Imperial College London

ProfessorPietroSpanu

Faculty of Natural SciencesDepartment of Life Sciences

Professor of Molecular Plant Pathology
 
 
 
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Contact

 

+44 (0)20 7594 5384p.spanu Website

 
 
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Location

 

610Sir Alexander Fleming BuildingSouth Kensington Campus

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Summary

 

Publications

Publication Type
Year
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87 results found

Panstruga R, Spanu P, 2024, Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA fragments - emerging players in plant-microbe interactions., New Phytol, Vol: 241, Pages: 567-577

According to current textbooks, the principal task of transfer and ribosomal RNAs (tRNAs and rRNAs, respectively) is synthesizing proteins. During the last decade, additional cellular roles for precisely processed tRNA and rRNAs fragments have become evident in all kingdoms of life. These RNA fragments were originally overlooked in transcriptome datasets or regarded as unspecific degradation products. Upon closer inspection, they were found to engage in a variety of cellular processes, in particular the modulation of translation and the regulation of gene expression by sequence complementarity- and Argonaute protein-dependent gene silencing. More recently, the presence of tRNA and rRNA fragments has also been recognized in the context of plant-microbe interactions, both on the plant and the microbial side. While most of these fragments are likely to affect endogenous processes, there is increasing evidence for their transfer across kingdoms in the course of such interactions; these processes may involve mutual exchange in association with extracellular vesicles. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art understanding of tRNA and rRNA fragment's roles in the context of plant-microbe interactions, their potential biogenesis, presumed delivery routes, and presumptive modes of action.

Journal article

Kusch S, Qian J, Loos A, Kuemmel F, Spanu PD, Panstruga Ret al., 2023, Long-term and rapid evolution in powdery mildew fungi, MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, ISSN: 0962-1083

Journal article

Kusch S, Singh M, Thieron H, Spanu PD, Panstruga Ret al., 2023, Site-specific analysis reveals candidate cross-kingdom small RNAs, tRNA and rRNA fragments, and signs of fungal RNA phasing in the barley-powdery mildew interaction, MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, ISSN: 1464-6722

Journal article

Kusch S, Singh M, Thieron H, Spanu PD, Panstruga Ret al., 2022, Site-specific analysis reveals candidate cross-kingdom small RNAs, tRNA and rRNA fragments, and signs of fungal RNA phasing in the barley-powdery mildew interaction

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The establishment of host-microbe interactions requires molecular communication between both partners, which involves the mutual transfer of noncoding small RNAs. Previous evidence suggests that this is also true for the barley powdery mildew disease, which is caused by the fungal pathogen <jats:italic>Blumeria hordei</jats:italic>. However, previous studies lacked spatial resolution regarding the accumulation of small RNAs upon host infection by <jats:italic>B. hordei</jats:italic>. Here, we analysed site-specific small RNA repertoires in the context of the barley-<jats:italic>B. hordei</jats:italic> interaction. To this end, we dissected infected leaves into separate fractions representing different sites that are key to the pathogenic process: epiphytic fungal mycelium, infected plant epidermis, isolated haustoria, a vesicle-enriched fraction from infected epidermis, and extracellular vesicles. Unexpectedly, we discovered enrichment of specific 31- to 33-base long 5’-terminal fragments of barley 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in extracellular vesicles and infected epidermis, as well as particular <jats:italic>B. hordei</jats:italic> tRNA fragments in haustoria. We describe canonical small RNAs from both the plant host and the fungal pathogen that may confer cross-kingdom RNA interference activity. Interestingly, we found first evidence of phased small RNAs (phasiRNAs) in <jats:italic>B. hordei</jats:italic>, a feature usually attributed to plants, which may be associated with the post-transcriptional control of fungal coding genes, pseudogenes, and transposable elements. Our data suggests a key and possibly site-specific role for cross-kingdom RNA interference and noncoding RNA fragments in the host-pathogen communication between <jats:italic>B. hordei</jats:italic> and its host barley.</jats:p>

Journal article

Spanu P, 2022, Pietro Spanu, New Phytologist, Vol: 233, Pages: 2337-2339, ISSN: 0028-646X

Journal article

Spanu PD, 2022, Slicing the cost of bread, NATURE PLANTS, Vol: 8, Pages: 200-201, ISSN: 2055-026X

Journal article

Vincent SA, Ebertz A, Spanu PD, Devlin PFet al., 2022, Salicylic Acid-Mediated Disturbance Increases Bacterial Diversity in the Phyllosphere but Is Overcome by a Dominant Core Community, FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY, Vol: 13

Journal article

Spanu P, Przydacz M, Jones R, Pennington H, Belmans G, Bruderer M, Greenhill R, Salter T, Wellham P, Cota Eet al., 2020, Mode of action of the catalytic site in the N-terminal ribosome-inactivating domain of barley JIP60, Plant Physiology, ISSN: 0032-0889

Jasmonate-induced protein 60 (JIP60) is a ribosome-inactivating protein from barley (Hordeum vulgare) and is involved in the plant immune response dependent on the jasmonate hormones. Here, we demonstrate that transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of the N-terminal domain of JIP60, from which the inhibitor domain (amino acids 163 to 185) is removed, initiates cell death leading to extensive necrosis of leaf tissues. We used structure prediction of JIP60 to identify potential catalytic amino acids in the active site and tested these by mutagenesis and in planta assays of necrosis induction by expression in N. benthamiana, as well as through an in vitro translation-inactivation assay. We found that Tyrosine 96, Glutamate 202, Arginine 205, and Tryptophan 235 in the presumptive active site of JIP60 are conserved in 815 plant ribosome inactivating proteins (RIP) in the Pfam database identified using HMMER as containing a RIP domain. When these amino acid residues are individually mutated, the necrosis-inducing activity is completely abolished. We therefore propose a role for these amino acids in JIP60 activity (depurination of adenosine in ribosomes). This study provides insight into the catalytic mechanism of this protein.

Journal article

Zhang R, Spanu PD, Davies L, Dry IBet al., 2019, Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases VvPBL27 and VvPBS1 connect chitin perception to MAPK activation, 18th Congress of International-Society-for-Molecular-Plant-Microbe-Interactions (IS-MPMI), Publisher: AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, Pages: 80-80, ISSN: 0894-0282

Conference paper

Przydacz M, Bruderer M, Belmans G, Greehill R, Cota E, Spanu PDet al., 2019, Structure/function determination of JIP60 mode of action: The ribosome inactivating protein targeted by RNase-like powdery mildew effectors, 18th Congress of International-Society-for-Molecular-Plant-Microbe-Interactions (IS-MPMI), Publisher: AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, Pages: 165-165, ISSN: 0894-0282

Conference paper

Thieron HS, Panstruga R, Spanu PD, 2019, Establishing a system to study cross-kingdom communication via extracellular vesicles between the crop plant Hordeum vulgare and the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, 18th Congress of International-Society-for-Molecular-Plant-Microbe-Interactions (IS-MPMI), Publisher: AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, Pages: 30-31, ISSN: 0894-0282

Conference paper

Li L, Collier B, Spanu PD, 2019, Isolation of Powdery Mildew Haustoria from Infected Barley, BIO-PROTOCOL, Vol: 9

Journal article

Barsoum M, Sabelleck B, Spanu PD, Panstruga Ret al., 2019, Rumble in the Effector Jungle: Candidate Effector Proteins in Interactions of Plants with Powdery Mildew and Rust Fungi, CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES, Vol: 38, Pages: 255-279, ISSN: 0735-2689

Journal article

Yu S-C, Kuemmel F, Skoufou-Papoutsaki M-N, Spanu PDet al., 2019, Yeast transformation efficiency is enhanced by TORC1- and eisosome-dependent signalling, Microbiology Open, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2045-8827

Transformation of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) plays a key role in several experimental techniques, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning transformation are still unclear. The addition of amino acids to the growth and transformation medium increases transformation efficiency. Here, we show that target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) activated by amino acids enhances transformation via ubiquitin‐mediated endocytosis. We created mutants of the TORC1 pathway, alpha‐arrestins, and eisosome‐related genes. Our results demonstrate that the TORC1‐Npr1‐Art1/Rsp5 pathway regulates yeast transformation. Based on our previous study, activation of this pathway results in up to a 200‐fold increase in transformation efficiency, or greater. Additionally, we suggest DNA may be taken up by domains at the membrane compartment of Can1 (MCC) in the plasma membrane formed by eisosomes. Yeast studies on transformation could be used as a platform to understand the mechanism of DNA uptake in mammalian systems, which is clinically relevant to optimize gene therapy.

Journal article

Pennington HG, Rhian J, Kwon S, Bonciani G, Thieron H, Chandler T, Luong P, Morgan S, Przydacz M, Bozkurt T, Wallington E, Kwaaitaal M, Panstruga R, Cota E, Spanu Pet al., 2019, The fungal ribonuclease-like effector protein CSEP0064/BEC1054 represses plant immunity and interferes with degradation of host ribosomal RNA, PLoS Pathogens, Vol: 15, ISSN: 1553-7366

The biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis causes the powdery mildew disease of cereals and grasses. We present the first crystal structure of a B. graminis effector of pathogenicity (CSEP0064/BEC1054), demonstrating it has a ribonuclease (RNase)-like fold. This effector is part of a group of RNase-like proteins (termed RALPHs) which comprise the largest set of secreted effector candidates within the B. graminis genomes. Their exceptional abundance suggests they play crucial functions during pathogenesis. We show that transgenic expression of RALPH CSEP0064/BEC1054 increases susceptibility to infection in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. CSEP0064/BEC1054 interacts in planta with the pathogenesis-related protein PR10. The effector protein associates with total RNA and weakly with DNA. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) levels modulate susceptibility to aniline-induced host RNA fragmentation. In planta expression of CSEP0064/BEC1054 reduces the formation of this RNA fragment. We propose CSEP0064/BEC1054 is a pseudoenzyme that binds to host ribosomes, thereby inhibiting the action of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that would otherwise lead to host cell death, an unviable interaction and demise of the fungus.

Journal article

Frantzeskakis L, Kracher B, Kusch S, Yoshikawa-Maekawa M, Bauer S, Pedersen C, Spanu PD, Maekawa T, Schulze-Lefert P, Panstruga Ret al., 2018, Signatures of host specialization and a recent transposable element burst in the dynamic one-speed genome of the fungal barley powdery mildew pathogen, BMC GENOMICS, Vol: 19, ISSN: 1471-2164

BackgroundPowdery mildews are biotrophic pathogenic fungi infecting a number of economically important plants. The grass powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis, has become a model organism to study host specialization of obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens. We resolved the large-scale genomic architecture of B. graminis forma specialis hordei (Bgh) to explore the potential influence of its genome organization on the co-evolutionary process with its host plant, barley (Hordeum vulgare).ResultsThe near-chromosome level assemblies of the Bgh reference isolate DH14 and one of the most diversified isolates, RACE1, enabled a comparative analysis of these haploid genomes, which are highly enriched with transposable elements (TEs). We found largely retained genome synteny and gene repertoires, yet detected copy number variation (CNV) of secretion signal peptide-containing protein-coding genes (SPs) and locally disrupted synteny blocks. Genes coding for sequence-related SPs are often locally clustered, but neither the SPs nor the TEs reside preferentially in genomic regions with unique features. Extended comparative analysis with different host-specific B. graminis formae speciales revealed the existence of a core suite of SPs, but also isolate-specific SP sets as well as congruence of SP CNV and phylogenetic relationship. We further detected evidence for a recent, lineage-specific expansion of TEs in the Bgh genome.ConclusionsThe characteristics of the Bgh genome (largely retained synteny, CNV of SP genes, recently proliferated TEs and a lack of significant compartmentalization) are consistent with a “one-speed” genome that differs in its architecture and (co-)evolutionary pattern from the “two-speed” genomes reported for several other filamentous phytopathogens.

Journal article

Thordal-Christensen H, Birch PRJ, Spanu PD, Panstruga Ret al., 2018, Why did filamentous plant pathogens evolve the potential to secrete hundreds of effectors to enable disease?, Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol: 19, Pages: 781-785, ISSN: 1364-3703

Journal article

Pennington HG, Jones R, Kwon S, Bonciani G, Thieron H, Chandler T, Luong P, Morgan S, Przydacz M, Bozkurt T, Bowden S, Craze M, Wallington E, Garnett J, Kwaaitaal M, Panstruga R, Cota E, Spanu PDet al., 2018, A fungal ribonuclease-like effector protein inhibits plant host ribosomal RNA degradation

<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>The biotrophic fungal pathogen<jats:italic>Blumeria graminis</jats:italic>causes the powdery mildew disease of cereals and grasses. Proteins with a predicted ribonuclease (RNase)-like fold (termed RALPHs) comprise the largest set of secreted effector candidates within the<jats:italic>B. graminis</jats:italic>f. sp.<jats:italic>hordei</jats:italic>genome. Their exceptional abundance suggests they play crucial functions during pathogenesis. We show that transgenic expression of RALPH CSEP0064/BEC1054 increases susceptibility to infection in monocotyledenous and dicotyledonous plants. CSEP0064/BEC1054 interacts<jats:italic>in planta</jats:italic>with five host proteins: two translation elongation factors (eEF1α and eEF1γ), two pathogenesis-related proteins (PR5 and PR10) and a glutathione-S-transferase. We present the first crystal structure of a RALPH, CSEP0064/BEC1054, demonstrating it has an RNase-like fold. The protein interacts with total RNA and weakly with DNA. Methyl jasmonate levels modulate susceptibility to aniline-induced host RNA fragmentation.<jats:italic>In planta</jats:italic>expression of CSEP0064/BEC1054 reduces the formation of this RNA fragment. We propose that CSEP0064/BEC1054 is a pseudoenzyme that binds to host ribosomes, thereby inhibiting the action of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins that would otherwise lead to host cell death, an unviable interaction and demise of the fungus.</jats:p>

Journal article

Bourras S, Praz CR, Spanu PD, Keller Bet al., 2018, Cereal powdery mildew effectors: a complex toolbox for an obligate pathogen., Current Opinion in Microbiology, Vol: 46, Pages: 26-33, ISSN: 1369-5274

Cereal powdery mildews are major pathogens of cultivated monocot crops, and all are obligate biotrophic fungi that can only grow and reproduce on living hosts. This lifestyle is combined with extreme host specialization where every mildew subspecies (referred to as forma specialis) can only infect one plant species. Recently there has been much progress in our understanding of the possible roles effectors play in this complex host-pathogen interaction. Here, we review current knowledge on the origin, evolution, and mode of action of cereal mildew effectors, with a particular focus on recent advances in the identification of bona fide effectors and avirulence effector proteins from wheat and barley powdery mildews.

Journal article

Laur J, Ramakrishnan GB, Labbe C, Dussault-Benoit C, Govare-Monroe D, Lefebvre F, Spanu PD, Belanger RRet al., 2017, <i>Pseudozyma flocculosa</i>, a new paradigm in the mode of action of biological control agents, Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Division of the American Phytopathological Society, Publisher: AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, Pages: 202-202, ISSN: 0031-949X

Conference paper

Belanger RR, Laur J, Labbe C, Ramakrishnan GB, Spanu PDet al., 2017, An unusual menage a trois in the phyllosphere, Annual Meeting the American-Phytopathological-Society (APS), Publisher: AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, Pages: 152-152, ISSN: 0031-949X

Conference paper

Laur J, Ramakrishnan GB, Labbé C, Lefebvre F, Spanu PD, Bélanger RRet al., 2017, Effectors involved in fungal-fungal interaction lead to a rare phenomenon of hyperbiotrophy in the tritrophic system biocontrol agent-powdery mildew-plant., New Phytologist, Vol: 217, Pages: 713-725, ISSN: 0028-646X

Tritrophic interactions involving a biocontrol agent, a pathogen and a plant have been analyzed predominantly from the perspective of the biocontrol agent. We have conducted the first comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of all three organisms in an effort to understand the elusive properties of Pseudozyma flocculosa in the context of its biocontrol activity against Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei as it parasitizes Hordeum vulgare. After inoculation of P. flocculosa, the tripartite interaction was monitored over time and samples collected for scanning electron microscopy and RNA sequencing. Based on our observations, P. flocculosa indirectly parasitizes barley, albeit transiently, by diverting nutrients extracted by B. graminis from barley leaves through a process involving unique effectors. This brings novel evidence that such molecules can also influence fungal-fungal interactions. Their release is synchronized with a higher expression of powdery mildew haustorial effectors, a sharp decline in the photosynthetic machinery of barley and a developmental peak in P. flocculosa. The interaction culminates with a collapse of B. graminis haustoria, thereby stopping P. flocculosa growth, as barley plants show higher metabolic activity. To conclude, our study has uncovered a complex and intricate phenomenon, described here as hyperbiotrophy, only achievable through the conjugated action of the three protagonists.

Journal article

Spanu PD, Panstruga R, 2017, Editorial: Biotrophic Plant-Microbe Interactions, Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol: 8, ISSN: 1664-462X

Journal article

Laur JR, Ramakrishnan G, Labbe C, Spanu PD, Belanger RRet al., 2017, A transcriptomic approach to elucidate the mode of action of the biocontrol agent Pseudozyma flocculosa toward powdery mildews, Joint Meeting of the APS-Caribbean-Division and the Latin-American-Phytopathological-Society and the Mexican-Society-of-Phytopathology, Publisher: American Phytopathological Society, Pages: 9-9, ISSN: 0031-949X

Conference paper

Spanu PD, 2017, Cereal immunity against powdery mildews targets RNase-Like Proteins associated with Haustoria (RALPH) effectors evolved from a common ancestral gene, New Phytologist, Vol: 213, Pages: 969-971, ISSN: 0028-646X

This article is a Commentary on Praz et al., 213: 1301–1314

Journal article

Spanu PD, Yu SC, Dawson A, Henderson AC, Lockyer EJ, Read E, Sritharan G, Ryan M, Sgroi S, Ngou PM, Woodruff R, Zhang R, Teen TCR, Liu Y, Xiang Yet al., 2016, Nutrient supplements boost yeast transformation efficiency, Scientific Reports, Vol: 6, ISSN: 2045-2322

Efficiency of yeast transformation is determined by the rate of yeast endocytosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of introducing amino acids and other nutrients (inositol, adenine, or p-aminobenzoic acid) in the transformation medium to develop a highly efficient yeast transformation protocol. The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) kinase signalling complex influences the rate of yeast endocytosis. TORC signaling is induced by amino acids in the media. Here, we found that increasing the concentration of amino acids and other nutrients in the growth media lead to an increase yeast transformation efficiency up to 107 CFU per μg plasmid DNA and per 108 cells with a 13.8 kb plasmid DNA. This is over 130 times that of current published methods. This improvement may facilitate more efficient experimentation in which transformation efficiency is critical, such as yeast two-hybrid screening.

Journal article

Fuggetta MP, De Mico A, Cottarelli A, Morelli F, Zonfrillo M, Ulgheri F, Peluso P, Mannu A, Deligia F, Marchetti M, Roviello G, Romero AR, Domling A, Spanu Pet al., 2016, Synthesis and Enantiomeric Separation of a Novel Spiroketal Derivative: A Potent Human Telomerase Inhibitor with High in Vitro Anticancer Activity, JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, Vol: 59, Pages: 9140-9149, ISSN: 0022-2623

Journal article

Vela-Corcía D, Bautista R, de Vicente A, Spanu PD, Pérez-García Aet al., 2016, De novo Analysis of the Epiphytic Transcriptome of the Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Fungus Podosphaera xanthii and Identification of Candidate Secreted Effector Proteins., PLOS One, Vol: 11, ISSN: 1932-6203

The cucurbit powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii is a major limiting factor for cucurbit production worldwide. Despite the fungus's agronomic and economic importance, very little is known about fundamental aspects of P. xanthii biology, such as obligate biotrophy or pathogenesis. To design more durable control strategies, genomic information about P. xanthii is needed. Powdery mildews are fungal pathogens with large genomes compared with those of other fungi, which contain vast amounts of repetitive DNA sequences, much of which is composed of retrotransposons. To reduce genome complexity, in this work we aimed to obtain and analyse the epiphytic transcriptome of P. xanthii as a starting point for genomic research. Total RNA was isolated from epiphytic fungal material, and the corresponding cDNA library was sequenced using a 454 GS FLX platform. Over 676,562 reads were obtained and assembled into 37,241 contigs. Annotation data identified 8,798 putative genes with different orthologues. As described for other powdery mildew fungi, a similar set of missing core ascomycete genes was found, which may explain obligate biotrophy. To gain insight into the plant-pathogen relationships, special attention was focused on the analysis of the secretome. After this analysis, 137 putative secreted proteins were identified, including 53 candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). Consistent with a putative role in pathogenesis, the expression profile observed for some of these CSEPs showed expression maxima at the beginning of the infection process at 24 h after inoculation, when the primary appressoria are mostly formed. Our data mark the onset of genomics research into this very important pathogen of cucurbits and shed some light on the intimate relationship between this pathogen and its host plant.

Journal article

Bindschedler LV, Panstruga R, Spanu PD, 2016, Mildew-omics: how global analyses aid the understanding of life and evolution of powdery mildews, Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1664-462X

The common powdery mildew plant diseases are caused by ascomycete fungi of the order Erysiphales. Their characteristic life style as obligate biotrophs renders functional analyses in these species challenging, mainly because of experimental constraints to genetic manipulation. Global large-scale (“-omics”) approaches are thus particularly valuable and insightful for the characterisation of the life and evolution of powdery mildews. Here we review the knowledge obtained so far from genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies in these fungi. We consider current limitations and challenges regarding these surveys and provide an outlook on desired future investigations on the basis of the various –omics technologies.

Journal article

Albaser A, Kazana E, Bennett MH, Cebeci F, Luang-In V, Spanu PD, Rossiter JTet al., 2016, Discovery of a Bacterial Glycoside Hydrolase Family 3 (GH3) β-Glucosidase with Myrosinase Activity from a Citrobacter Strain Isolated from Soil, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol: 64, Pages: 1520-1527, ISSN: 1520-5118

A Citrobacter strain (WYE1) was isolated from a UK soil by enrichment using the glucosinolate sinigrin as sole carbon source. The enzyme myrosinase was purified using a combination of ion exchange and gel filtration to give a pure protein of approximately 66 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid and internal peptide sequence of the purified protein were determined and used to identify the gene, which, based on InterPro sequence analysis, belongs to the family GH3, contains a signal peptide, and is a periplasmic protein with a predicted molecular mass of 71.8 kDa. A preliminary characterization was carried out using protein extracts from cell-free preparations. The apparent KM and Vmax were 0.46 mM and 4.91 mmol dm–3 min–1 mg–1, respectively, with sinigrin as substrate. The optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 25 °C and 6.0, respectively. The enzyme was marginally activated with ascorbate by a factor of 1.67.

Journal article

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