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  • Journal article
    Hatfield P, Rose S, Scott R, Almosallam I, Roberts S, Jarvis Met al., 2020,

    Using sparse Gaussian processes for predicting robust inertial confinement fusion implosion yields

    , IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol: 48, Pages: 14-21, ISSN: 0093-3813

    Here, we present the application of an advanced sparse Gaussian process-based machine learning algorithm to the challenge of predicting the yields of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. The algorithm is used to investigate the parameter space of an extremely robust ICF design for the National Ignition Facility, the ``Simplest Design''; deuterium-tritium gas in a plastic ablator with a Gaussian, Planckian drive. In particular, we show that: 1) GPz has the potential to decompose uncertainty on predictions into uncertainty from lack of data and shot-to-shot variation; 2) it permits the incorporation of science-goal-specific cost-sensitive learning (CSL), e.g., focusing on the high-yield parts of parameter space; and 3) it is very fast and effective in high dimensions.

  • Conference paper
    Jonsson JC, Farbaniec L, Escauriza EM, Smith LC, Chapman DJ, Eakins DEet al., 2020,

    Effect of Texture on Elastic Precursor Decay in Magnesium Alloy AZ31B

    , 21st Biennial American-Physical-Society -Topical-Group Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X
  • Conference paper
    Proud WG, Martin E, Tear GR, Sory DRet al., 2020,

    The Effect of Temperature on the Failure of a Simple Perspex Structure

    , 21st Biennial American-Physical-Society -Topical-Group Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X
  • Conference paper
    Lee JJ, Sory DR, Proud WG, 2020,

    Simulation of Two-gauge Measurement Method on the SHPB for Testing Soft Materials

    , 21st Biennial American-Physical-Society -Topical-Group Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X
  • Conference paper
    Magnus D, Sory DR, Lee J, Khan MA, Proud WGet al., 2020,

    Study of Soft Material Blast Mitigation Effects Using a Shock Tube

    , 21st Biennial American-Physical-Society -Topical-Group Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X
  • Journal article
    Kettle B, Gerstmayr E, Streeter MJV, Albert F, Baggott RA, Bourgeois N, Cole JM, Dann S, Falk K, Gallardo González I, Hussein AE, Lemos N, Lopes NC, Lundh O, Ma Y, Rose SJ, Spindloe C, Symes DR, Šmíd M, Thomas AGR, Watt R, Mangles SPDet al., 2019,

    Single-shot multi-keV X-ray absorption spectroscopy using an ultrashort laser-wakefield accelerator source

    , Physical Review Letters, Vol: 123, Pages: 254801-1-254801-6, ISSN: 0031-9007

    Single-shot absorption measurements have been performed using the multi-keV x rays generated by a laser-wakefield accelerator. A 200 TW laser was used to drive a laser-wakefield accelerator in a mode which produced broadband electron beams with a maximum energy above 1 GeV and a broad divergence of ≈15  mrad FWHM. Betatron oscillations of these electrons generated 1.2±0.2×106  photons/eV in the 5 keV region, with a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 300∶1. This was sufficient to allow high-resolution x-ray absorption near-edge structure measurements at the K edge of a titanium sample in a single shot. We demonstrate that this source is capable of single-shot, simultaneous measurements of both the electron and ion distributions in matter heated to eV temperatures by comparison with density functional theory simulations. The unique combination of a high-flux, large bandwidth, few femtosecond duration x-ray pulse synchronized to a high-power laser will enable key advances in the study of ultrafast energetic processes such as electron-ion equilibration.

  • Journal article
    Yanuka D, Theocharous S, Bland SN, 2019,

    Pulsed power driven cylindrical wire array explosions in different media

    , PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, Vol: 26, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 1070-664X

    Cylindrical copper wire array explosions were carried out in de-ionized water, sodium polytungstate solution, nitromethane, and polyester in order to obtain high energy density conditions in the vicinity of implosion using the generated converging shock waves. The use of different materials in which the array is immersed can contribute to this goal with higher density resulting in higher shock velocities and possible combustion. The generated shock waves were captured by a framing and a streak camera, and shock velocities were calculated and compared. The pressure behind the shock front was calculated using the known hydrodynamic relations (for water, polytungstate, and polyester) and compared to two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations coupled with the equations of state (for water and polyester). It was shown that despite lower shock wave velocity in polytungstate solution than in water, the pressures generated are similar in both materials. In polyester, both shock velocities and generated pressures are 2–4 times higher than in water. It was also shown that it is possible to carry out these explosions in a solid which has several advantages compared to liquids, such as not relying on waterproof systems and easier transportation.

  • Journal article
    Beesley JJ, Rose SJ, 2019,

    Free electron relativistic correction factors to collisional excitation and ionisation rates in a plasma

    , High Energy Density Physics, Vol: 33, ISSN: 1574-1818

    This paper presents approximate correction factors to collisional excitation and ionisation rates which account for special relativity in the free electron motion as a function of free electron temperature and the threshold energy of the reaction. These are calculated by taking the ratio of collisional rates derived from simple empirical cross sections using relativistic and non-relativistic mechanics. These results are extended to de-excitation and three body recombination rates using detailed balance. It is found that the relativistic correction is significant in regimes potentially important to galactic intracluster media and diagnostic dopants in burning ICF plasmas.

  • Journal article
    Rankin IA, Thuy-Tien N, Carpanen D, Clasper JC, Masouros SDet al., 2019,

    Restricting Lower Limb Flail is Key to Preventing Fatal Pelvic Blast Injury

    , ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 47, Pages: 2232-2240, ISSN: 0090-6964
  • Conference paper
    Nilsen J, Burridge D, Hobbs LMR, Hoarty D, Beiersdorfer P, Brown GV, Hell N, Panchenko D, Gu MF, Saunders AM, Scott HA, London RA, Hatfield P, Hill MP, Wilson L, Charles R, Brown CRD, Rose Set al., 2019,

    Enhanced fluorescence from x-ray line coincidence pumping of K-pumped Cl and Mg-pumped Ge plasmas

    , X-Ray Lasers and Coherent X-Ray Sources: Development and Applications XIII, Publisher: SPIE, Pages: 1111105-1-1111105-6

    Many resonant photo-pumped X-ray laser schemes that use a strong pump line such as Ly-α or He-α to populate the upper laser state of a separate lasing material have been proposed over the last four decades but none have been demonstrated. As a first step to creating a photo-pumped X-ray laser we decided to reinvestigate some of these schemes at the Orion laser facility with the goal to demonstrate enhanced fluorescence as a first step toward creating a laser. In particular we look at using the Ly-α or He-α K lines to pump the 1s – 3p and 4p transitions in H-like Cl and see fluorescence on the 4f -3d line at 65 Å and the 3d – 2p line at 23 Å. Preliminary experiments are presented that show a modest enhancement of 40% on the 3d-2p line. As an alternative we also look at enhancing the 2p – 2s line in Ne-like Ge at 65Å using the Ly-α Mg line to photo-pump the 2s – 3p line of Ne-like Ge. Calculations are presented that suggest modest enhancements of 2.5 and recent experiments will be presented that show emission from a Ge plasma pumped by the Ly-α Mg line.

  • Journal article
    Pérez-Callejo G, Wark JS, Rose SJ, 2019,

    Radiation transfer in cylindrical, toroidal and hemi-ellipsoidal plasmas

    , Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol: 235, Pages: 24-30, ISSN: 0022-4073

    We present solutions of the radiative transfer equation for cylinders, hollow hemi-ellipsoidal shells and tori for a uniform plasma of fixed geometry. The radiative transfer equation is explicitly solved for two directions of emission, parallel and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. The ratio between the fluxes in these two directions is also calculated and its use in measuring the frequency resolved opacity of the plasma is discussed. We find that the optimal geometry to use this ratio as an opacity measurement is a planar geometry.

  • Journal article
    Weller ME, Beiersdorfer P, Lockard TE, Brown GV, McKelvey A, Nilsen J, Shepherd R, Soukhanovskii VA, Hill MP, Hobbs LMR, Burridge D, Hoarty DJ, Morton J, Wilson L, Rose SJ, Hatfield Pet al., 2019,

    Observation of He-like satellite lines of the H-like potassium K XIX emission

    , Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 881, ISSN: 0004-637X

    We present measurements of the H-like potassium (K XIX) X-ray spectrum and its Helike (K XVIII) satellite lines, which are situated in the wavelength region between 3.34 and 3.39Å, which has been of interest for the detection of dark matter. The measurements were takenwith a high-resolution X-ray spectrometer from targets irradiated by a long-pulse (2 ns) beamfrom the Orion laser facility. We obtain experimental wavelength values of dielectronicrecombination satellite lines and show that the ratio of the Lyα lines and their dielectronicsatellite lines can be used to estimate the electron temperature, which in our case was about1.5±0.3 keV.

  • Journal article
    Hare JD, MacDonald J, Bland S, Dranczewski J, Halliday J, Lebedev S, Suttle L, Tubman E, Rozmus Wet al., 2019,

    Two-colour interferometry and Thomson scattering measurements of a plasma gun

    , Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol: 61, ISSN: 0741-3335

    We present experimental measurements of a pulsed plasma gun, using two-colour imaging laser interferometry and spatially resolved Thomson scattering. Interferometry measurements give an electron density ne ≈ 2.7 × 1017 cm−3 at the centre of the plasma plume, at 5 mm from the plasma gun nozzle. The Thomson scattered light is collected from two probing angles allowed us to simultaneously measure the collective and non-collective spectrum of the electron feature from the same spatial locations. The inferred electron densities from the location of the electron plasma waves is in agreement with interferometry. The electron temperatures inferred from the two spectra are not consistent, with Te ≈ 10 eV for non-collective scattering and Te ≈ 30 eV for collective scattering. We discuss various broadening mechanisms such as finite aperture effects, density gradients within the collective volume and collisional broadening to account for some of this discrepancy. We also note the significant red/blue asymmetry of the electron plasma waves in the collective scattering spectra, which could relate to kinetic effects distorting the distribution function of the electrons.

  • Working paper
    Hare JD, MacDonald J, Bland SN, Dranczewski J, Halliday JWD, Lebedev S, Suttle LG, Tubman ER, Rozmus Wet al., 2019,

    Two-colour interferometry and Thomson scattering measurements of a plasma gun

    , Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD
  • Journal article
    Ota TA, Amott R, Carlson CA, Chapman DJ, Collinson MA, Corrow RB, Eakins DE, Graves TE, Hartsfield TM, Holtkamp DB, Iverson AJ, Richley JC, Stone JBet al., 2019,

    Comparison of Simultaneous Shock Temperature Measurements from Three Different Pyrometry Systems

    , Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials, ISSN: 2199-7446
  • Journal article
    Hoarty DJ, Morton J, Jeffery M, Pattison LK, Wardlow A, Mangles SPD, Rose SJ, Iglesias C, Opachich K, Heeter RF, Perry TSet al., 2019,

    A proposal to measure iron opacity at conditions close to the solar convective zone-radiative zone boundary

    , High Energy Density Physics, Vol: 32, Pages: 70-76, ISSN: 1574-1818

    A major problem in stellar modelling is the discrepancy between solar models and helioseismology data in the position of the convective zone-radiative zone boundary in the sun. This could be explained by a large uncertainty in the calculated opacity data and recent experimental data on iron using the Sandia National Laboratory Z facility have shown large differences, up to a factor of 4, between measurement and prediction at plasma conditions close to the convective zone-radiative zone boundary. This paper describes a proposal for a radiative burn-through experiment to be fielded on NIF to observe if a radiation wave transit through a Fe2O3 sample is consistent with the factor of 2-4 change in the iron opacity seen in the Z experiments. A target design and the diagnostic method are described. A detailed radiation-hydrodynamic model has been used to generate synthetic results and explore the sensitivities and experimental accuracy needed for the proposed measurement.

  • Journal article
    Cohen A, Levi-Hevroni D, Fridman P, Chapman D, Rack A, Olbinado MP, Yosef-Hai A, Eakins Det al., 2019,

    In-situ radiography of a split-Hopkinson bar dynamically loaded materials

    , JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION, Vol: 14, ISSN: 1748-0221
  • Journal article
    Perez-Callejo G, Jarrott LC, Liedahl DA, Marley EV, Kemp GE, Heeter RF, Emig JA, Foord ME, Widmann K, Jaquez J, Huang H, Rose S, Wark JS, Schneidner MBet al., 2019,

    Laboratory measurements of geometrical effects in the x-ray emission of optically thick lines for ICF diagnostics

    , Physics of Plasmas, Vol: 26, ISSN: 1070-664X

    Understanding the effects of radiative transfer in High Energy Density Physics experiments is critical for the characterization of the thermodynamic properties of highly ionized matter, in particular in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). We report on non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium experiments on cylindrical targets carried out at the Omega Laser Facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester NY, which aim to characterize these effects. In these experiments, a 50/50 mixture of iron and vanadium, with a thickness of 2000 Å and a diameter of 250 μm, is contained within a beryllium tamper, with a thickness of 10 μm and a diameter of 1000 μm. Each side of the beryllium tamper is then irradiated using 18 of the 60 Omega beams with an intensity of roughly 3 × 1014 W cm−2 per side, over a duration of 3 ns. Spectroscopic measurements show that a plasma temperature on the order of 2 keV was produced. Imaging data show that the plasma remains cylindrical, with geometrical aspect ratios (quotient between the height and the radius of the cylinder) from 0.4 to 2.0. The temperatures in this experiment were kept sufficiently low (∼1–2 keV) so that the optically thin Li-like satellite emission could be used for temperature diagnosis. This allowed for the characterization of optical-depth-dependent geometric effects in the vanadium line emission. Simulations present good agreement with the data, which allows this study to benchmark these effects in order to take them into account to deduce temperature and density in future ICF experiments, such as those performed at the National Ignition Facility.

  • Conference paper
    Nguyen TT, Masouros S, 2019,

    Penetration of Blast Fragments to the Thorax

    , International Research Council On Biomechanics Of Injury 2019
  • Conference paper
    Nguyen TT, Masouros S, 2019,

    Penetration of Blast Fragments to the Thorax

    , International Research Council On Biomechanics Of Injury
  • Journal article
    Hatfield P, Rose S, Scott R, 2019,

    The blind implosion-maker: Automated inertial confinement fusion experiment design

    , Physics of Plasmas, Vol: 26, ISSN: 1070-664X

    The design of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments, alongside improving the development of energy density physics theory and experimental methods, is one of the key challenges in the quest for nuclear fusion as a viable energy source [O. A. Hurricane, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 717, 012005 (2016)]. Recent challenges in achieving a high-yield implosion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have led to new interest in considering a much wider design parameter space than normally studied [J. L. Peterson et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 032702 (2017)]. Here, we report an algorithmic approach that can produce reasonable ICF designs with minimal assumptions. In particular, we use the genetic algorithm metaheuristic, in which “populations” of implosions are simulated, the design of the capsule is described by a “genome,” natural selection removes poor designs, high quality designs are “mated” with each other based on their yield, and designs undergo “mutations” to introduce new ideas. We show that it takes ∼5 × 104 simulations for the algorithm to find an original NIF design. We also link this method to other parts of the design process and look toward a completely automated ICF experiment design process—changing ICF from an experiment design problem to an algorithm design problem.

  • Conference paper
    Nguyen TT, Meek G, Masouros S, 2019,

    Blast Fragment Protection for The Extremities

    , Light Weight Armour for Defense & Security 2019
  • Journal article
    Derrick JG, Rutherford ME, Chapman DJ, Davison TM, Duarte JPP, Farbaniec L, Bland PA, Eakins DE, Collins GSet al., 2019,

    Investigating shock processes in bimodal powder compaction through modelling and experiment at the mesoscale

    , International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol: 163, Pages: 211-219, ISSN: 0020-7683

    Impact-driven compaction is a proposed mechanism for the lithification of primordial bimodal granular mixtures from which many meteorites derive. We present a numerical-experimental mesoscale study that investigates the fundamental processes in shock compaction of this heterogeneous matter, using analog materials. Experiments were performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility generating real-time, in-situ, X-ray radiographs of the shock's passage in representative granular systems. Mesoscale simulations were performed using a shock physics code and set-ups that were geometrically identical to the experiments. We considered two scenarios: pure matrix, and matrix with a single chondrule. Good agreement was found between experiments and models in terms of shock position and post-shock compaction in the pure powder setup. When considering a single grain embedded in matrix we observed a spatial porosity anisotropy in its vicinity; the compaction was greater in the region immediately shockward of the grain, and less in its lee. We introduced the porosity vector, C, which points in the direction of lowest compaction across a chondrule. This direction-dependent observation may present a new way to decode the magnitude, and direction, of a single shock wave experienced by a meteorite in the past.

  • Journal article
    Yanuka D, Rososhek A, Theocharous S, Bland SN, Krasik YE, Olbinado MP, Rack A, Oreshkin EVet al., 2019,

    X-ray radiography of the overheating instability in underwater electrical explosions of wires

    , Physics of Plasmas, Vol: 26, ISSN: 1070-664X

    We present the measurements of the development of striation like instabilities during the electrical driven explosions of wires in a waterbath. In vacuum based wire explosion experiments, such instabilities have long been known. However, in spite of intense research into theexplosion of wires in liquids, the development of these instabilities has either not been observed or has been assumed to play a minor role inthe parameters of the exploding wire due to the tamping of the wire’s explosion. Using synchrotron based multiframe radiography, we haveseen the development of platelike density structures along an exploding copper wire. Our measurements were compared to a 2Dmagnetohydrodynamics simulation, showing similar striation formation. These observed instabilities could affect the measurements of theconductivity of the wire material in the gas-plasma state—an important parameter in the warm dense matter community. The striationscould also act as a seed for other instabilities later in time if the wire is in a dense flow of material or experiences a shock from an adjacentwire—as it would do in experiments with arrays of wires.

  • Journal article
    Gould O, Mangles S, Rajantie A, Rose S, Xie Cet al., 2019,

    Observing thermal Schwinger pair production

    , Physical Review A, Vol: 99, ISSN: 1050-2947

    We study the possibility of observing Schwinger pair production enhanced by a thermal bath of photons. We consider the full range of temperatures and electric field intensities from pure Schwinger production to pure thermal production, and identify the most promising and interesting regimes. In particular, we identify temperatures of ∼ 20 keV/kB and field intensities of ∼ 10²³ W cm¯² where pair production would be observable. In this case, the thermal enhancement over the Schwinger rate is exponentially large and due to effects which are not visible at any finite order in the loop expansion. Pair production in this regime can thus be described as more nonperturbative than the usual Schwinger process, which appears at one loop. Unfortunately, such high temperatures appear to be out of reach of foreseeable technologies, though nonthermal photon distributions with comparable energy densities are possible. We suggest the possibility that similar nonperturbative enhancements may extend out of equilibrium and propose an experimental scheme to test this.

  • Journal article
    Yanuka D, Theocharous S, Efimov S, Bland SN, Rososhek A, Krasik YE, Olbinado MP, Rack Aet al., 2019,

    Synchrotron based X-ray radiography of convergent shock waves driven by underwater electrical explosion of a cylindrical wire array

    , Journal of Applied Physics, Vol: 125, ISSN: 0021-8979

    We present X-ray radiography images showing the propagation of shock waves generated by electrical explosion of a cylindrical arrangement of wires in water driven by pulsed power. In previous experiments [S. N. Bland et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 082702 (2017)], the merger of shock waves from adjacent wires has produced a highly symmetrical, cylindrical shock wave converging on the axis, where it is expected to produce a high density, strongly coupled plasma ideal for warm dense matter research. However, diagnostic limitations have meant that much of the dynamics of the system has been inferred from the position of the front of the cylindrical shock and timing/spectra of light emitted from the axis. Here, we present a synchrotron-based radiography of such experiments—providing direct quantitative measurements on the formation of the convergent shock wave, the increased density of water on the axis caused by its arrival, and its “bounce” after arrival on the axis. The obtained images are compared with two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, which reproduce the observed dynamics with a satisfactory agreement in density values.

  • Journal article
    Pissarenko A, Yang W, Quan H, Brown KA, Williams A, Proud WG, Meyers MAet al., 2019,

    Tensile behavior and structural characterization of pig dermis

    , ACTA BIOMATERIALIA, Vol: 86, Pages: 77-95, ISSN: 1742-7061
  • Journal article
    Perez-Callejo G, Liedahl DA, Schneider MB, Rose SJ, Wark JSet al., 2019,

    The use of geometric effects in diagnosing ion density in ICF-related dot spectroscopy experiments

    , High Energy Density Physics, Vol: 30, Pages: 45-51, ISSN: 1574-1818

    We describe a method to calculate the ion density of High Energy Density (HED) cylindrical plasmas used in dot spectroscopy experiments. This method requires only spectroscopic measurements of the Heα region obtained from two views (Face-on and Side-on). We make use of the fact that the geometry of the plasma affects the observed flux of optically thick lines. The ion density can be derived from the aspect ratio (height-to-radius) of the cylinder and the optical depth of the Heα-y line (1s2p 3P1 → 1s2 1S0). The aspect ratio and the optical depth of the y line are obtained from the spectra using ratios measured from the two directions of emission of the optically thick Heα-w line (1s2p 1P1 → 1s2 1S0) and the ratio of the optically thick to thin lines. The method can be applied to mid-Z elements at ion densities of 1019– and temperatures of a the order of keV, which is a relevant regime for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments.

  • Journal article
    Nguyen T-T, Pearce AP, Carpanen D, Sory D, Grigoriadis G, Newell N, Clasper J, Bull A, Proud WG, Masouros SDet al., 2019,

    Experimental platforms to study blast injury

    , Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, Vol: 165, Pages: 33-37, ISSN: 2052-0468

    Injuries sustained due to attacks from explosive weapons are multiple in number, complex in nature, and not well characterised. Blast may cause damage to the human body by the direct effect of overpressure, penetration by highly energised fragments, and blunt trauma by violent displacements of the body. The ability to reproduce the injuries of such insults in a well-controlled fashion is essential in order to understand fully the unique mechanism by which they occur, and design better treatment and protection strategies to alleviate the resulting poor long-term outcomes. This paper reports a range of experimental platforms that have been developed for different blast injury models, their working mechanism, and main applications. These platforms include the shock tube, split-Hopkinson bars, the gas gun, drop towers and bespoke underbody blast simulators.

  • Journal article
    Theocharous SP, Bland SN, Yanuka D, Rososhek A, Olbinado MP, Rack A, Krasik YEet al., 2019,

    Use of synchrotron-based radiography to diagnose pulsed power driven wire explosion experiments

    , Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol: 90, ISSN: 0034-6748

    We describe the first use of synchrotron radiation to probe pulsed power driven high energy density physics experiments. Multi-frame x-ray radiography with interframe spacing of 704 ns and temporal resolution of <100 ps was used to diagnose the electrical explosion of different wire configurations in water including single copper and tungsten wires, parallel copper wire pairs, and copper x-pinches. Such experiments are of great interest to a variety of areas including equation of state studies and high pressure materials research, but the optical diagnostics that are usually employed in these experiments are unable to probe the areas behind the shock wave generated in the water, as well as the internal structure of the exploding material. The x-ray radiography presented here, performed at beamline ID19 at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), was able to image both sides of the shock to a resolution of up to 8 μm, and phase contrast imaging allowed fine details of the wire structure during the current driven explosion and the shock waves to be clearly observed. These results demonstrate the feasibility of pulsed power operated in conjunction with synchrotron facilities, as well as an effective technique in the study of shock waves and wire explosion dynamics.

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