Publications
162 results found
Claus D, Robinson DJ, Chetwynd DG, et al., 2012, Ptychography applied to optical metrology, 5th International Conference on Speckle Metrology (Speckle), Publisher: SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0277-786X
Pike WT, Staufer U, Hecht MH, et al., 2011, Quantification of the dry history of the Martian soil inferred from in situ microscopy, GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 38, ISSN: 0094-8276
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- Citations: 50
Gu J, Pike WT, Karl WJ, 2011, Solder Pump Technology for Through-Silicon via Fabrication, JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS, Vol: 20, Pages: 561-563, ISSN: 1057-7157
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- Citations: 9
Lim DSS, Brady AL, Abercromby AF, et al., 2011, A historical overview of the Pavilion Lake Research Project-Analog science and exploration in an underwater environment, Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, Vol: 483, Pages: 85-115, ISSN: 0072-1077
As humans venture back to the Moon, or onward to near-Earth objects and Mars, it is expected that the rigors of this exploration will far exceed those of Apollo. Terrestrial analogs can play a key role in our preparations for these complex voyages, since in addition to their scientific value, analogs afford the exploration community a means to safely prepare and test exploration strategies for future robotic and human planetary missions. Many relevant analog studies exist, and each is focused on a particular aspect of strategic development. Some analog programs such as the Pavilion Lake Research Project (PLRP) present the opportunity to investigate both real scientific and real exploration scenarios in tandem. The activities of this research program demand the use of techniques, tools, and strategies for underwater scientific exploration, and the challenges associated with the scientifi c exploration of Pavilion Lake are analogous to those human explorers will encounter on other planetary and small solar system bodies. The goal of this paper is to provide a historical synopsis of the PLRP's objectives, milestones, and contributions to both the scientific and exploration community. Here, we focus on detailing the development and deployment of an integrated science and exploration program with analog application to our understanding of early Earth systems and the preparation for future human space exploration. Over a decade of exploration and discovery is chronicled herein. © 2011 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.
Gowen RA, Smith A, Fortes AD, et al., 2011, Penetrators for in situ subsurface investigations of Europa, ADV SPACE RES, Vol: 48, Pages: 725-742, ISSN: 0273-1177
We present the scientific case for inclusion of penetrators into the Europan surface, and the candidate instruments which could significantly enhance the scientific return of the joint ESA/NASA Europa-Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Moreover, a surface element would provide an exciting and inspirational mission highlight which would encourage public and political support for the mission.Whilst many of the EJSM science goals can be achieved from the proposed orbital platform, only surface elements can provide key exploration capabilities including direct chemical sampling and associated astrobiological material detection, and sensitive habitability determination. A targeted landing site of upwelled material could provide access to potential biological material originating from deep beneath the ice.Penetrators can also enable more capable geophysical investigations of Europa (and Ganymede) interior body structures, mineralogy, mechanical, magnetic, electrical and thermal properties. They would provide ground truth, not just for the orbital observations of Europa, but could also improve confidence of interpretation of observations of the other Jovian moons. Additionally, penetrators on both Europa and Ganymede, would allow valuable comparison of these worlds, and gather significant information relevant to future landed missions. The advocated low mass penetrators also offer a comparatively low cost method of achieving these important science goals.A payload of two penetrators is proposed to provide redundancy, and improve scientific return, including enhanced networked seismometer performance and diversity of sampled regions.We also describe the associated candidate instruments, penetrator system architecture, and technical challenges for such penetrators, and include their current status and future development plans.
Carpenter JD, Angerer O, Durante M, et al., 2010, Life Sciences Investigations for ESA's First Lunar Lander, EARTH MOON AND PLANETS, Vol: 107, Pages: 11-23, ISSN: 0167-9295
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- Citations: 10
Goetz W, Pike WT, Hviid SF, et al., 2010, Microscopy analysis of soils at the Phoenix landing site, Mars: Classification of soil particles and description of their optical and magnetic properties (vol 115, E00E99, 2010), JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS, Vol: 115, ISSN: 2169-9097
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- Citations: 2
Goetz W, Pike WT, Hviid SF, et al., 2010, Microscopy analysis of soils at the Phoenix landing site, Mars: Classification of soil particles and description of their optical and magnetic properties, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS, Vol: 115, ISSN: 2169-9097
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- Citations: 63
Hopf T, Kumar S, Karl WJ, et al., 2010, Shock protection of penetrator-based instrumentation via a sublimation approach, ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH, Vol: 45, Pages: 460-467, ISSN: 0273-1177
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- Citations: 17
Smith A, Gowen RA, Rees K, et al., 2010, Application of penetrators within the solar system, Advances in Geosciences: Volume 19: Planetary Science (PS), Pages: 307-320, ISBN: 9789812838155
High impact velocity, instrumented space probes - Penetrators, have the potential to become an important part of the portfolio of planetary exploration technologies. The UK Penetrator Consortium is building upon existing heritage in this area. Presented here is an overview of potential applications, a consideration of technology issues and a description of the highly successful full-scale trials undertaken at Pendine in May 2008.
Gu J, Pike WT, Karl WJ, 2010, A Novel Vertical Solder Pump Structure for Through-Wafer Interconnects, 23rd IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 2010), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 500-503, ISSN: 1084-6999
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- Citations: 3
Mellon MT, Arvidson RE, Sizemore HG, et al., 2009, Ground ice at the Phoenix Landing Site: Stability state and origin, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS, Vol: 114, ISSN: 2169-9097
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- Citations: 170
Pike WT, Standley IM, Karl WJ, et al., 2009, Design, fabrication and testing of a micromachined seismometer with nano-G resolution, Pages: 668-671
We have designed a high resolution microseismometer by combining a low-resonant-frequency, high-quality-factor suspension with a sensitive lateral capacitive transducer under electromagnetic feedback control. It has been fabricated and tested to demonstrate for the first time a micromachined seismometer capable of resolving the Earth's ambient seismicity and with the best acceleration resolution of any micromachined device to date, with a self noise down to 4 ng/√(Hz). ©2009 IEEE.
Hurst K, Hecht M, Banerdt B, et al., 2009, Combined inertial and strain sensors for lunar seismology, Pages: 3958-3963
A lunar passive seismology station must land, mechanically couple the seismometer to the ground, and then operate for an extended period of time (several years). One such mode of landing and deployment involves a penetrator that inserts the seismometer into the lunar regolith under high velocity and high acceleration. Sensors with small mass and size are at an advantage for packaging to withstand high G loads and for minimizing power consumption. On the other hand, an inherent physical limitation of small inertial sensors is that it is difficult to design them and their associated electronics to have good long-period resolution defined here as better than 10-8 ms -2(Hz) -1/2 for periods greater than 50 seconds. A strain-based seismic sensor and its electronics can have good response from 10s of Hz all the way out to DC (months and years) and is usually limited by the quality of the mechanical coupling to the surrounding material, not by the instrument itself. A combination of an inertial sensor with a strain-based sensor can cover the spectrum from more than 200 Hz to DC, and is compatible with miniaturization and shock hardening. A microseismometer with 3×10-8 ms-2(Hz) -1/2 sensitivity down to about 25 seconds and the ability to be hardened to 15,000 Gs has been demonstrated by one of us (WTP). Borehole strainmeters exist that are capable of measuring 10-9 strain from above 20 Hz to DC1. Furthermore, the combination of inertial and strain data can enable new investigations not possible with only inertial sensors. A tri-axial strainmeter operating near the free surface can yield the full 9-component strain tensor. The combination of inertial and strain data from a single instrument can yield the local 3D seismic phase velocity directly for the frequency band of overlap. This can enable single-station seismic phase identification and investigation of bulk physical properties of the surrounding material including estimates of anisotropy, which in turn can be int
Smith PH, Tamppari LK, Arvidson RE, et al., 2009, H2O at the Phoenix Landing Site, SCIENCE, Vol: 325, Pages: 58-61, ISSN: 0036-8075
Smith PH, Tamppari LK, Arvidson RE, et al., 2009, H2O at the Phoenix landing site., Science, Vol: 325, Pages: 58-61
The Phoenix mission investigated patterned ground and weather in the northern arctic region of Mars for 5 months starting 25 May 2008 (solar longitude between 76.5 degrees and 148 degrees ). A shallow ice table was uncovered by the robotic arm in the center and edge of a nearby polygon at depths of 5 to 18 centimeters. In late summer, snowfall and frost blanketed the surface at night; H(2)O ice and vapor constantly interacted with the soil. The soil was alkaline (pH = 7.7) and contained CaCO(3), aqueous minerals, and salts up to several weight percent in the indurated surface soil. Their formation likely required the presence of water.
Gu J, Pike WT, Karl WJ, 2009, A novel capillary-effect-based solder pump structure and its potential application for through-wafer interconnection, 19th MicroMechanics Europe Workshop, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 0960-1317
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- Citations: 10
Lim DSS, Laval BE, Slater G, et al., 2009, Limnology of Pavilion Lake, B. C., Canada - Characterization of a microbialite forming environment, Fundamental and Applied Limnology, Vol: 173, Pages: 329-351, ISSN: 1863-9135
The objectives of this study are two-fold: (1) to describe and quantify the seasonal physical and chemical limnological properties of Pavilion Lake, a microbialite-rich lake in British Columbia, Canada, and (2) to gain a broader limnological context of Pavilion Lake by examining the limnology and hydrology of the lakes and groundwater systems in the area (∼30 km radius). Pavilion Lake is a dimictic lake with annual ice-cover. It is a hard water (mean CaCO3 = 181.8 mg L-1), ultra-oligotrophic (mean Total Phosphorus [TP] = 3.3 μg L-1) lake, that is groundwater fed most likely through diffuse, low velocity local and regional sources. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) separated Pavilion Lake from the other groundwater, stream and lake samples along a conductivity and pH gradient on Axis 1 (λ1 =0.392), and a nutrient (Total Nitrogen [TN], TP) and K+, Mg2+, Si gradient on the second axis (λ2 = 0.160). Pavilion Lake has the lowest Ca2+ and TP concentrations, and the highest Na+ concentrations and optical transmissivity amongst all sampled sites. Furthermore, the lake is characterized by low sedimentation rates. These characteristics are potentially important factors in supporting the past and on-going development of microbialites within the lake. Our study provides a limnochemical reference to consider in the conceptualization of ideal environments supporting large-scale microbialites. © E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 2009.
Smith A, Crawford IA, Gowen RA, et al., 2009, LunarEX-a proposal to cosmic vision, EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY, Vol: 23, Pages: 711-740, ISSN: 0922-6435
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- Citations: 14
Gowen R, Smith A, Winter B, et al., 2008, An update on MoonLITE, Pages: 4359-4369
MoonLITE is a proposed, UK led lunar science mission involving 4 scientific penetrators that will make in situ measurements at widely separated locations on the Moon. MoonLITE will create the first global lunar network with nodes near and far-side, and in permanently shaded crater(s). With such a network MoonLITE will be able to determine much about the interior of the Moon, including characterisation of its core. Penetrator(s) at the poles will seek and characterise frozen volatiles, possibly of cometary origin and of great importance both to human exploration and to astrobiology. MoonLITE penetrators will reach the Moon at -300 m/s and so must be able to stand the forces associated with this impact. As part of a programme aimed to establish reliable penetrator technologies the first full-scale impact trials have been conducted and are described here.
Hecht MH, Marshall J, Pike WT, et al., 2008, Microscopy capabilities of the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS, Vol: 113, ISSN: 2169-9097
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- Citations: 40
Smith PH, Tamppari L, Arvidson RE, et al., 2008, Introduction to special section on the Phoenix Mission: Landing Site Characterization Experiments, Mission Overviews, and Expected Science, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS, Vol: 113, ISSN: 2169-9097
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- Citations: 95
Leer K, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, et al., 2008, Magnetic properties experiments and the Surface Stereo Imager calibration target onboard the Mars Phoenix 2007 Lander: Design, calibration, and science goals, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS, Vol: 113, ISSN: 2169-9097
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- Citations: 16
Gao Y, Phipps A, Taylor M, et al., 2008, Lunar science with affordable small spacecraft technologies: MoonLITE and Moonraker, PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE, Vol: 56, Pages: 368-377, ISSN: 0032-0633
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- Citations: 27
Vijendran S, Sykulska H, Pike WT, 2007, AFM investigation of Martian soil simulants on micromachined Si substrates, JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY, Vol: 227, Pages: 236-245, ISSN: 0022-2720
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- Citations: 7
Pike WT, Kumar S, 2007, Improved design of micromachined lateral suspensions using intermediate frames, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING, Vol: 17, Pages: 1680-1694, ISSN: 0960-1317
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- Citations: 9
Lognonné P, Spohn T, Breuer D, et al., 2005, The long lived Martian Geoscience Observatory, Pages: 163-170, ISSN: 0379-6566
If the apparition of life is maybe a rapid process on a habitable planet, the evolution of life toward intelligence is a much longer process and about 4000 Myears were needed on the Earth. What is the probability for a telluric planet to offer the right conditions to life evolution? Why is the Earth the only planet on the Solar System where liquid water was able to be maintained liquid at the surface, and why Mars and Venus were unable to maintain such temperature conditions? What is the level of volcanic activity on Mars? What is the heat flow and its impact on the temperature gradient in the subsurface? How can we extrapolate this activity in the past and estimate the importance of volcanic degazing and its impact on the early atmosphere? Do we have indications for an early plate tectonics regime on Mars with a water rich upper mantle and how important is such a regime in the habitability of planets? Why and when stopped the Martian dynamo? All these scientific questions, which impact on the Martian long term habitability, are related to the geodynamics of the planet and its geological evolution and activity. In order to provide an answer, we need to understand how a telluric planet is geologically evolving, which needs a detailed knowledge of its interior structure, of the mineralogy and temperature of its mantle, of the amount of energy released during accretion and therefore of the size of the main units of the planet (crust, mantle, core), of the heat flux and possibly of the long scale convective structure. We also need to monitor its present geological activity. The Long Lived Geoscience Observatory on Mars will setup a permanent network of fixed stations on the planet, operating for a decade or more. These stations will monitor with high resolution the magnetic field, the rotation and the seismic activity of the planets, will measure the heat flux and will in addition monitor the present environment (meteorology, radiations, ionospheric properties, etc) and
Pike T, 2005, Development of high sensitivity silicon microseismometers, Pages: 23-24, ISSN: 0537-9989
This presentation will outline why silicon is the material of choice for sensitive seismic instruments, and how MEMS can produce the suspensions required. There are, however, limitations to the benefits of miniaturisation. Instruments under development for both terrestrial and planetary applications will be described, illustrating both the advantages and drawbacks of micromachined silicon for seismic sensing.
Pike WT, Standley IM, Syms RRA, 2005, Micro-machined suspension plate with integral proof mass for use in a seismometer or other device, US2005097959
Pike WT, Kumar S, 2005, Effect of profile shape on mechanical performance of silicon suspension, Micromechanics Europe 2005, Goteborg, Sweden, 4 - 6 September 2005
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