newer drugs with better tolerability and simpler dosing resulted inimproved immunological and virological recovery and reduced incidences of switching due to toxicity and virologicalfailure.

Journal article

Smit M, Smit C, Cremin I, Garnett GP, Hallett T, de Wolf Fet al., 2012, Could better tolerated HIV drug regimens improve patient outcome?, AIDS, Vol: 26, Pages: 1953-1959, ISSN: 0269-9370

Journal article

Smit M, Smit C, Cremin I, Hallett T, De Wolf F, Garnett GPet al., 2011, New Drugs Trageting Toxicities Have HIghest Hope of Impacting Patients Prognosis, International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research

Conference paper

This data is extracted from the Web of Science and reproduced under a licence from Thomson Reuters. You may not copy or re-distribute this data in whole or in part without the written consent of the Science business of Thomson Reuters.

Request URL: http://wlsprd.imperial.ac.uk:80/respub/WEB-INF/jsp/search-html.jsp Request URI: /respub/WEB-INF/jsp/search-html.jsp Query String: respub-action=search.html&id=00430975&limit=30&person=true