Publications
375 results found
DunnGalvin A, Koman E, Raver E, et al., 2016, An Examination of the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire Performance in a Countrywide American Sample of Children: Cross-Cultural Differences in Age and Impact in the United States and Europe, JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE, Vol: 5, Pages: 363-+, ISSN: 2213-2198
Boyle RJ, hanna H, 2016, Community healthcare professionals overestimate the risk of fatal anaphylaxis for food allergic children, Clinical and Experimental Allergy, ISSN: 1365-2222
Hanna HJS, Boyle R, Emmanuel J, et al., 2016, Community healthcare professionals overestimate the risk of fatal anaphylaxis for food allergic children, Clinical and Experimental Allergy, Vol: 46, Pages: 1501-1503, ISSN: 1365-2222
Minshall E, Patel H, Francis N, et al., 2016, Local chemokine profiling in eosinophilic esophagitis: the Synthetic Absorptive Matrix test, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Vol: 28, Pages: 100-102, ISSN: 1399-3038
We describe a novel method of sampling the esophageal lining fluid in children and show that levels of eotaxin-1 and MCP-4 differentiate those children with a histological diagnosis of EoE from those without. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Munblit D, Treneva M, Peroni DG, et al., 2016, Colostrum and mature human milk of women from London, Moscow and Verona: determinants of immune composition, Nutrients, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2072-6643
Cytokines and growth factors in colostrum and mature milk may play an important role in infant immune maturation, and may vary significantly between populations. We aimed to examine associations between environmental and maternal factors, and human milk (HM) cytokine and growth factor levels. We recruited 398 pregnant/lactating women in United Kingdom, Russia and Italy. Participants underwent skin prick testing, questionnaire interview, colostrum and mature milk sampling. HM cytokine and growth factor levels were quantified by electro-chemiluminescence. We found significant geographical variation in growth factor levels, but no evidence of variation between sites in cytokine detectability. There was an inverse correlation between time of milk sampling and growth factor levels in colostrum for HGF and TGFβ1; and 3 but not TGFβ2, and levels were significantly higher in colostrum than mature milk for all growth factors. The kinetics of decline were different for each growth factor. Cytokines were present at much lower levels than growth factors, and the decline over time was less consistent. HM growth factors and cytokine levels vary between populations for unknown reasons. Levels of HM mediators decline at different rates postpartum, and these findings suggest specific biological roles for HM growth factors and cytokines in early postnatal development.
Roberts G, Boyle R, Bryce PJ, et al., 2016, Developments in the field of clinical allergy in 2015 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Vol: 46, Pages: 1389-1397, ISSN: 0954-7894
Ismail IH, Boyle RJ, Licciardi PV, et al., 2016, Early gut colonisation by Bifidobacterium breve and B. catenulatum differentially modulates eczema risk in children at high-risk of developing allergic disease, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Vol: 27, Pages: 838-846, ISSN: 1399-3038
BACKGROUND: An altered compositional signature and reduced diversity of early gut microbiota are linked to development of allergic disease. We investigated the relationship between dominant Bifidobacterium species during early postnatal period and subsequent development of allergic disease in the first year of life. METHODS: Faecal samples were collected at age 1 week, 1 month and 3 months from 117 infants at high risk of allergic disease. Bifidobacterium species were analysed by quantitative PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Infants were examined at 3, 6 and 12 months, and skin prick test performed at 12 months. Eczema was diagnosed according to the UK-Working Party criteria. RESULTS: The presence of B. catenulatum at 3 months was associated with a higher risk of developing eczema (ORadj =4.5; 95% CI 1.56 to 13.05, padj =0.005). Infants colonised with B. breve at 1 week (ORadj =0.29; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.95, padj =0.04) and 3 months (ORadj =0.15; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.44, padj =0.00001) had a reduced risk of developing eczema. Furthermore, the presence of B. breve at 3 months was associated with a lower risk of atopic sensitisation at 12 months (ORadj =0.38; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.98, padj =0.05). B. breve colonisation patterns were influenced by maternal allergic status, household pets and number of siblings. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal variations in Bifidobacterium colonisation patterns early in life are associated with later development of eczema and/or atopic sensitisation in infants at high risk of allergic disease. Modulation of the early microbiota may provide a means to prevent eczema in high risk infants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Roberts G, Boyle R, Bryce PJ, et al., 2016, Developments in the field of allergy mechanisms in 2015 through the eyes of Clinical & Experimental Allergy, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Vol: 46, Pages: 1248-1257, ISSN: 0954-7894
Ierodiakonou D, Garcia Larsen V, Logan A, et al., 2016, Timing of Allergenic Food Introduction to the Infant Diet and Risk of Allergic or Autoimmune Disease A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol: 316, Pages: 1181-1192, ISSN: 0002-9955
mportance Timing of introduction of allergenic foods to the infant diet may influence the risk of allergic or autoimmune disease, but the evidence for this has not been comprehensively synthesized.Objective To systematically review and meta-analyze evidence that timing of allergenic food introduction during infancy influences risk of allergic or autoimmune disease.Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and LILACS databases were searched between January 1946 and March 2016.Study Selection Intervention trials and observational studies that evaluated timing of allergenic food introduction during the first year of life and reported allergic or autoimmune disease or allergic sensitization were included.Data Extraction and Synthesis Data were extracted in duplicate and synthesized for meta-analysis using generic inverse variance or Mantel-Haenszel methods with a random-effects model. GRADE was used to assess the certainty of evidence.Main Outcomes and Measures Wheeze, eczema, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, allergic sensitization, type 1 diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.Results Of 16 289 original titles screened, data were extracted from 204 titles reporting 146 studies. There was moderate-certainty evidence from 5 trials (1915 participants) that early egg introduction at 4 to 6 months was associated with reduced egg allergy (risk ratio [RR], 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36-0.87; I2 = 36%; P = .009). Absolute risk reduction for a population with 5.4% incidence of egg allergy was 24 cases (95% CI, 7-35 cases) per 1000 population. There was moderate-certainty evidence from 2 trials (1550 participants) that early peanut introduction at 4 to 11 months was associated with reduced peanut allergy (RR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11-0.74; I2 = 66%; P = .009). Absolute risk reduction for a population with 2.5% incidence of peanut allerg
Smith TDH, Watt H, Gunn L, et al., 2016, Recommending oral probiotics to reduce winter antibiotic prescriptions in people with asthma: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial, Annals of Family Medicine, Vol: 14, Pages: 422-430, ISSN: 1544-1717
PURPOSE Evidence from studies mainly in children has shown that orally administered probiotics may prevent respiratory tract infections and associated antibiotic use. We evaluated whether advice to take daily probiotics can reduce antibiotic prescribing for winter respiratory tract infections in people with asthma.METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled, parallel-group pragmatic study for participants aged 5 years and older with asthma in a UK primary care setting. The intervention was a postal leaflet with advice to take daily probiotics from October 2013 to March 2014, compared with a standard winter advice leaflet. Primary outcome was the proportion of participants prescribed antibiotics for respiratory tract infections.RESULTS There were 1,302 participants randomly assigned to a control group (n = 650) or intervention group (n = 652). There was no significant difference in the primary outcome measure, with 27.7% receiving antibiotics in the intervention group and 26.9% receiving antibiotics in the control group (odds ratio = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.82–1.34). Uptake of probiotics was low, but outcomes were similar in those who accessed probiotics (adjusted odds ratio = 1.08; 95% CI, 0.69–1.69, compared with controls). We also found no evidence of an effect on respiratory tract infections or asthma exacerbations.CONCLUSIONS In this pragmatic community-based trial in people with asthma, we found no evidence that advising use of winter probiotics reduces antibiotic prescribing.
Tam HH, Calderon MA, Manikam L, et al., 2016, Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema: a Cochrane systematic review., Allergy, Vol: 71, Pages: 1345-1356, ISSN: 0105-4538
<h4>Background</h4>Specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT) is an effective allergy treatment, but it is unclear whether SIT is effective for atopic eczema (AE). We undertook a systematic review to assess SIT efficacy and safety for treating AE.<h4>Methods</h4>We searched databases, ongoing clinical trials registers, and conference proceedings up to July 2015. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SIT using standardized allergen extracts, compared with placebo/control, for treating AE in patients with allergic sensitization were eligible.<h4>Results</h4>We identified 12 eligible trials with 733 participants. Interventions included subcutaneous (six trials), sublingual (four trials), oral or intradermal SIT in children/adults allergic to house dust mite (10 trials), grass pollen or other inhalants. Risk of bias was moderate, with high loss to follow-up and nonblinding as the main concerns. For our primary outcomes, three studies (208 participants) reported no significant difference - patient-reported global disease severity improvement RR 0.75 (95% CI 0.45, 1.26); and eczema symptoms mean difference -0.74 on a 20-point scale (95% CI -1.98, 0.50). Two studies (85 participants) reported a significant difference - SIT improved global disease severity RR 2.85 (95% CI 1.02, 7.96); and itch mean difference -4.20 on a 10-point scale (95% CI -3.69, -4.71). Meta-analysis was limited due to extreme statistical heterogeneity. For some secondary outcomes, meta-analyses showed benefits for SIT, for example investigator-rated improvement in eczema severity RR 1.48 (95% CI 1.16, 1.88; six trials, 262 participants). We found no evidence of adverse effects. The overall quality of evidence was low.<h4>Conclusion</h4>We found no consistent evidence that SIT is effective for treating AE, but due to the low quality of evidence further research is needed to establish whether SIT has a role in AE treatment.
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Ierodiakonou D, Garcia-Larsen V, Cunha S, et al., 2016, Timing of introduction of allergenic foods to the infant diet and risk of allergic and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Meeting of the European-Academy-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology, Publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL, Pages: 99-100, ISSN: 0105-4538
Garcia RM, Belgrave D, Clark A, et al., 2016, Cardiac haemodynamic changes during acute IgE-mediated peanut allergic reactions in man, Meeting of the European-Academy-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology, Publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL, Pages: 287-288, ISSN: 0105-4538
Cepeda AM, Thawer A, Villalba SE, et al., 2016, Dietary intake and allergies in Latin American children - evidence from ISAAC Phase III, Meeting of the European-Academy-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology, Publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL, Pages: 99-99, ISSN: 0105-4538
Garcia Larsen V, Cepeda AM, Boyle RJ, et al., 2016, Dietary intake and allergies in Latin American children – Evidence from ISAAC Phase III, The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Annual Congress, Publisher: Wiley: 12 months, Pages: 98-98, ISSN: 1398-9995
Garcia Larsen V, Ierodiakonou D, Khan T, et al., 2016, Dietary exposures during pregnancy, lactation or infancy and risk of allergic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis, The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Annual Congress, Publisher: Wiley: 12 months, Pages: 54-54, ISSN: 1398-9995
Mavroudi A, Chrysochoou EA, Boyle RJ, et al., 2016, Validation study of the pediatric allergic rhinitis quality of life questionnaire, Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology, Vol: 34, Pages: 159-165, ISSN: 0125-877X
Background: The Paediatric Allergic Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (Ped-AR-QoL) is the first tool developed for the assessment of health-related quality of life (QoL) in Greek children with allergic rhinitis (AR). Objective: The aim of the current study was to validate the child and parent forms of the Ped-AR-QoL in children aged 6-14 years-old who suffered from AR and were followed in a pediatric allergy clinic. Methods: The Ped-AR-QoL, which was completed by 112 children and their parents, was correlated to the generic QoL questionnaire (Disabkids), which is already valid in Greece for children with chronic disorders, as well as with expert opinions on the severity of disease. Results: The Ped-AR-QoL child and parent forms had very good internal consistency (α values of 0.797 and 0.872, respectively), while there was a moderate positive correlation of the disease-specific questionnaire with most of the subscales of the generic questionnaire. There has been a statistically significant association between the Ped-AR-QoL and the expert perception of disease severity. Conclusions: The Ped-AR-QoL had very good reliability and convergent validity when compared with the generic Disabkids QoL. The significance of the association between the disease-specific questionnaire and the expert opinion is an important finding validating the questionnaire. The Ped-AR-QoL may become a helpful tool which can be used in everyday clinical practice by clinicians and it may also be used for assessing therapeutic interventions in clinical trials.
Tam HH, Calderon MA, Manikam L, et al., 2016, Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema: a Cochrane systematic review, ALLERGY, Vol: 71, Pages: 1345-1356, ISSN: 0105-4538
Waterfield T, Dyer E, Wilson K, et al., 2016, How to interpret mast cell tests, Archives of Disease in Childhood-Education and Practice, ISSN: 1743-0593
Mast cell tryptase (tryptase) is an enzyme produced almost exclusively by mast cells that is easy to measure using a widely available test. In this article we discuss the physiology of the mast cell and how that relates to IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. We also describe the technical aspects of testing tryptase and the reported normal ranges in health. Finally we explore the diagnostic performance of serum mast cell tryptase measurements, when used to confirm anaphylaxis, estimate future anaphylaxis risk and in diagnosing/monitoring leukaemia.
Turner PJ, Baumert JL, Beyer K, et al., 2016, Can we identify patients at risk of life-threatening allergic reactions to food?, Allergy, Vol: 71, Pages: 1241-1255, ISSN: 1398-9995
Anaphylaxis has been defined as a “severe, life-threatening generalized or systemic hypersensitivityreaction”. However, data indicate that the vast majority of food-triggered anaphylactic reactions arenot life-threatening. Nonetheless, severe life-threatening reactions do occur, and are unpredictable.We discuss the concepts surrounding perceptions of severe, life-threatening allergic reactions tofood by different stakeholders, with particular reference to the inclusion of clinical severity as afactor in allergy and allergen risk management. We review the evidence regarding factors whichmight be used to identify those at most risk of severe allergic reactions to food, and theconsequences of misinformation in this regard. For example, a significant proportion of food-allergicchildren also have asthma, yet almost none will experience a fatal food-allergic reaction; asthma isnot, in itself, a strong predictor for fatal anaphylaxis. The relationship between dose of allergenexposure and symptom severity is unclear. While dose appears to be a risk factor in at least asubgroup of patients, studies report that individuals with prior anaphylaxis do not have a lowereliciting dose than those reporting previous mild reactions. It is therefore important to considerseverity and sensitivity as separate factors, as a highly sensitive individual will not necessarilyexperience severe symptoms during an allergic reaction. We identify the knowledge gaps whichneed to be addressed to improve our ability to better identify those most at risk of severe foodinducedallergic reactions.
Boyle RJ, Ierodiakonou D, Garcia-Larsen V, 2016, Hydrolysed formula and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ, Vol: 352, ISSN: 0959-8138
Objective To determine whether feeding infants with hydrolysed formula reduces their risk of allergic or autoimmune disease.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis, as part of a series of systematic reviews commissioned by the UK Food Standards Agency to inform guidelines on infant feeding. Two authors selected studies by consensus, independently extracted data, and assessed the quality of included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.Data sources Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and LILACS searched between January 1946 and April 2015.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Prospective intervention trials of hydrolysed cows’ milk formula compared with another hydrolysed formula, human breast milk, or a standard cows’ milk formula, which reported on allergic or autoimmune disease or allergic sensitisation.Results 37 eligible intervention trials of hydrolysed formula were identified, including over 19 000 participants. There was evidence of conflict of interest and high or unclear risk of bias in most studies of allergic outcomes and evidence of publication bias for studies of eczema and wheeze. Overall there was no consistent evidence that partially or extensively hydrolysed formulas reduce risk of allergic or autoimmune outcomes in infants at high pre-existing risk of these outcomes. Odds ratios for eczema at age 0-4, compared with standard cows’ milk formula, were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 1.07; I2=30%) for partially hydrolysed formula; 0.55 (0.28 to 1.09; I2=74%) for extensively hydrolysed casein based formula; and 1.12 (0.88 to 1.42; I2=0%) for extensively hydrolysed whey based formula. There was no evidence to support the health claim approved by the US Food and Drug Administration that a partially hydrolysed formula could reduce the risk of eczema nor the conclusion of the Cochrane review that hydrolysed formula could allergy to cows’ milk.Conclusion These findings do not support current guidelin
Tam H, Calderon MA, Manikam L, et al., 2016, Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol: 2, ISSN: 1469-493X
BACKGROUND: Specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT) is a treatment that may improve disease severity in people with atopic eczema (AE) by inducing immune tolerance to the relevant allergen. A high quality systematic review has not previously assessed the efficacy and safety of this treatment. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT), including subcutaneous, sublingual, intradermal, and oral routes, compared with placebo or a standard treatment in people with atopic eczema. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases up to July 2015: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library (Issue 7, 2015), MEDLINE (from 1946), EMBASE (from 1974), LILACS (from 1982), Web of Science™ (from 2005), the Global Resource of EczemA Trials (GREAT database), and five trials databases. We searched abstracts from recent European and North American allergy meetings and checked the references of included studies and review articles for further references to relevant trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of specific allergen immunotherapy that used standardised allergen extracts in people with AE. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently undertook study selection, data extraction (including adverse effects), assessment of risk of bias, and analyses. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 12 RCTs for inclusion in this review; the total number of participants was 733. The interventions included SIT in children and adults allergic to either house dust mite (10 trials), grass pollen, or other inhalant allergens (two trials). They were administered subcutaneously (six trials), sublingually (four trials), orally, or intradermally (two trials). Overall, the risk of bias was moderate, with high loss to follow up and lack of blinding as the main methodological concern.Our primary outcomes were 'Participant- or parent-reported globa
Mohseni YR, Turner PJ, Boyle RJ, et al., 2016, Intracellular Expression of Fluorochrome Labelled-Diamine Oxidase in Basophils: A Novel Diagnostic Tool for Peanut Allergy, Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Allergy-Asthma-and-Immunology (AAAAI), Publisher: MOSBY-ELSEVIER, Pages: AB137-AB137, ISSN: 0091-6749
Ruiz-Garcia M, Hayward C, Tang A, et al., 2016, Effects of Intramuscular Epinephrine on Cardiovascular Parameters during IgE-Mediated Allergic Reactions to Peanut, Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Allergy-Asthma-and-Immunology (AAAAI), Publisher: MOSBY-ELSEVIER, Pages: AB50-AB50, ISSN: 0091-6749
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Vyas D, Ierodiakonou D, Harrison DA, et al., 2016, Increase in Intensive Care Unit Admissions for Anaphylaxis in the United Kingdom 2008-2012, Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Allergy-Asthma-and-Immunology (AAAAI), Publisher: MOSBY-ELSEVIER, Pages: AB57-AB57, ISSN: 0091-6749
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Ntavli E, Turner PJ, Boyle RJ, et al., 2016, Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells: New Players in Peanut Allergy, Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Allergy-Asthma-and-Immunology (AAAAI), Publisher: MOSBY-ELSEVIER, Pages: AB74-AB74, ISSN: 0091-6749
Boyle RJ, Tang MLK, Chiang WC, et al., 2016, Prebiotic-supplemented partially hydrolysed cow’s milk formula for the prevention of eczema in high risk infants: a randomised controlled trial, Allergy, Vol: 71, Pages: 701-710, ISSN: 1398-9995
BackgroundPrevention guidelines for infants at high risk of allergic disease recommend hydrolysed formula if formula is introduced before 6 months, but evidence is mixed. Adding specific oligosaccharides may improve outcomes.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether partially hydrolysed whey formula containing oligosaccharides (0.8 g/100 ml) (pHF-OS) can prevent eczema in high risk infants [ISRCTN65195597].MethodsWe conducted a parallel-group, multi-centre, randomised double-blind controlled trial of pHF-OS versus standard cow's milk formula. Infants with a family history of allergic disease were randomised (stratified by centre/maternal allergy) to active (n=432) or control (n=431) formula until 6 months age if formula was introduced before 18 weeks. Primary outcome was cumulative incidence of eczema by 12 months in infants randomised at 0-4 weeks (375 pHF-OS, 383 control). Secondary outcomes were cumulative incidence of eczema by 12 or 18 months in all infants randomised, immune markers at 6 months, and adverse events.ResultsEczema occurred by 12 months in 84/293 (28.7%) infants allocated to pHF-OS at 0-4 weeks age, versus 93/324 (28.7%) control (OR 0.98 95%CI 0.68, 1.40; P=0.90), and 107/347 (30.8%) pHF-OS versus 112/370 (30.3%) control in all infants randomised (OR 0.99 95%CI 0.71, 1.37; P=0.94). pHF-OS did not change most immune markers including total/specific IgE, however pHF-OS reduced cow's milk-specific IgG1 (p<0.0001), and increased regulatory T cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell percentages. There was no group difference in adverse events.ConclusionpHF-OS does not prevent eczema in the first year in high risk infants. The immunological changes found require confirmation in a separate cohort.
Boyle RJ, 2015, Effects of pre-natal vitamin D supplementation with partial correction of vitamin D deficiency on early life healthcare utilisation: a randomised controlled trial, PLOS One, ISSN: 1932-6203
Garcia Larsen V, Ierodiakonou D, Leonardi-Bee J, et al., 2015, Duration of total and exclusive breastfeeding, timing of solid food introduction and risk of allergic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BTS Winter conference, Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Pages: A185-A186, ISSN: 0040-6376
Background Allergic diseases are the leading causes of chronic illness in children and young adults in the UK.Aim To undertake a comprehensive review of the evidence on the effect of breastfeeding (BF) duration and timing of solid food introduction (SFI), on the risk of wheeze, atopic dermatitis, rhino-conjunctivitis, food allergy, allergic sensitisation and measures of lung function or bronchial hyper-responsiveness.Methods We carried out a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] CRD42013003802). We included intervention, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. Following literature searches (July 2013), study eligibility, data extraction and risk of bias assessments were conducted independently by two investigators. Random effects meta-analyses were used to pool results. Five levels of comparison of total or exclusive BF duration were used to assess disease risk in children at age 0–4 yrs, 5–15 yrs or 15+yrs: ‘never vs ever’,’≥1–2 months vs. <1–2 months’, ‘≥3–4 months vs. <3–4 months’, ‘≥5–7 months vs. <5–7 months’, and ‘≥8–12 months vs. <8–12 months’. Exclusive BF (EBF; BF without formula or solid food supplementation) was categorised as ‘≥0–2 months vs. <0–2 months’, ‘≥3–4 months vs. <3–4 months’ and ‘≥5+ months vs. <5+ months’, and SFI as ‘≥3–4 months vs. <3–4 months’. Publication bias was assessed using Egger’s asymmetry test.Results Of 16,289 identified studies, 564 met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for analysis. We found reduced risk of wheezing in children aged 5–14 yrs with longer BF or EBF duration, which was dose-dependent, but there was evidence of publication bias (BF and odds of recurrent wheezi
Khan T, Ierodiakonou D, Garcia-Larsen V, et al., 2015, Hydrolysed formula and risk of allergic or autoimmune outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Annual Meeting of the British-Society-for-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology, Publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL, Pages: 1897-1897, ISSN: 0954-7894
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