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@article{James:2019:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30415-0,
author = {James, SL and Theadom, A and Ellenbogen, RG and Bannick, MS and Montjoy-Venning, W and Lucchesi, LR and Abbasi, N and Abdulkader, R and Abraha, HN and Adsuar, JC and Afarideh, M and Agrawal, S and Ahmadi, A and Ahmed, MB and Aichour, AN and Aichour, I and Aichour, MTE and Akinyemi, RO and Akseer, N and Alahdab, F and Alebel, A and Alghnam, SA and Ali, BA and Alsharif, U and Altirkawi, K and Andrei, CL and Anjomshoa, M and Ansari, H and Ansha, MG and Antonio, CAT and Appiah, SCY and Ariani, F and Asefa, NG and Asgedom, SW and Atique, S and Awasthi, A and Ayala, Quintanilla BP and Ayuk, TB and Azzopardi, PS and Badali, H and Badawi, A and Balalla, S and Banstola, A and Barker-Collo, SL and Bärnighausen, TW and Bedi, N and Behzadifar, M and Behzadifar, M and Bekele, BB and Belachew, AB and Belay, YA and Bennett, DA and Bensenor, IM and Berhane, A and Beuran, M and Bhalla, A and Bhaumik, S and Bhutta, ZA and Biadgo, B and Biffino, M and Bijani, A and Bililign, N and Birungi, C and Boufous,},
doi = {10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30415-0},
journal = {The Lancet Neurology},
pages = {56--87},
title = {Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30415-0},
volume = {18},
year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury.MethodsWe used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility.FindingsIn 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30–30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78–1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331–412) per 100000 population for TBI and 13 (11–16) per 100000 for SC
AU  - James,SL
AU  - Theadom,A
AU  - Ellenbogen,RG
AU  - Bannick,MS
AU  - Montjoy-Venning,W
AU  - Lucchesi,LR
AU  - Abbasi,N
AU  - Abdulkader,R
AU  - Abraha,HN
AU  - Adsuar,JC
AU  - Afarideh,M
AU  - Agrawal,S
AU  - Ahmadi,A
AU  - Ahmed,MB
AU  - Aichour,AN
AU  - Aichour,I
AU  - Aichour,MTE
AU  - Akinyemi,RO
AU  - Akseer,N
AU  - Alahdab,F
AU  - Alebel,A
AU  - Alghnam,SA
AU  - Ali,BA
AU  - Alsharif,U
AU  - Altirkawi,K
AU  - Andrei,CL
AU  - Anjomshoa,M
AU  - Ansari,H
AU  - Ansha,MG
AU  - Antonio,CAT
AU  - Appiah,SCY
AU  - Ariani,F
AU  - Asefa,NG
AU  - Asgedom,SW
AU  - Atique,S
AU  - Awasthi,A
AU  - Ayala,Quintanilla BP
AU  - Ayuk,TB
AU  - Azzopardi,PS
AU  - Badali,H
AU  - Badawi,A
AU  - Balalla,S
AU  - Banstola,A
AU  - Barker-Collo,SL
AU  - Bärnighausen,TW
AU  - Bedi,N
AU  - Behzadifar,M
AU  - Behzadifar,M
AU  - Bekele,BB
AU  - Belachew,AB
AU  - Belay,YA
AU  - Bennett,DA
AU  - Bensenor,IM
AU  - Berhane,A
AU  - Beuran,M
AU  - Bhalla,A
AU  - Bhaumik,S
AU  - Bhutta,ZA
AU  - Biadgo,B
AU  - Biffino,M
AU  - Bijani,A
AU  - Bililign,N
AU  - Birungi,C
AU  - Boufous,S
AU  - Brazinova,A
AU  - Brown,AW
AU  - Car,M
AU  - Cárdenas,R
AU  - Carrero,JJ
AU  - Carvalho,F
AU  - Castañeda-Orjuela,CA
AU  - Catalá-López,F
AU  - Chaiah,Y
AU  - Champs,AP
AU  - Chang,J-C
AU  - Choi,J-YJ
AU  - Christopher,DJ
AU  - Cooper,C
AU  - Crowe,CS
AU  - Dandona,L
AU  - Dandona,R
AU  - Daryani,A
AU  - Davitoiu,DV
AU  - Degefa,MG
AU  - Demoz,GT
AU  - Deribe,K
AU  - Djalalinia,S
AU  - Do,HP
AU  - Doku,DT
AU  - Drake,TM
AU  - Dubey,M
AU  - Dubljanin,E
AU  - El-Khatib,Z
AU  - Ofori-Asenso,R
AU  - Eskandarieh,S
AU  - Esteghamati,A
AU  - Esteghamati,S
AU  - Faro,A
AU  - Farzadfar,F
AU  - Farzaei,MH
AU  - Fereshtehnejad,S-M
AU  - Fernandes,E
AU  - Feyissa,GT
AU  - Filip,I
AU  - Fischer,F
AU  - Fukumoto,T
AU  - Ganji,M
AU  - Gankpe,FG
AU  - Gebre,AK
AU  - Gebrehiwot,TT
AU  - Gezae,KE
AU  - Gopalkrishna,G
AU  - Goulart,AC
AU  - Haagsma,JA
AU  - Haj-Mirzaian,A
AU  - Haj-Mirzaian,A
AU  - Hamadeh,RR
AU  - Hamidi,S
AU  - Haro,JM
AU  - Hassankhani,H
AU  - Hassen,HY
AU  - Havmoeller,R
AU  - Hawley,C
AU  - Hay,SI
AU  - Hegazy,MI
AU  - Hendrie,D
AU  - Henok,A
AU  - Hibstu,DT
AU  - Hoffman,HJ
AU  - Hole,MK
AU  - Homaie,Rad E
AU  - Hosseini,SM
AU  - Hostiuc,S
AU  - Hu,G
AU  - Hussen,MA
AU  - Ilesanmi,OS
AU  - Irvani,SSN
AU  - Jakovljevic,M
AU  - Jayaraman,S
AU  - Jha,RP
AU  - Jonas,JB
AU  - Jones,KM
AU  - Jorjoran,Shushtari Z
AU  - Jozwiak,JJ
AU  - Jürisson,M
AU  - Kabir,A
AU  - Kahsay,A
AU  - Kahssay,M
AU  - Kalani,R
AU  - Karch,A
AU  - Kasaeian,A
AU  - Kassa,GM
AU  - Kassa,TD
AU  - Kassa,ZY
AU  - Kengne,AP
AU  - Khader,YS
AU  - Khafaie,MA
AU  - Khalid,N
AU  - Khalil,I
AU  - Khan,EA
AU  - Khan,MS
AU  - Khang,Y-H
AU  - Khazaie,H
AU  - Khoja,AT
AU  - Khubchandani,J
AU  - Kiadaliri,AA
AU  - Kim,D
AU  - Kim,Y-E
AU  - Kisa,A
AU  - Koyanagi,A
AU  - Krohn,KJ
AU  - Kuate,Defo
DO  - 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30415-0
EP  - 87
PY  - 2019///
SN  - 1474-4422
SP  - 56
TI  - Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
T2  - The Lancet Neurology
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30415-0
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/64840
VL  - 18
ER  -

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