Summary
BIOGRAPHY
| Date | Role |
|---|---|
| 2021- | Application development in machine learning for Seeq Corporation |
| 2021- | Emeritus Professor of Process Automation |
| 2017-2019 | Secondment with ABB Corporate Research Center, Kraków, Poland. |
| 2014-2018 | Director of MSc in Process Automation, Instrumentation and Control |
| 2013-2016 | Executive Team member and Director of Undergraduate Studies, Department of Chemical Engineering. |
| 2012, 2013 | Secondments with ABB Corporate Research in Poland. |
| 2007-2021 | ABB/Royal Academy of Engineering Chair of Process Automation, Department of Chemical Engineering. |
| 1984-2007 | University College London, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering: Lecturer (1984), Senior Lecturer (1991), Professor (2003) and Deputy Head of Department (2006). |
| 2005 | Secondment with ABB Corporate Research in Norway. |
| 2001-2005 | PhD (part-time), University College London. Thesis title: "Detection and diagnosis of distributed disturbances in chemical processes". |
| 2001 | Sabbatical leave at Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. |
| 1995 | Passed the Design Examination of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. |
| 1992-1995 | Royal Society Industry Fellowship with BP Oil and BP Chemicals. |
| 1984-2007 | University College London, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering. |
| 1983-1984 | British Aerospace, Space and Communication Division. Control Systems Engineer. |
| 1982-1983 | MSc Control Systems, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London. |
| 1976-1982 | ICI Plastics Division, Research Physicist engaged in product analysis and development. |
| 1973-1976 | BA in Physics, University of Oxford. |
RESEARCH INTERESTS
- Process automation
- Advanced dynamic signal analysis of industrial process measurements for detection and diagnosis of plant-wide disturbances
- Analysis and optimization taking account of process units, utilities, rotating equipment and electrical systems
- Analysis of the interactions between large industrial electricity consumers and the electricity transmission grid
- Examining the impact of wireless technology in process automation
- Capturing and analyzing process connectivity and topology from P&IDs
- Applications in oil and gas, chemicals, and electricity supply
- Coordination of FP7 and Horizon 2020 projects Real-Smart, Energy-Smartops and PRONTO
Contact details
- Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
Imperial College London
South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ
e-mail: n.thornhill@imperial.ac.uk
Links
Selected Publications
Journal Articles
Zagorowska MA, Haugen T, Skourup C, et al., 2024, Load-sharing with degradation management in a compressor station, IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, Vol:21, ISSN:1545-5955, Pages:921-938
Pantelides CC, Pereira FE, Stanger PJ, et al., 2024, Process operations: from models and data to digital applications, Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol:180, ISSN:0098-1354
Lucke M, Chioua M, Thornhill N, 2022, From oscillatory to non-oscillatory disturbances: a comparative review of root cause analysis methods, Journal of Process Control, Vol:113, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:42-67
Xuan IY, Skourup C, Jensen JB, et al., 2022, Flexible operation of a mixed fluid cascade LNG plant for electrical power management, Energy, Vol:250, ISSN:0360-5442
Cong T, Tan R, Ottewill JR, et al., 2021, Anomaly detection and mode identification in multimode processes using the field Kalman filter, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol:29, ISSN:1063-6536, Pages:2192-2205
Zagorowska M, Skourup C, Thornhill NF, 2020, Influence of compressor degradation on optimal operation of a compressor station, Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol:143, ISSN:0098-1354, Pages:107104-107104
Tan R, Ottewill JR, Thornhill NF, 2020, Monitoring statistics and tuning of kernel principal component analysis with radial basis function kernels, Ieee Access, Vol:8, ISSN:2169-3536, Pages:198328-198342
Zagorowska M, Wu O, Ottewill JR, et al., 2020, A survey of models of degradation for control applications, Annual Reviews in Control, Vol:50, ISSN:1367-5788, Pages:150-173
Tan R, Ottewill JR, Thornhill NF, 2020, Non-stationary discrete convolution kernel for multimodal process monitoring, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol:31, ISSN:1045-9227, Pages:3670-3681
Xuan IY, Pretlove J, Haugen T, et al., 2020, Determining the minimum energy requirement of an LNG process: New insights into the impact of the vapour liquid equilibrium, Energy, Vol:203, ISSN:0360-5442
Zagorowska M, Schulze Spüntrup F, Ditlefsen A-M, et al., 2020, Adaptive detection and prediction of performance degradation in off-shore turbomachinery, Applied Energy, Vol:268, ISSN:0306-2619, Pages:114934-114934
Tan R, Cong T, Ottewill JR, et al., 2020, An on-line framework for monitoring nonlinear processes with multiple operating modes, Journal of Process Control, Vol:89, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:119-130
Lucke M, Chioua M, Grimholt C, et al., 2020, Integration of alarm design in fault detection and diagnosis through alarm-range normalization, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:98, ISSN:0967-0661, Pages:1-12
Lucke M, Stief A, Chioua M, et al., 2020, Fault detection and identification combining process measurements and statistical alarms, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:94, ISSN:0967-0661, Pages:1-12
Bauer M, Auret L, Bacci di Capaci R, et al., 2019, Industrial PID control loop data repository and comparison of fault detection methods, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol:58, ISSN:0888-5885, Pages:11430-11439
Zhou B, Chioua M, Bauer M, et al., 2019, Improving root cause analysis by detecting and removing transient changes in oscillatory time series with application to a 1,3-butadiene process, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol:58, ISSN:0888-5885, Pages:11234-11250
Stief A, Tan R, Cao Y, et al., 2019, A heterogeneous benchmark dataset for data analytics: multiphase flow facility case study, Journal of Process Control, Vol:79, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:41-55
Lucke M, Chioua M, Grimholt C, et al., 2019, Advances in alarm data analysis with a practical application to online alarm flood classification, Journal of Process Control, Vol:79, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:56-71
Borghesan F, Chioua M, Thornhill NF, 2019, Forecasting of process disturbances using k-nearest neighbours, with an application in process control, Computers and Chemical Engineering, Vol:128, ISSN:1873-4375, Pages:188-200
Cai L, Thornhill NF, Kuenzel S, et al., 2019, A test model of a power grid with battery energy storage and wide-area monitoring, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol:34, ISSN:0885-8950, Pages:380-390
Cai L, Thornhill NF, Kuenzel S, et al., 2018, Wide-area monitoring of power systems using principal component analysis and k-nearest neighbor analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol:33, ISSN:0885-8950, Pages:4913-4923
Lucke M, Chioua M, Grimholt C, et al., 2018, On improving fault detection and diagnosis using alarm-range normalisation, Ifac-papersonline, Vol:51, ISSN:2405-8963, Pages:1227-1232
Yang Y, Velayudhan A, Thornhill NF, et al., 2017, Multi-criteria manufacturability indices for ranking high-concentration monoclonal antibody formulations, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol:114, ISSN:1097-0290, Pages:2043-2056
Cai L, Thornhill NF, Kuenzel S, et al., 2017, Real-time detection of power system disturbances based on k-nearest neighbor analysis, Ieee Access, Vol:5, ISSN:2169-3536, Pages:5631-5639
Cai L, Thornhill NF, Pal BC, 2017, Multivariate detection of power system disturbances based on fourth order moment and singular value decomposition, Ieee Transactions on Power Systems, Vol:32, ISSN:1558-0679, Pages:4289-4297
Xenos DP, Mohd Noor I, Matloubi M, et al., 2016, Demand-side management and optimal operation of industrial electricity consumers: An example of an energy-intensive chemical plant, Applied Energy, Vol:182, ISSN:0306-2619, Pages:418-433
Cecılio IM, Ottewill JR, Fretheim H, et al., 2016, Removal of transient disturbances from oscillating measurements using nearest neighbors imputation, Journal of Process Control, Vol:44, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:68-78
Xenos DP, Lunde E, Thornhill NF, 2016, Optimal Operation and Maintenance of Gas Compressor Stations: An Integrated Framework Applied to a Large-Scale Industrial Case, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power-transactions of the Asme, Vol:138, ISSN:1528-8919
Budinis S, Thornhill NF, 2016, Supercritical fluid recycle for surge control of CO2 centrifugal compressors, Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol:91, ISSN:0098-1354, Pages:329-342
Bauer M, Horch A, Xie L, et al., 2016, The current state of control loop performance monitoring - A survey of application in industry, Journal of Process Control, Vol:38, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:1-10
Cecilio IM, Ottewill JR, Thornhill NF, 2016, Determining the propagation path of a disturbance in multi-rate process and electromechanical systems, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:49, ISSN:1873-6939, Pages:187-193
Ersdal AM, Imsland L, Uhlen K, et al., 2015, Model predictive load–frequency control taking into account imbalance uncertainty, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:53, ISSN:0967-0661, Pages:139-150
Cicciotti M, Xenos DP, Bouaswaig AEF, et al., 2015, Physical modelling of industrial multistage centrifugal compressors for monitoring and simulation, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C - Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol:229, ISSN:0954-4062, Pages:3433-3448
Chioua M, Bauer M, Chen S-L, et al., 2015, Plant-wide root cause identification using plant key performance indicators (KPIs) with application to a paper machine, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:49, ISSN:1873-6939, Pages:149-158
Barocio E, Pal BC, Thornhill NF, et al., 2015, A Dynamic Mode Decomposition Framework for Global Power System Oscillation Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol:30, ISSN:0885-8950, Pages:2902-2912
Xenos DP, Kopanos GM, Cicciotti M, et al., 2015, Operational optimization of networks of compressors considering condition-based maintenance, Computers and Chemical Engineering, Vol:84, ISSN:1873-4375, Pages:117-131
Xenos DP, Cicciotti M, Kopanos GM, et al., 2015, Optimization of a network of compressors in parallel: Real Time Optimization (RTO) of compressors in chemical plants - An industrial case study, Applied Energy, Vol:144, ISSN:0306-2619, Pages:51-63
Kopanos GM, Xenos DP, Cicciotti M, et al., 2015, Optimization of a network of compressors in parallel: operational and maintenance planning - the air separation plant case, Applied Energy, Vol:146, ISSN:1872-9118, Pages:453-470
Cecílio IM, Ottewill JR, Fretheim H, et al., 2014, Multivariate Detection of Transient Disturbances for Uni- and Multirate Systems, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol:23, ISSN:1558-0865, Pages:1477-1493
Cecilio IM, Ottewill JR, Pretlove J, et al., 2014, Nearest neighbors method for detecting transient disturbances in process and electromechanical systems, Journal of Process Control, Vol:24, ISSN:1873-2771, Pages:1382-1393
Yang Y, Farid SS, Thornhill NF, 2014, Data mining for rapid prediction of facility fit and debottlenecking of biomanufacturing facilities, Journal of Biotechnology, Vol:179, ISSN:0168-1656, Pages:17-25
Ikram W, Petersen S, Orten P, et al., 2014, Adaptive multi-channel transmission power control for industrial wireless instrumentation, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Vol:10, ISSN:1551-3203, Pages:978-990
Schleburg M, Christiansen L, Thornhill NF, et al., 2013, A combined analysis of plant connectivity and alarm logs to reduce the number of alerts in an automation system, Journal of Process Control, Vol:23, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:839-851
Stonier A, Pain D, Westlake A, et al., 2013, Integration of Stochastic Simulation with Multivariate Analysis: Short-Term Facility Fit Prediction, Biotechnology Progress, Vol:29, ISSN:8756-7938, Pages:368-377
Sharifzadeh M, Thornhill NF, 2013, Integrated design and control using a dynamic inversely controlled process model, Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol:48, ISSN:0098-1354, Pages:121-134
Shukla V, Naim MM, Thornhill NF, 2012, Rogue seasonality detection in supply chains, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol:138, ISSN:0925-5273, Pages:254-272
Meland E, Thornhill NF, Lunde E, et al., 2012, Quantification of valve leakage rates, AICHE Journal, Vol:58, ISSN:0001-1541, Pages:1181-1193
Sharifzadeh M, Thornhill NF, 2012, Optimal selection of control structure using a steady-state inversely controlled process model, Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol:38, ISSN:0098-1354, Pages:126-138
Thambirajah J, Thornhill NF, Pal BC, 2011, A Multivariate Approach Towards Inter-Area Oscillation Damping Estimation Under Ambient Conditions Via Independent Component Analysis And Random Decrement, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol:26, ISSN:0885-8950, Pages:315-322
Jukka T, Thambirajah J, Larsson M, et al., 2011, Comparison of Three Electromechanical Oscillation Damping Estimation Methods, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol:26, ISSN:0885-8950, Pages:2398-2407
Sharifzadeh M, Rashtchian D, Pishvaie M, et al., 2010, Energy Induced Separation Network Synthesis of an Olefin Compression Section: A Case Study, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol:50, Pages:1610-1623
Thambirajah J, Barocio E, Thornhill NF, 2010, Comparative review of methods for stability monitoring in electrical power systems and vibrating structures, IET Generation Transmission & Distribution, Vol:4, ISSN:1751-8687, Pages:1086-1103
Apelt TA, Thornhill NF, 2009, Inferential measurement of sag mill parameters IV: Inferential model validation, Minerals Engineering, Vol:22, ISSN:0892-6875, Pages:1032-1044
Apelt TA, Thornhill NF, 2009, Inferential measurement of SAG mill parameters V: MPC simulation, Minerals Engineering, Vol:22, ISSN:0892-6875, Pages:1045-1052
Thambirajah J, Benabbas L, Bauer M, et al., 2009, Cause-and-effect analysis in chemical processes utilizing XML, plant connectivity and quantitative process history, Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol:33, ISSN:0098-1354, Pages:503-512
Bauer M, Thornhill NF, 2008, A practical method for identifying the propagation path of plant-wide disturbances, Journal of Process Control, Vol:18, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:707-719
Thornhill NF, Patwardhan SC, Shah SL, 2008, A continuous stirred tank heater simulation model with applications, Journal of Process Control, Vol:18, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:347-360
Bauer M, Cox JW, Caveness MH, et al., 2007, Nearest neighbors methods for root cause analysis of plantwide disturbances, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol:46, ISSN:0888-5885, Pages:5977-5984
Bauer M, Cox JW, Caveness MH, et al., 2007, Finding the direction of disturbance propagation in a chemical process using transfer entropy, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol:15, ISSN:1063-6536, Pages:12-21
Thornhill NF, Horch A, 2007, Advances and new directions in plant-wide disturbance detection and diagnosis, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:15, ISSN:1873-6939, Pages:1196-1206
Yim SY, Ananthakumar HG, Benabbas L, et al., 2006, Using process topology in plant-wide control loop performance assessment, Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol:31, ISSN:0098-1354, Pages:86-99
Choudhury MAAS, Shah SL, Thornhill NF, et al., 2006, Automatic detection and quantification of stiction in control valves, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:14, ISSN:0967-0661, Pages:1395-1412
Thornhill NF, Melbo H, Wiik J, 2006, Multidimensional visualization and clustering of historical process data, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol:45, ISSN:0888-5885, Pages:5971-5985
Thornhill NF, Naim MM, 2006, An exploratory study to identify rogue seasonality in a steel company's supply network using spectral principal component analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol:172, ISSN:0377-2217, Pages:146-162
Huang B, Ding SX, Thornhill NF, 2006, Alternative solutions to multi-variate control performance assessment problems, Journal of Process Control, Vol:16, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:457-471
Tangirala AK, Shah SL, Thornhill NF, 2005, PSCMAP: A new tool for plant-wide oscillation detection, Journal of Process Control, Vol:15, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:931-941
Xia CM, Howell J, Thornhill NF, 2005, Detecting and isolating multiple plant-wide oscillations via spectral independent component analysis, Automatica, Vol:41, ISSN:0005-1098, Pages:2067-2075
Wang M, Thornhill NF, Huang B, 2005, Closed-loop identification with a quantizer, Journal of Process Control, Vol:15, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:729-740
Huang B, Ding SX, Thornhill NF, 2005, Practical solutions to multivariate feedback control performance assessment problem: reduced a priori knowledge of interactor matrices, Journal of Process Control, Vol:15, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:573-583
Choudhury MAAS, Thornhill NF, Shah SL, 2005, Modelling valve stiction, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:13, ISSN:0967-0661, Pages:641-658
Thornhill NF, 2005, Finding the source of nonlinearity in a process with plant-wide oscillation, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol:13, ISSN:1063-6536, Pages:434-443
Anaparthi, K.K., Chaudhuri, B., Thornhill, N.F., et al., 2005, Coherency identification in power systems through principal component analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol:20, ISSN:0885-8950, Pages:1658-1660
Choudhury MAAS, Shah SL, Thornhill NF, 2004, Diagnosis of poor control-loop performance using higher-order statistics, Automatica, Vol:40, ISSN:0005-1098, Pages:1719-1728
Thornhill NF, Choudhury MAAS, Shah SL, 2004, The impact of compression on data-driven process analyses, Journal of Process Control, Vol:14, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:389-398
Thornhill NF, Cox JW, Paulonis MA, 2003, Diagnosis of plant-wide oscillation through data-driven analysis and process understanding, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:11, ISSN:0967-0661, Pages:1481-1490
Thornhill NF, Huang B, Shah SL, 2003, Controller performance assessment in set point tracking and regulatory control, International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, Vol:17, ISSN:0890-6327, Pages:709-727
Thornhill NF, Huang B, Zhang H, 2003, Detection of multiple oscillations in control loops, Journal of Process Control, Vol:13, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:91-100
Thornhill NF, Shah SL, Huang B, et al., 2002, Spectral principal component analysis of dynamic process data, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:10, ISSN:0967-0661, Pages:833-846
Tan CC, Thornhill NF, Belchamber RM, 2002, Principal component analysis of spectra with application to acoustic emissions from mechanical equipment, Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, Vol:24, ISSN:0142-3312, Pages:333-353
Yeung KSY, Hoare M, Thornhill NF, et al., 1999, Near-infrared spectroscopy for bioprocess monitoring and control, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol:63, ISSN:0006-3592, Pages:684-693
Thornhill NF, Oettinger M, Fedenczuk P, 1999, Refinery-wide control loop performance assessment, Journal of Process Control, Vol:9, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:109-124
Thornhill NF, Hagglund T, 1997, Detection and diagnosis of oscillation in control loops, Control Engineering Practice, Vol:5, ISSN:0967-0661, Pages:1343-1354
Thornhill NF, Hutchinson RJ, Haughie BT, 1996, A probability chart for statistical process analysis, with applications, Journal of Process Control, Vol:6, ISSN:0959-1524, Pages:161-167
Conference
Zagorowska M, Thornhill NF, 2017, Compressor map approximation using Chebyshev polynomials, IEEE 2017 25th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED 2017), IEEE, Pages:864-869, ISSN:2473-3504
Xenos, Kahrs O, Leira FM, et al., 2017, Challenges of the application of data-driven models for the real-time optimization of an industrial air separation plant, 2016 European Control Conference (ECC), IEEE Conference Publications, Pages:1025-1030
Ersdal AM, Fabozzi D, Imsland L, et al., 2014, Model predictive control for power system frequency control taking into account imbalance uncertainty, 19th IFAC World Congress 2014, International Federation of Automatic Control, Pages:981-986, ISSN:1474-6670
Arroyo E, Schulze D, Christiansen L, et al., 2014, Derivation of diagnostic models based on formalized process knowledge, 19th IFAC World Congress, 2014, International Federation of Automatic Control, Pages:3456-3464, ISSN:1474-6670
Cecílio IM, Ersdal AM, Fabozzi D, et al., 2013, An Open-Source Educational Toolbox for Power System Frequency Control Tuning and Optimization, 4th European Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), IEEE
Fabozzi D, Thornhill NF, Pal BC, 2013, Frequency Restoration Reserve Control Scheme with Participation of Industrial Loads, IEEE PES PowerTech Grenoble 2013, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ
P. Kunjumuhammed L, C. Pal B, F. Thornhill N, 2013, A Test System Model for Stability Studies of UK Power Grid, IEEE PES PowerTech Grenoble 2013
Ersdal AM, Imsland L, Cecilio IM, et al., 2013, Applying model predictive control to power system frequency control, 4th IEEE/PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE)
Ikram W, Thornhill NF, 2013, Towards the development of a wireless network node lifetime calculation tool, IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2013, ISSN:1946-0740
Cecílio IM, Rapp K, Thornhill NF, 2012, Process Performance Analysis in Large-Scale Systems Integrating Different Sources of Information, 8th IFAC International Symposium on Advanced Control of Chemical Processes, 2012, International Federation of Automatic Control, Pages:45-50
Cecilio IM, Chen SL, Thornhill NF, 2011, Importance of auxiliary systems for process fault detection and diagnosis, 19th Mediterranean Conference on Control & Automation (MED), IEEE, Pages:952-957
Sharifzadeh M, Thornhill NF, 2011, Optimal controlled variable selection using a nonlinear simulation-optimization framework, 21st European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering,
Di Geronimo Gil GJ, Alabi DB, Iyun OE, et al., 2011, Merging process models and plant topology, International Symposium on Advanced Control of Industrial Processes, ADCONIP 2011, Pages:15-21
Ikram W, Thornhill NF, 2010, Wireless communication in process automation: A survey of opportunities, requirements, concerns and challenges, Pages:471-476
Ikram W, Stoianov I, Thornhill NF, 2010, Towards a Radio-Controlled Time Synchronized Wireless Sensor Network, IEEE Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA 2010), ISSN:1946-0740
Beez S, Fay A, Thornhill NF, 2008, Automatic generation of Bond Graph models of process plants, IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2008, IEEE, Pages:1294-1301
Thornhill NF, Bauer M, Meaburn A, 2005, Cause and effect analysis of chemical processes, IEE Seminar on Control Loop Assessment and Diagnosis, IET, Pages:23-30, ISSN:0537-9989
Bauer M, Thornhill NF, Meaburn A, 2004, Specifying the directionality of fault propagation paths using transfer entropy, 7th International Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process Systems (DYCOPS 7)
Thornhill NF, Oettinger M, Fedenczuk P, 1998, Performance assessment and diagnosis of refinery control loops, 3rd International Conference on Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Operations, AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, Pages:373-379, ISSN:0065-8812
Thornhill NF, Sadowski R, Davis JR, et al., 1996, Practical experiences in refinery control loop performance assessment, UKACC International Conference on Control '96, 2-5 September 1996, Pages:175-180, ISSN:0537-9989