Publications
297 results found
Kandail HS, Hamady M, Xu XY, 2016, Hemodynamic Functions of Fenestrated Stent Graft under Resting, Hypertension, and Exercise Conditions., Frontiers in Surgery, Vol: 3, ISSN: 2296-875X
The aim of this study was to assess the hemodynamic performance of a patient-specific fenestrated stent graft (FSG) under different physiological conditions, including normal resting, hypertension, and hypertension with moderate lower limb exercise. A patient-specific FSG model was constructed from computed tomography images and was discretized into a fine unstructured mesh comprising tetrahedral and prism elements. Blood flow was simulated using Navier-Stokes equations, and physiologically realistic boundary conditions were utilized to yield clinically relevant results. For a given cycle-averaged inflow of 2.08 L/min at normal resting and hypertension conditions, approximately 25% of flow was channeled into each renal artery. When hypertension was combined with exercise, the cycle-averaged inflow increased to 6.39 L/min but only 6.29% of this was channeled into each renal artery, which led to a 438.46% increase in the iliac flow. For all the simulated scenarios and throughout the cardiac cycle, the instantaneous flow streamlines in the FSG were well organized without any notable flow recirculation. This well-organized flow led to low values of endothelial cell activation potential, which is a hemodynamic metric used to identify regions at risk of thrombosis. The displacement forces acting on the FSG varied with the physiological conditions, and the cycle-averaged displacement force at normal rest, hypertension, and hypertension with exercise was 6.46, 8.77, and 8.99 N, respectively. The numerical results from this study suggest that the analyzed FSG can maintain sufficient blood perfusion to the end organs at all the simulated conditions. Even though the FSG was found to have a low risk of thrombosis at rest and hypertension, this risk can be reduced even further with moderate lower limb exercise.
Carallo C, Tripolino C, De Franceschi MS, et al., 2016, Carotid endothelial shear stress reduction with aging is associated with plaque development in twelve years, Atherosclerosis, Vol: 251, Pages: 63-69, ISSN: 1879-1484
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Atherosclerosis is associated with clinical, biochemical and haemodynamic risk factors. In a group of subjects studied twelve years apart, we evaluated carotid plaque development in relation to baseline and to changes at follow-up in common carotid haemodynamic profile. METHODS: Forty-eight participants were recruited to a cardiovascular disease prevention programme. Atherosclerotic plaques were evaluated and scored by echography. Endothelial shear stress, circumferential wall tension, and Peterson's elastic modulus as an index of arterial stiffness, were computed by echo-Doppler, along with blood viscosity data. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to test the association among the development of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk factors and haemodynamic variations. Analyses were also performed on participants who presented at the follow-up with carotid haemodynamic variations in the left or right common carotid only. RESULTS: Participants (69% male) were aged 64.5 ± 9.7 years at follow-up. Peak and mean endothelial shear stress was significantly lower at follow-up as previously reported; circumferential wall tension and arterial stiffness were significantly higher. Carotid plaque scores increased after 12 years (0.39 ± 0.72 vs. 0.67 ± 0.86, p < 0.01). Of the 96 common carotids analysed, shear stress reduction with aging was an independent predictor of carotid atherosclerosis (B = -0.063; odds ratio = 0.94; p = 0.01). Out of 48 participants, 21 (44%) showed shear stress reduction with aging in only one side of the body and, on this side, the plaque score increased (0.52 ± 0.98 vs. 0.90 ± 0.94, p < 0.05), remaining unchanged in the contralateral carotid tree. CONCLUSIONS: Aging-related shear stress reduction is an independent predictor of atherosclerosis development.
Xu XY, Kandail H, Hamady M, 2016, Effect of a Flared Renal Stent on the Performance of Fenestrated Stent-Grafts at Rest and Exercise Conditions, Journal of Endovascular Therapy, Vol: 23, Pages: 809-820, ISSN: 1526-6028
Purpose: To quantify the hemodynamic impact of a flared renal stent on the performance of fenestrated stent-grafts (FSGs) by analyzing flow patterns and wall shear stress–derived parameters in flared and nonflared FSGs in different physiologic scenarios. Methods: Hypothetical models of FSGs were created with and without flaring of the proximal portion of the renal stent. Flared FSGs with different dilation angles and protrusion lengths were examined, as well as a nonplanar flared FSG to account for lumbar curvature. Laminar and pulsatile blood flow was simulated by numerically solving Navier-Stokes equations. A physiologically realistic flow rate waveform was prescribed at the inlet, while downstream vasculature was modeled using a lumped parameter 3-element windkessel model. No slip boundary conditions were imposed at the FSG walls, which were assumed to be rigid. While resting simulations were performed on all the FSGs, exercise simulations were also performed on a flared FSG to quantify the effect of flaring in different physiologic scenarios. Results: For cycle-averaged inflow of 2.94 L/min (rest) and 4.63 L/min (exercise), 27% of blood flow was channeled into each renal branch at rest and 21% under exercise for all the flared FSGs examined. Although the renal flow waveform was not affected by flaring, flow within the flared FSGs was disturbed. This flow disturbance led to high endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP) values at the renal ostia for all the flared geometries. Reducing the dilation angle or protrusion length and exercise lowered the ECAP values for flared FSGs. Conclusion: Flaring of renal stents has a negligible effect on the time dependence of renal flow rate waveforms and can maintain sufficient renal perfusion at rest and exercise. Local flow patterns are, however, strongly dependent on renal flaring, which creates a local flow disturbance and may increase the thrombogenicity at the renal ostia. Smaller dilation angles, shorter protr
Singh SD, Xu XY, Pepper JR, et al., 2016, Effects of aortic root motion on wall stress in the Marfan aorta before and after personalised aortic root support (PEARS) surgery, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol: 49, Pages: 2076-2084, ISSN: 1873-2380
Aortic root motion was previously identified as a risk factor for aortic dissection due to increased longitudinal stresses in the ascending aorta. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aortic root motion on wall stress and strain in the ascending aorta and evaluate changes before and after implantation of personalised external aortic root support (PEARS). Finite element (FE) models of the aortic root and thoracic aorta were developed using patient-specific geometries reconstructed from pre- and post-PEARS cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images in three Marfan patients. The wall and PEARS materials were assumed to be isotropic, incompressible and linearly elastic. A static load on the inner wall corresponding to the patients' pulse pressure was applied. Cardiovascular MR cine images were used to quantify aortic root motion, which was imposed at the aortic root boundary of the FE model, with zero-displacement constraints at the distal ends of the aortic branches and descending aorta. Measurements of the systolic downward motion of the aortic root revealed a significant reduction in the axial displacement in all three patients post-PEARS compared with its pre-PEARS counterparts. Higher longitudinal stresses were observed in the ascending aorta when compared with models without the root motion. Implantation of PEARS reduced the longitudinal stresses in the ascending aorta by up to 52%. In contrast, the circumferential stresses at the interface between the supported and unsupported aorta were increase by up to 82%. However, all peak stresses were less than half the known yield stress for the dilated thoracic aorta.
Cheng Z, Kidher E, Jarral OA, et al., 2016, Assessment of hemodynamic conditions in the aorta following root replacement with composite valve-conduit graft, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol: 44, Pages: 1392-1404, ISSN: 0090-6964
This paper presents the analysis of detailed hemodynamics in the aortas of four patients following replacement with a composite bio-prosthetic valve-conduit. Magnetic resonance image-based computational models were set up for each patient with boundary conditions comprising subject-specific three-dimensional inflow velocity profiles at the aortic root and central pressure waveform at the model outlet. Two normal subjects were also included for comparison. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of the valve-conduit on flow in the proximal and distal aorta. The results suggested that following the composite valve-conduit implantation, the vortical flow structure and hemodynamic parameters in the aorta were altered, with slightly reduced helical flow index, elevated wall shear stress and higher non-uniformity in wall shear compared to normal aortas. Inter-individual analysis revealed different hemodynamic conditions among the patients depending on the conduit configuration in the ascending aorta, which is a key factor in determining post-operative aortic flow. Introducing a natural curvature in the conduit to create a smooth transition between the conduit and native aorta may help prevent the occurrence of retrograde and recirculating flow in the aortic arch, which is particularly important when a large portion or the entire ascending aorta needs to be replaced.
Xu XY, Menichini C, 2016, Mathematical modeling of thrombus formation in idealized models of aortic dissection: Initial findings and potential applications, Journal of Mathematical Biology, Vol: 73, Pages: 1205-1226, ISSN: 1432-1416
Aortic dissection is a major aortic catastrophe with a high morbidity and mortality risk caused by the formation of a tear in the aortic wall. The development of a second blood filled region defined as the “false lumen” causes highly disturbed flow patterns and creates local hemodynamic conditions likely to promote the formation of thrombus in the false lumen. Previous research has shown that patient prognosis is influenced by the level of thrombosis in the false lumen, with false lumen patency and partial thrombosis being associated with late complications and complete thrombosis of the false lumen having beneficial effects on patient outcomes. In this paper, a new hemodynamics-based model is proposed to predict the formation of thrombus in Type B dissection. Shear rates, fluid residence time, and platelet distribution are employed to evaluate the likelihood for thrombosis and to simulate the growth of thrombus and its effects on blood flow over time. The model is applied to different idealized aortic dissections to investigate the effect of geometric features on thrombus formation. Our results are in qualitative agreement with in-vivo observations, and show the potential applicability of such a modeling approach to predict the progression of aortic dissection in anatomically realistic geometries.
Xu XY, Piebalgs A, 2015, Towards a multi-physics modelling framework for thrombolysis under the influence of blood flow, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 1742-5662
Thrombolytic therapy is an effective means of treating thromboembolic diseases but can also give rise to life-threatening side-effects. The infusion of a high drug concentration can provoke internal bleeding while an insufficient dose can lead to artery reocclusion. It is hoped that mathematical modelling of the process of clot lysis can lead to a better understanding and improvement of thrombolytic therapy. To this end, a multi-physics continuum model has been developed to simulate the dissolution of clot over time upon the addition of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The transport of tPA and other lytic proteins is modelled by a set of reaction-diffusion-convection equations, while blood flow is described by volume-averaged continuity and momentum equations. The clot is modelled as a fibrous porous medium with its properties being determined as a function of the fibrin fibre radius and voidage of the clot. A unique feature of the model is that it is capable of simulating the entire lytic process from the initial phase of lysis of an occlusive thrombus (diffusion-limited transport), the process of recanalization, to post-canalization thrombolysis under the influence of convective blood flow. The model has been used to examine the dissolution of a fully occluding clot in a simplified artery at different pressure drops. Our predicted lytic front velocities during the initial stage of lysis agree well with experimental and computational results reported by others. Following canalisation, clot lysis patterns are strongly influenced by local flow patterns which are symmetric at low pressure drops, but asymmetric at higher pressure drops which give rise to larger recirculation regions and extended areas of intense drug accumulation.
Singh SD, Xu XY, Wood NB, et al., 2015, Aortic flow patterns before and after personalised external aortic root support implantation in Marfan patients., Journal of Biomechanics, Vol: 49, Pages: 100-111, ISSN: 1873-2380
Implantation of a personalised external aortic root support (PEARS) in the Marfan aorta is a new procedure that has emerged recently, but its haemodynamic implication has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to compare the flow characteristics and hemodynamic indices in the aorta before and after insertion of PEARS, using combined cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Pre- and post-PEARS MR images were acquired from 3 patients and used to build patient-specific models and upstream flow conditions, which were incorporated into the CFD simulations. The results revealed that while the qualitative patterns of the haemodynamics were similar before and after PEARS implantation, the post-PEARS aortas had slightly less disturbed flow at the sinuses, as a result of reduced diameters in the post-PEARS aortic roots. Quantitative differences were observed between the pre- and post-PEARS aortas, in that the mean values of helicity flow index (HFI) varied by -10%, 35% and 20% in post-PEARS aortas of Patients 1, 2 and 3, respectively, but all values were within the range reported for normal aortas. Comparisons with MR measured velocities in the descending aorta of Patient 2 demonstrated that the computational models were able to reproduce the important flow features observed in vivo.
Malkawi A, Pirianov G, Torsney E, et al., 2015, Increased Expression of Lamin A/C Correlate with Regions of High Wall Stress in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms., Aorta (Stamford), Vol: 3, Pages: 152-166, ISSN: 2325-4637
BACKGROUND: Since aortic diameter is the most -significant risk factor for rupture, we sought to identify stress-dependent changes in gene expression to illuminate novel molecular processes in aneurysm rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed finite element maps of abdominal computerized tomography scans (CTs) of seven abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients to map wall stress. Paired biopsies from high- and low-stress areas were collected at surgery using vascular landmarks as coordinates. Differential gene expression was evaluated by Illumina Array analysis, using the whole genome DNA-mediated, annealing, selection, extension, and ligation (DASL) gene chip (n = 3 paired samples). RESULTS: The sole significant candidate from this analysis, Lamin A/C, was validated at the protein level, using western blotting. Lamin A/C expression in the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) of AAA patients was compared to a control group and in aortic smooth muscle cells in culture in response to physiological pulsatile stretch. -Areas of high wall stress (n = 7) correlate to those -regions which have the thinnest walls [778 µm (585-1120 µm)] in comparison to areas of lowest wall stress [1620 µm (962-2919 µm)]. Induced expression of Lamin A/C -correlated with areas of high wall stress from AAAs but was not significantly induced in the IMV from AAA patients compared to controls (n = 16). Stress-induced expression of Lamin A/C was mimicked by exposing aortic smooth muscle cells to prolonged pulsatile stretch. CONCLUSION: Lamin A/C protein is specifically increased in areas of high wall stress in AAA from patients, but is not increased on other vascular beds of aneurysm patients, suggesting that its elevation may be a compensatory response to the pathobiology leading to aneurysms.
Su J, Gu Z, Chen C, et al., 2015, A two-layer mesh method for discrete element simulation of gas-particle systems with arbitrarily polyhedral mesh, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Vol: 103, Pages: 759-780, ISSN: 0029-5981
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- Citations: 33
Zhan W, Gedroyc W, Xu X, 2015, Drug Delivery to Solid Tumour with High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Heating, The 21st CLSS-UK Annual Conference
Li Z-Y, Tan FPP, Soloperto G, et al., 2015, Flow pattern analysis in a highly stenotic patient-specific carotid bifurcation model using a turbulence model, COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 18, Pages: 1099-1107, ISSN: 1025-5842
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- Citations: 19
Liu C, Krishnan J, Xu X-Y, 2015, Intrinsic and induced drug resistance mechanisms at the cellular and tissue scales, Integrative Biology, ISSN: 1757-9694
Singh SD, Xu XY, Pepper JR, et al., 2015, Biomechanical properties of the Marfan's aortic root and ascending aorta before and after personalised external aortic root support surgery., Medical Engineering & Physics, Vol: 37, Pages: 759-766, ISSN: 1873-4030
Marfan syndrome is an inherited systemic connective tissue disease which may lead to aortic root disease causing dilatation, dissection and rupture of the aorta. The standard treatment is a major operation involving either an artificial valve and aorta or a complex valve repair. More recently, a personalised external aortic root support (PEARS) has been used to strengthen the aorta at an earlier stage of the disease avoiding risk of both rupture and major surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the stress and strain fields of the Marfan aortic root and ascending aorta before and after insertion of PEARS in order to understand its biomechanical implications. Finite element (FE) models were developed using patient-specific aortic geometries reconstructed from pre and post-PEARS magnetic resonance images in three Marfan patients. For the post-PEARS model, two scenarios were investigated-a bilayer model where PEARS and the aortic wall were treated as separate layers, and a single-layer model where PEARS was incorporated into the aortic wall. The wall and PEARS materials were assumed to be isotropic, incompressible and linearly elastic. A static load on the inner wall corresponding to the patients' pulse pressure was applied. Results from our FE models with patient-specific geometries show that peak aortic stresses and displacements before PEARS were located at the sinuses of Valsalva but following PEARS surgery, these peak values were shifted to the aortic arch, particularly at the interface between the supported and unsupported aorta. Further studies are required to assess the statistical significance of these findings and how PEARS compares with the standard treatment.
Kandail H, Hamady M, Xu XY, 2015, Comparison of blood flow in branched and fenestrated stent-grafts for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms., Journal of Endovascular Therapy, Vol: 22, Pages: 578-590, ISSN: 1545-1550
PURPOSE: To report a computational study assessing the hemodynamic outcomes of branched stent-grafts (BSGs) for different anatomic variations. METHODS: Idealized models of BSGs and fenestrated stent-grafts (FSGs) were constructed with different visceral takeoff angles (ToA) and lateral aortic neck angles. ToA was defined as the angle between the centerlines of the main stent-graft and side branch, with 90° representing normal alignment, and 30° and 120° representing angulated side branches. Computational simulations were performed by solving the conservation equations governing the blood flow under physiologically realistic conditions. RESULTS: The largest renal flow recirculation zones (FRZs) were observed in FSGs at a ToA of 30°, and the smallest FRZ was also found in FSGs (at a ToA of 120°). For straight-neck stent-grafts with a ToA of 90°, mean flow in each renal artery was 0.54, 0.46, and 0.62 L/min in antegrade BSGs, retrograde BSGs, and FSGs, respectively. For angulated stent-grafts, the corresponding values were 0.53, 0.48, and 0.63 L/min. All straight-neck stent-grafts experienced equal cycle-averaged displacement forces of 1.25, 1.69, and 1.95 N at ToAs of 30°, 90°, and 120°, respectively. Angulated main stent-grafts experienced an equal cycle-averaged displacement force of 3.6 N. CONCLUSION: The blood flow rate in renal arteries depends on the configuration of the stent-graft, with an FSG giving maximum renal flow and a retrograde BSG resulting in minimum renal flow. Nevertheless, the difference was small, up to 0.09 L/min. Displacement forces exerted on stent-grafts are very sensitive to lateral neck angle but not on the configuration of the stent-graft.
Wang Z, Wood NB, Xu XY, 2015, A viscoelastic fluid-structure interaction model for carotid arteries under pulsatile flow, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 31, ISSN: 2040-7939
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- Citations: 13
Liu C, Xu XY, 2015, A systematic study of temperature sensitive liposomal delivery of doxorubicin using a mathematical model, Computers in Biology and Medicine, Vol: 60, Pages: 107-116, ISSN: 0010-4825
Cheng Z, Wood NB, Gibbs RGJ, et al., 2015, Geometric and Flow Features of Type B Aortic Dissection: Initial Findings and Comparison of Medically Treated and Stented Cases, ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 43, Pages: 177-189, ISSN: 0090-6964
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- Citations: 54
Liu C, Krishnan J, Xu XY, 2015, Intrinsic and induced drug resistance mechanisms: <i>in silico</i> investigations at the cellular and tissue scales, INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY, Vol: 7, Pages: 1044-1060, ISSN: 1757-9694
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- Citations: 3
Kidher E, Cheng Z, Jarral OA, et al., 2014, In-vivo assessment of the morphology and hemodynamic functions of the BioValsalva (TM) composite valve-conduit graft using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computational modelling technology, Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Vol: 9, ISSN: 1749-8090
Background: The evaluation of any new cardiac valvular prosthesis should go beyond the classical morbidityand mortality rates and involve hemodynamic assessment. As a proof of concept, the objective of this study wasto characterise for the first time the hemodynamics and the blood flow profiles at the aortic root in patientsimplanted with BioValsalva™ composite valve-conduit using comprehensive MRI and computer technologies.Methods: Four male patients implanted with BioValsalva™ and 2 age-matched normal controls (NC) underwent cardiacmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Phase-contrast imaging with velocity-mapping in 3 orthogonal directions wasperformed at the level of the aortic root and descending thoracic aorta. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulationswere performed for all the subjects with patient-specific flow information derived from phase-contrast MR data.Results: The maximum and mean flow rates throughout the cardiac cycle at the aortic root level were very comparablebetween NC and BioValsalva™ patients (541 ± 199 vs. 567 ± 75 ml/s) and (95 ± 46 vs. 96 ± 10 ml/s), respectively.The maximum velocity (cm/s) was higher in patients (314 ± 49 vs. 223 ± 20; P = 0.06) due to relatively smaller effectiveorifice area (EOA), 2.99 ± 0.47 vs. 4.40 ± 0.24 cm2 (P = 0.06), however, the BioValsalva™ EOA was comparable to otherreported prosthesis. The cross-sectional area and maximum diameter at the root were comparable between the twogroups. BioValsalva™ conduit was stiffer than the native aortic wall, compliance (mm2 • mmHg−1 • 10−3) values were(12.6 ± 4.2 vs 25.3 ± 0.4.; P = 0.06). The maximum time-averaged wall shear stress (Pa), at the ascending aorta wasequivalent between the two groups, 17.17 ± 2.7 (NC) vs. 17.33 ± 4.7 (BioValsalva™ ). Flow streamlines at the root andascending aorta were also similar between the two groups apa
Zhan W, Gedroyc W, Xu XY, 2014, Effect of heterogeneous microvasculature distribution on drug delivery to solid tumour, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, Vol: 47, ISSN: 0022-3727
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- Citations: 29
Kandail H, Hamady M, Xu XY, 2014, Patient-specific analysis of displacement forces acting on fenestrated stent grafts for endovascular aneurysm repair, JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS, Vol: 47, Pages: 3546-3554, ISSN: 0021-9290
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- Citations: 29
Botto L, Preuss K, Robertson LX, et al., 2014, Physical characterisation and yield stress of a concentrated <i>Miscanthus</i> suspension, RHEOLOGICA ACTA, Vol: 53, Pages: 805-815, ISSN: 0035-4511
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- Citations: 5
Takizawa K, Torii R, Takagi H, et al., 2014, Coronary arterial dynamics computation with medical-image-based time-dependent anatomical models and element-based zero-stress state estimates, COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS, Vol: 54, Pages: 1047-1053, ISSN: 0178-7675
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- Citations: 36
Cheng Z, Juli C, Wood NB, et al., 2014, Predicting flow in aortic dissection: Comparison of computational model with PC-MRI velocity measurements, MEDICAL ENGINEERING & PHYSICS, Vol: 36, Pages: 1176-1184, ISSN: 1350-4533
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Zhan W, Gedroyc W, Xu XY, 2014, Mathematical Modelling of Drug Transport and Uptake in a Realistic Model of Solid Tumour., Protein and Peptide Letters, Vol: 21, Pages: 1146-1156, ISSN: 1875-5305
Effective delivery of therapeutic agents to tumour cells is essential to the success of most cancer treatment therapies except for surgery. The transport of drug in solid tumours involves multiple biophysical and biochemical processes which are strongly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the drug and biological properties of the tumour. Owing to the complexities involved, mathematical models are playing an increasingly important role in identifying the factors leading to inadequate drug delivery to tumours. In this study, a computational model is developed which incorporates real tumour geometry reconstructed from magnetic resonance images, drug transport through the tumour vasculature and interstitium, as well as drug uptake by tumour cells. The effectiveness of anticancer therapy is evaluated based on the percentage of survival tumour cells by directly solving the pharmacodynamics equation using predicted intracellular drug concentrations. Computational simulations are performed for the delivery of doxorubicin through different administration modes and doses. Our predictions show that continuous infusion is far more effective than bolus injection in maintaining high levels of intracellular drug concentration, thereby increasing drug uptake by tumour cells. On the other hand, bolus injection leads to higher extracellular concentration in both tumour and normal tissues compared to continuous infusion, which is undesirable as high drug concentration in normal tissues may increase the risk of associated side effects.
Massai D, Pisani G, Rodriguez A, et al., 2014, A bioreactor-based model system for cardiac tissue investigation and culture, JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, Vol: 8, Pages: 481-481, ISSN: 1932-6254
Kousera CA, Nijjer S, Torii R, et al., 2014, Patient-Specific Coronary Stenoses Can Be Modeled Using a Combination of OCT and Flow Velocities to Accurately Predict Hyperemic Pressure Gradients, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 61, Pages: 1902-1913, ISSN: 0018-9294
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Su J, Gu Z, Zhang M, et al., 2014, An improved version of RIGID for discrete element simulation of particle flows with arbitrarily complex geometries, POWDER TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 253, Pages: 393-405, ISSN: 0032-5910
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Zhan W, Xu XY, 2014, Simulation of hifu heating in solid tumour: Comparison of different temperature control modes, Pages: 176-179, ISSN: 2305-5995
Three different temperature control modes used in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) heating of solid tumour are compared in this study. Results show that the control mode with an independent temperature monitor for each focused region is effective in achieving a rapid temperature rise and maintaining a stable temperature level in tumour.
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