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• Journal article
  Wu Y, Pan Y, Barnaghi P, Tan Z, Ge J, Wang Het al., 2022,

  Editorial: Big data technologies and applications

  , WIRELESS NETWORKS, Vol: 28, Pages: 1163-1167, ISSN: 1022-0038
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• Journal article
  Wairagkar M, Lima MR, Bazo D, Craig R, Weissbart H, Etoundi AC, Reichenbach T, Iyenger P, Vaswani S, James C, Barnaghi P, Melhuish C, Vaidyanathan Ret al., 2022,

  Emotive response to a hybrid-face robot and translation to consumer social robots

  , IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol: 9, Pages: 3174-3188, ISSN: 2327-4662

  We present the conceptual formulation, design, fabrication, control and commercial translation of an IoT enabled social robot as mapped through validation of human emotional response to its affective interactions. The robot design centres on a humanoid hybrid-face that integrates a rigid faceplate with a digital display to simplify conveyance of complex facial movements while providing the impression of three-dimensional depth. We map the emotions of the robot to specific facial feature parameters, characterise recognisability of archetypical facial expressions, and introduce pupil dilation as an additional degree of freedom for emotion conveyance. Human interaction experiments demonstrate the ability to effectively convey emotion from the hybrid-robot face to humans. Conveyance is quantified by studying neurophysiological electroencephalography (EEG) response to perceived emotional information as well as through qualitative interviews. Results demonstrate core hybrid-face robotic expressions can be discriminated by humans (80%+ recognition) and invoke face-sensitive neurophysiological event-related potentials such as N170 and Vertex Positive Potentials in EEG. The hybrid-face robot concept has been modified, implemented, and released by Emotix Inc in the commercial IoT robotic platform Miko (‘My Companion’), an affective robot currently in use for human-robot interaction with children. We demonstrate that human EEG responses to Miko emotions are comparative to that of the hybrid-face robot validating design modifications implemented for large scale distribution. Finally, interviews show above 90% expression recognition rates in our commercial robot. We conclude that simplified hybrid-face abstraction conveys emotions effectively and enhances human-robot interaction.

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• Journal article
  Hine C, Nilforooshan R, Barnaghi P, 2022,

  Ethical considerations in design and implementation of home-based smart care for dementia

  , Nursing Ethics: an international journal for health care professionals, Vol: 29, Pages: 1035-1046, ISSN: 0969-7330

  It has now become a realistic prospect for smart care to be provided at home for those living with long-term conditions such as dementia. In the contemporary smart care scenario, homes are fitted with an array of sensors for remote monitoring providing data that feed into intelligent systems developed to highlight concerning patterns of behaviour or physiological measurements and to alert healthcare professionals to the need for action. This paper explores some ethical issues that may arise within such smart care systems, focusing on the extent to which ethical issues can be addressed at the system design stage. Artificial intelligence has been widely portrayed as an ethically risky technology, posing challenges for privacy and human autonomy and with the potential to introduce and exacerbate bias and inequality. While broad principles for ethical artificial intelligence have become established, the mechanisms for governing ethical artificial intelligence are still evolving. In healthcare settings the implementation of smart technologies falls within the existing frameworks for ethical review and governance. Feeding into this ethical review there are many practical steps that designers can take to build ethical considerations into the technology. After exploring the pre-emptive steps that can be taken in design and governance to provide for an ethical smart care system, the paper reviews the potential for further ethical challenges to arise within the everyday implementation of smart care systems in the context of dementia, despite the best efforts of all concerned to pre-empt them. The paper concludes with an exploration of the dilemmas that may thus face healthcare professionals involved in implementing this kind of smart care and with a call for further research to explore ethical dimensions of smart care both in terms of general principles and lived experience.

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• Journal article
  Natarajan N, Vaitheswaran S, Raposo de Lima M, Wairagkar M, Vaidyanathan Ret al., 2022,

  Acceptability of social robots and adaptation of hybrid-face robot for dementia care in India: a qualitative study

  , American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Vol: 30, Pages: 240-245, ISSN: 1064-7481

  ObjectivesThis study aims to understand the acceptability of social robots and the adaptation of the Hybrid-Face Robot for dementia care in India.MethodsWe conducted a focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with persons with dementia (PwD), their caregivers, professionals in the field of dementia, and technical experts in robotics to collect qualitative data.ResultsThis study explored the following themes: Acceptability of Robots in Dementia Care in India, Adaptation of Hybrid-Face Robot and Future of Robots in Dementia Care. Caregivers and PwD were open to the idea of social robot use in dementia care; caregivers perceived it to help with the challenges of caregiving and positively viewed a future with robots.DiscussionThis study is the first of its kind to explore the use of social robots in dementia care in India by highlighting user needs and requirements that determine acceptability and guiding adaptation.

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• Patent
  Qingju L, Barnaghi P, 2021,

  IoT-based intelligent bed sensor system for contactless respiratory rate monitoring

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