Publications
231 results found
Tear GR, Proud WG, 2017, Predicting the Optical Behaviour of Shock Compressed Dielectrics, 19th Biennial American-Physical-Society (APS) Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X
Nguyen TT, 2016, The Characterisation of A Shock Tube System for Blast Injury Studies
Jung A, Pullen AD, Proud WG, 2016, Strain-rate effects in Ni/Al composite metal foams from quasi-static to low-velocity impact behaviour, Composites Part A - Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol: 85, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 1359-835X
Metal foams are used as absorbers for kinetic energy but predominantly, they have only been investigated under quasi-static load-conditions. Coating of open-cell metal foams improves the mechanical properties by forming of Ni/Al hybrid foam composites. The properties are governed by the microstructure, the strut material and geometry. In this study, the strain-rate effects in open-cell aluminium foams and new Ni/Al composite foams are investigated by quasi-static compression tests and low-velocity impact. For the first time, drop weight tests are reported on open-cell metal foams, especially Ni/Al composite foams. Furthermore, size-effects were evaluated. The microstructural deformation mechanism was analysed using a high-speed camera and digital image correlation. Whereas pure aluminium foams are only strain-rate sensitive in the plastic collapse stress, Ni/Al foams show a general strain-rate sensitivity based on microinertia effects and the rate-sensitive nano-nickel coating. Ni/Al foams are superior to aluminium foams and to artificial aluminium foams with equal density.
Eftaxiopoulou T, Barnett-Vanes A, Arora H, et al., 2016, Prolonged but not short duration blast waves elicit acute inflammation in a rodent model of primary blast limb trauma, Injury, Vol: 47, Pages: 625-632, ISSN: 0020-1383
BackgroundBlast injuries from conventional and improvised explosive devices account for 75% of injuries from current conflicts; of these over 70% involve the limbs. Variable duration and magnitude of blast wave loading occurs in real-life explosions and is hypothesised to cause different injuries. While a number of in-vivo models report the inflammatory response to blast injuries, the extent of this response has not been investigated with respect to the duration of the primary blast wave. The relevance is that explosions in open air are of short duration compared to those in confined spaces. MethodsHind limbs of adult Sprauge-Dawley rats were subjected to focal isolated primary blast waves of varying overpressure (1.8-3.65kPa) and duration (3.0-11.5ms), utilising a shock tube and purpose built experimental rig. Rats were monitored during and after blast. At 6 and 24hrs after exposure blood, lungs, liver and muscle tissue were collected and prepared for histology and flow cytometry.ResultsAt 6hrs increases in circulating neutrophils and CD43Lo/His48Hi monocytes were observed in rats subjected to longer duration blast waves. This was accompanied by increases in circulating pro-inflammatory chemo/cytokines KC and IL-6. No changes were observed with shorter duration blast waves irrespective of overpressure. In all cases, no histological damage was observed in muscle, lung or liver. By 24hrs post-blast all inflammatory parameters had normalised. ConclusionsWe report the development of a rodent model of primary blast limb trauma that is the first to highlight an important role played by blast wave duration and magnitude in initiating acute inflammatory response following limb injury in the absence of limb fracture or penetrating trauma. The combined biological and mechanical method developed can be used to further understand the complex effects of blast waves in a range of different tissues and organs in-vivo.
Proud WG, Nguyen T-TN, Bo C, et al., 2015, The High-Strain Rate Loading of Structural Biological Materials, METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Vol: 46A, Pages: 4559-4566, ISSN: 1073-5623
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- Citations: 4
Proud WG, Williamson DM, Field JE, et al., 2015, Diagnostic techniques in deflagration and detonation studies, Chemistry Central Journal, Vol: 9, ISSN: 1752-153X
Advances in experimental, high-speed techniques can be used to explore the processes occurring within energetic materials. This review describes techniques used to study a wide range of processes: hot-spot formation, ignition thresholds, deflagration, sensitivity and finally the detonation process. As this is a wide field the focus will be on small-scale experiments and quantitative studies. It is important that such studies are linked to predictive models, which inform the experimental design process. The stimuli range includes, thermal ignition, drop-weight, Hopkinson Bar and Plate Impact studies. Studies made with inert simulants are also included as these are important in differentiating between reactive response and purely mechanical behaviour.
Butler BJ, Bo C, Boddy RL, et al., 2015, Composite nature of fresh skin revealed during compression, Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials, Vol: 4, Pages: 133-139, ISSN: 2045-9858
Walley SM, Field JE, Biers RA, et al., 2015, The Use of Glass Anvils in Drop-Weight Studies of Energetic Materials, PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS, Vol: 40, Pages: 351-365, ISSN: 0721-3115
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- Citations: 26
Kanel GI, Garkushin GV, Savinykh AS, et al., 2014, Shock response of magnesium single crystals at normal and elevated temperatures, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol: 116, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 0021-8979
A series of magnesium single crystals, from 0.2 to 3 mm thick, were shock loaded in directions parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis of the hexagonal closed packed (hcp) structure and at 45° to the c-axis. Shock compression along the c-axis is associated with the largest Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) for this material. Microscopic observation of recovered c-cut samples demonstrated intense twinning with a greater density of twins near the impact surface. The low-energy basal slip was activated by shock loading along the inclined direction and has the smallest HEL. In all cases, we observe the decay of the elastic precursor wave and growth of the HEL with increasing temperature. For the inclined shock compression after the HEL, two plastic waves were found where the stress level of the first plastic wave depends on the peak shock stress. Finally, the largest spall strength was along the transversal direction and the smallest in the off-axis direction. The fracture surface of the sample of transversal orientation contains numerous groves oriented along the base planes of the crystals.
Tunnell R, Ashcroft M, Dale R, et al., 2014, Ammonium Perchlorate, Friend or Foe?, PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS, Vol: 39, Pages: 707-713, ISSN: 0721-3115
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- Citations: 2
Tunnell R, Ashcroft M, Dale R, et al., 2014, Ammonium Perchlorate, Friend or Foe? Part 1: The Influence of this Oxidizer on the Aging Behavior of Propellant Compositions, PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS, Vol: 39, Pages: 504-510, ISSN: 0721-3115
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- Citations: 3
Nguyen TT, Davey T, Proud W, 2014, Percolation of Gas and Attenuation of Shock Waves through Granular Beds and Perforated Sheets, New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials
Tear GR, Eakins DE, Chapman DJ, et al., 2014, Technique to measure change in birefringence under shock compression, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol: 500, ISSN: 1742-6588
A technique has been developed to measure the change in birefringence along the axis of shock propagation, probing the relative refractive indices of the material perpendicular to shock propagation. Experiments were performed on calcite single crystals and the results compared to previous literature studies on calcite quasi-static behaviour. Interface velocities are determined using fibre based homodyne Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) operating at 1550 nm whilst the birefringence technique uses free space 532 nm optics. A change in birefringence of Δn = 0.0029 ± 0.0001 was observed. This was higher than the predicted change found using a hydrostatic model based on previous studies.
Chapman DJ, Eakins DE, Proud WG, et al., 2014, On the residual yield stress of shocked metals, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol: 500, ISSN: 1742-6588
ffects of time and strain on material strength. With this objective, we performed a carefulcomparative measurement of the free-surface velocity of shock loaded aluminium AD1 andmagnesium alloy Ma2 samples of various thicknesses in the range 0.2 mm to 5 mm. Weobserved the expected decay in the elastic precursor state with increasing sample thicknessfor both aluminium and magnesium alloy. However, we also observed a small change in themagnitude of hysteresis in the elastic-plastic compression-unloading cycle; where qualitativelythe peak free-surface velocity also increased with increasing specimen thickness. Interestingly,the observed change in hysteresis as function of specimen thickness for the Ma2 alloy wasrelatively smaller than the AD1, in contrast with the larger change in precursor magnitudeobserved for the magnesium. We propose that softening due to multiplication of dislocations isrelatively large in Ma2 and results in a smaller hysteresis in the elastic-plastic cycle.
Garkushin GV, Savinykh AS, Kanel GI, et al., 2014, Response of magnesium single crystals to shock-wave loading at room and elevated temperatures., 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 7
Wilgeroth JM, Nguyen T-TN, Proud WG, 2014, Interaction between blast wave and reticulated foam: assessing the potential for auditory protection systems, 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 1
Khan AS, Balzer JE, Wilgeroth JM, et al., 2014, Temperature effects on the mechanical behaviour of PZT 95/5, 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 5
Nguyen T-TN, Wilgeroth JM, Proud WG, 2014, Controlling blast wave generation in a shock tube for biological applications, 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 20
Khan AS, Balzer JE, Wilgeroth JM, et al., 2014, Aspect ratio compression effects on metals and polymers, 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 6
Proud WG, 2014, Gas percolation through sand, 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 1
Bo C, Williams A, Rankin S, et al., 2014, Integrated experimental platforms to study blast injuries: a bottom-up approach, 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 4
Butler BJ, Bo C, Tucker AW, et al., 2014, Mechanical and histological characterization of trachea tissue subjected to blast-type pressures, 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 3
Masouros SD, Brown KA, Clasper J, et al., 2013, Briefing: Blast effects on biological systems, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Engineering and Computational Mechanics, Vol: 166, Pages: 113-118, ISSN: 1755-0777
A signature of current conflicts is the use of buried improvised explosive devices to cause injury to military personnel and damage to their vehicles. Explosive devices also cause injuries to non-military populations in current and former conflict zones. The nature and placement of the explosive charge has a marked effect on the loading experienced. In all situations, damage to tissues occurs when the energy and loading rate exceeds that which the human body can support. Currently, it is difficult to predict the various time-dependent effects of blast injury because of the complexities of the rapid initial accelerations, the loading geometries and the heterogeneous nature of the tissues that can be damaged. An outline of the ways in which one may study how explosive energy interacts with biological systems is presented along with a discussion of how the data generated can be used to develop improved, costeffective strategies for studying blast injury processes.
Proud WG, 2013, Future Research Areas, PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS, Vol: 38, Pages: 167-167, ISSN: 0721-3115
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- Citations: 1
Proud WG, 2013, The physical basis of explosion and blast injury processes, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS, Vol: 159, Pages: 4-9, ISSN: 0035-8665
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- Citations: 14
Chapman D, Eakins D, Williamson D, et al., 2012, Index of refraction measurements and window corrections for PMMA under shock compression, Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Publisher: American Institute of Physics, Pages: 442-445
Symmetric plate impact experiments were performed to investigate the change in the refractive index of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) under shock loading. Flyer and target geometries allowed the measurement of shock velocity, particle velocity, and refractive index in the shocked state, using a Het-V system (1550 nm). The change in refractive index of PMMA as a function of density is generally considered to be well described by the Gladstone-Dale relationship, meaning that the "apparent" velocity measured by a laser velocity interferometer is the "true" velocity, and hence there is no window correction. The results presented here demonstrate that the behaviour of PMMA deviates from an ideal Gladstone-Dale description, requiring a small velocity correction of order 1% at peak stresses up to 1.9 GPa. These results are consistent with literature values measured using a wavelength of 632.8 nm by [1].
Chapman D, Eakins D, Williamson D, et al., 2012, Index of refraction measurements and window corrections for PMMA under shock compression, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol: 1426, Pages: 442-445, ISSN: 1551-7616
Neal WD, Chapman DJ, Proud WG, 2012, Shock-wave stability in quasi-mono-disperse granular materials, EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL-APPLIED PHYSICS, Vol: 57, ISSN: 1286-0042
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- Citations: 9
Proud WG, Cross DLA, 2012, SCALED LONG ROD PENETRATION EXPERIMENTS: TUNGSTEN AGAINST ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOUR, 7th Biennial Conference of the American-Physical-Society-Topical-Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X
Bo C, Balzer J, Hahnel M, et al., 2012, CELLULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPRESSION-INDUCEDDAMAGE IN LIVE BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES, 7th Biennial Conference of the American-Physical-Society-Topical-Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X
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- Citations: 3
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