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Journal articleChiquier S, Patrizio P, Bui M, et al., 2023,
A comparative analysis of the efficiency, timing, and permanence of CO<sub>2</sub> removal pathways(Vol 15, pg 4389, 2022)
, ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, Vol: 16, Pages: 321-321, ISSN: 1754-5692 -
Journal articleAndrews E, Muggeridge A, Jones A, et al., 2023,
Pore structure and wetting alteration combine to produce the low salinity effect on oil production
, Fuel: the science and technology of fuel and energy, Vol: 332, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 0016-2361Low salinity water flooding is a promising enhanced oil recovery technique that has been observed, in experiments over a range of scales, to increase oil production by up to 14% in some systems. However, there is still no way of reliably predicting which systems will respond favourably to the technique. This shortcoming is partly because of a relative lack of pore scale observations of low salinity water flooding. This has led to a poor understanding of how mechanisms on the scale of micrometres lead to changes in fluid distribution on the scale of centimetres to reservoir scales. In this work, we use X-ray micro-CT scanning to image unsteady state experiments of tertiary low salinity water flooding in Berea, Castlegate, and Bunter sandstone micro-cores. We observe fluid saturations and characterise the wetting state of samples using imagery of fluid–solid fractional wetting and pore occupancy analysis. In the Berea sample, we observed an additional oil recovery of 3 percentage points during low salinity water flooding, with large volumes of oil displaced from small pores but also re-trapping of mobilised oil in large pores. In the Bunter sandstone, we observed 4 percentage point additional recovery with significant displacement of oil from small pores and no significant retrapping of oil in large pores. However, in the Castlegate sample, we observed just 1 percentage point of additional recovery and relatively small volumes of oil mobilisation. We observe a significant wettability alteration towards more water-wet conditions in the Berea and Bunter sandstones, but no significant alteration in the Castlegate sample. We hypothesise that pore structure, specifically the topology of large pores impacted recovery. We find that poor connectivity of the largest pores in each sample is strongly correlated to additional recovery. This work is the first systematic comparison of the pore scale response to low salinity flooding across multiple sandstone samples. Moreover
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Journal articleBazyleva A, Acree WE, Diky V, et al., 2023,
Reference materials for phase equilibrium studies. 2. Solid-liquid equilibria (IUPAC Technical Report)
, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol: 94, Pages: 1-23, ISSN: 0033-4545This article is the second of three projected IUPAC Technical Reports on reference materials for phase equilibrium studies. The goal of this project was to select reference systems with critically evaluated property values for the verification of instruments and techniques used in phase equilibrium studies of mixtures. This report proposes seven systems for solid–liquid equilibrium studies, covering the four most common categories of binary mixtures: aqueous systems with organic solutes, aqueous systems with inorganic solutes, non-aqueous systems, and systems with low solubility. For each system, the available literature sources, accepted data, smoothing equations, and estimated uncertainties are given.
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Journal articleEckel A-ME, Liyanage R, Kurotori T, et al., 2023,
Spatial moment analysis of convective mixing in three-dimensional porous media using X-ray CT images
, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol: 62, Pages: 762-774, ISSN: 0888-5885Dissolution trapping is one of the primary mechanisms of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in deep saline aquifers. The determination of the realized rates of CO2 dissolution requires an understanding of the mixing process that takes place following the emplacement of CO2 into the formation. Owing to the difficulty of reproducing the time-dependent convective process in porous media, experiments so far have largely focused on 2D systems (e.g., Hele-Shaw cells) and used analogue fluid pairs with properties that differ from the subsurface CO2/brine system. Here, we present a novel experimental approach to investigate the evolution of the convective mixing process in 3D porous media (homogeneous packings of glass beads) using X-ray computed tomography (CT). We explore a range of Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 3000–55000) and observe directly the mixing structures that arise upon dissolution. We compute from the images the temporal evolution of the spatial moments of the concentration distribution, including the cumulative dissolved mass, the location of the center of mass, and the standard deviation of the concentration field. The scalings of the spatial moments suggest an impact of hydrodynamic dispersion on the longitudinal mixing. We propose a simplified representation of the mixing process by analogy with the 1D advection–dispersion model. This enables the estimation of the bulk advective velocity and the effective longitudinal dispersion coefficient for each bead packing. These estimates suggest that the presence of the finger pattern and the counter-current flow structure enhance the longitudinal spreading of the solute by roughly 1 order of magnitude compared to unidirectional dispersion of a single-solute plume.
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Conference paperBakkaloglu S, Mersch M, Sunny N, et al., 2023,
ECOS 2023: How far should the UK go with negative emission technologies?
, Pages: 2939-2949Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs), such as Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS), are potentially valuable to offset carbon emissions and therefore commonly deployed in global climate change mitigation scenarios. However, they are controversial and sometimes seen as a means of delaying or avoiding emissions reduction efforts. Nonetheless, the UK has set an ambitious target of engineering 57 Mt CO2 per year of removals by 2050 to achieve net zero emissions[1]. This study uses the UK TIMES, technology-rich bottom-up energy system model to investigate the nationwide deployment of NETs in the energy system, while varying model parameters to provide an overview of decarbonisation in line with the UK's net zero ambitions. We investigated DACCS and BECCS NETs technologies with regards to technological uncertainties and sensitivities. We revised the TIMES model structure for NETs implementation to ensure proper integration with industry. Our analysis estimates that the UK can remove 78.5 Mt CO2 by 2050 under the balanced Net Zero Scenario. However, by integrating an updated characterisation of removal technologies, and enabling tighter integration of DACCS into industrial clusters, we can achieve a removal capacity of up to 209 Mt CO2 by 2050 based on our preliminary results. Additionally, a 50% reduction in DACCS cost could further increase the removal capacity to 218 Mt CO2. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in the UK and beyond, highlighting how NETs can be integrated in industrial strategy.
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Conference paperBird M, Acha S, Escriva EJS, et al., 2023,
Data-driven Modelling of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems for Model Predictive Control Applications
, Pages: 761-768With uncertainty in energy markets, and the effects of climate change looming, reducing energy use and operational cost of existing building systems is more important than ever. To this end, this paper presents a grey-box modelling approach to characterise the behaviour of chilled and frozen and coldrooms using basic system specifications and measured data. An overall energy balance is used to devise a discrete state space model for each cabinet, characterised by unknown empirical parameters relating to heat capacity and heat transfer properties. Historical system data from a UK supermarket are used in combination with a genetic algorithm optimisation to determine the optimal empirical parameters for 10 display cases and 10 coldrooms. The resulting cabinet temperature predictions have a good level of accuracy, achieving a root-mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.37°C to 0.98°C. Overall this data-driven approach is effective and efficient in modelling refrigeration systems, and can be easily generalised to any system where historical data is available. Finally, the use of the proposed approach in cost minimisation or demand response application is presented.
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Book chapterTriantafyllou N, Papaiakovou S, Bernardi A, et al., 2023,
Machine learning-based decomposition for complex supply chains
, Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Pages: 1655-1660Personalised medicine products represent a novel category of therapeutics often characterised by bespoke manufacturing lines and dedicated distribution nodes. An example of such products is Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells, whose manufacturing poses challenges to volumetric scale-up, leading to increased production and supply chain costs. From a modelling perspective, such networks lead to complex large-scale supply chain models that grow exponentially as the demand increases and more therapies are tracked simultaneously throughout the supply chain. In this work, we present a hybrid model that utilizes the potential of machine learning for strategic planning by forecasting optimal supply chain structures and Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) for detailed scheduling. The proposed model is robust to uncertain demand patterns and can reduce the number of linear constraints and binary variables in the original MILP by more than 64.7%.
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Book chapterLyons B, Bernardi A, Shah N, et al., 2023,
Methane-to-X: an economic assessment of methane valorisation options to improve carbon circularity
, Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Pages: 2435-2440Methane side streams are produced in many different chemical processes and are normally combusted to provide process heat or to generate electricity. However, this practice is becoming less and less attractive as the industry strives towards net-zero targets and increasing the circularity of chemicals. Methane could instead be recovered and used as a valuable feedstock to produce other platform chemicals, such as H<inf>2</inf> or ethylene, which could be beneficial both for the economic performance and the carbon circularity of the system. In this work, seven different methane valorisation routes to produce additional chemicals are investigated. The considered routes include: i) five syngas-based routes combined with methanol synthesis and a methanol-to-olefins process; ii) plasma methane pyrolysis; and iii) oxidative coupling of methane. The results suggest that oxidative coupling of methane is the most profitable, with methane pyrolysis, tri-reforming and autothermal reforming also being more profitable in the base case. All routes have lower scope 1 and 2 emissions than the base case, however, dry-reforming and bi-reforming have the lowest emissions thanks to credited CO<inf>2</inf> feed streams.
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Book chapterTriantafyllou N, Shah N, Papathanasiou MM, et al., 2023,
Combined Bayesian optimization and global sensitivity analysis for the optimization of simulation-based pharmaceutical processes
, Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Pages: 381-386We propose an efficient framework that employs Bayesian optimization and global sensitivity analysis for the optimization of detailed pharmaceutical flowsheets. Global sensitivity analysis based on quasi-random sampling is utilized to reduce the dimensionality of the problem by identifying critical process and economic parameters that contribute significantly to the variability of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as batch size and OpEx. Then, Bayesian optimization is performed in the previously identified critical input space based on gaussian process surrogate models and a number of different acquisition functions to find the optimal critical operating conditions that minimize the aforementioned KPIs. We apply this framework to the manufacture of plasmid DNA (pDNA), which is a critical raw material for advanced therapeutics, leading to a surge in demand for pDNA for clinical or commercial use. Optimized manufacturing recipes identified with the proposed framework are projected to achieve an up to 170% increase in the batch size and a 34.7% decrease in the OpEx per batch.
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Book chaptervan de Berg D, Jimbo RXJ, Shah N, et al., 2023,
Tractable Data-driven Solutions to Hierarchical Planning-scheduling-control
, Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Pages: 649-654Using numerical optimization for the hierarchical integration of decision-making units is crucial to provide feasibility and optimality of all levels. However, realistically modelling hierarchical decision-making calls for multilevel formulations, which are numerically intractable and mathematically difficult. In this work, we show how to leverage two data-driven techniques – derivative-free optimization and optimality surrogates – to decrease the computational burden of multilevel problems. We reformulate a tri-level planning-scheduling-control problem into a single-level black-box problem wherein each evaluation calls a scheduling instance with embedded optimal control surrogates. We show that solving this integrated problem instead of the single-level instance leads to changes in the optimal production planning and scheduling sequence, and discuss trade-offs associated with both techniques.
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Book chapterSarkis M, Fung J, Lee MH, et al., 2023,
Integrating environmental sustainability in next-generation biopharmaceutical supply chains
, Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Pages: 3405-3410Maximizing product availability to the public and minimizing costs are primary objectives in the biopharmaceutical sector. Nevertheless, awareness of the environmental sustainability of supply chain operations is becoming increasingly relevant in recent years. To assist decision-makers in balancing financial and environmental sustainability we present an optimization framework which determines candidate supply chain structures network designs and operational plans. Supply chain structures are assessed with respect to total cost and environmental score, with the latter integrating environmental impacts related to climate change, water usage and energy consumption. A Pareto set of candidate solutions is found which provides insights in complex trade-offs between impact categories and cost: centralized manufacturing is selected to lower unit production cost and better use water resources, whilst decentralized manufacturing improves energy usage. Emissions from CO<inf>2</inf> are lowered through cost minimization.
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Book chapterSoh QY, O'Dwyer E, Acha S, et al., 2023,
Modular stochastic optimization for optimal rainwater harvesting system design
, Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Pages: 697-702Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems can serve a dual functionality as a flood mitigation structure as well as providing local water availability. Optimisation-based design strategies must be transferrable enough to incorporate the influence of the local climate and case-specific catchment area characteristics into the design process, which can be a significant endeavour when required for every individual implementation. To increase the accessibility of optimisation methods in the appropriate sizing of RWH systems, this paper presents a modularised optimisation model, where tank components and dynamics are contained as individual blocks. These blocks can then be pieced together to produce a full system model, allowing optimisation models to be easily built for any combination and design of RWH system. This is implemented with a multi-tank RWH system, where an evaluation of the optimised system configuration showed a good balance between the dual objectives of providing improved flood mitigation and local water reuse, in comparison to an existing system derived through alternative sizing strategies.
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Journal articleDelle Piane C, Ansari H, Li Z, et al., 2023,
Influence of Organic Matter Type on Porosity Development in Organic-Rich Shales: Combining Microscopy, Neutron Scattering and Physisorption Approaches
, Neutron News, Vol: 34, Pages: 8-9, ISSN: 1044-8632 -
Book chapterLeonzio G, Chachuat B, Shah N, 2023,
Enviro-economic analysis of tandem and direct processes for ethylene electrosynthesis
, Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Pages: 2217-2222Ethylene is the most important organic chemical in terms of global demand and production capacity. Of the sustainable alternatives to conventional ethylene production based on steam cracking of natural gas and naphtha, both direct electrochemical reduction of CO<inf>2</inf> as well as a tandem process consisting of CO<inf>2</inf> electro-reduction to CO followed by CO electro-reduction to ethylene have attracted attention. This conference paper presents a comparison between the tandem and direct CO<inf>2</inf> electro-reduction processes both from an economic and environmental point of view, including a global sensitivity analysis of key process parameters on production cost and climate change impact. The results depict a clear trade-off between the economic and environmental performance of both electrochemical routes, although the tandem process remains more favorable at the current carbon price of the EU emission trading system (ETS).
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Journal articleBian H, Ai L, Heng JYY, et al., 2023,
Effects of chemical potential differences on methane hydrate formation kinetics
, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol: 452, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 1385-8947To underpin the increasing interest in practical applications of gas hydrates, for gas storage and separation for instance, the formation and growth of hydrates at liquid-gas interfaces are of fundamental importance. Although the thermodynamics of hydrate formation has been widely studied and is well understood, the kinetics of these processes is not well characterised. In this work, a high-pressure, low-temperature stirred reactor was used to conduct hydrate formation kinetic studies in a temperature range from 276.5 to 283.5 K and a pressure range from 5 to 10.5 MPa, with a special focus on 1) the impact of agitation conditions on the available water-gas interfacial surface area for mass transfer and growth rate during hydrate formation, and 2) the effect of the chemical potential driving force on the formation rate. Five hydrate growth regimes were identified, with varying degrees of gas mass transfer control across the gas-water interface depending on the extent to which hydrate layers built up at this interface, gas needed to move through solid hydrate layers, and the extent to which the gas was entrained within the water phase. The formation rate in the initial linear growth regime, before the onset of solid hydrate gas mass transfer effects, was found to depend in an essentially exponential manner on the chemical potential difference from the equilibrium state. Semi-empirical models related to Arrhenius-type kinetic models were used to correlate the data, the best of which reproduced the formation rates from the chemical potential differences to within ± 5 %. The approach has general applicability to help determine the balance between kinetic and thermodynamic factors in identifying the optimum pressure-temperature conditions for processes for gas storage, gas separation and other hydrate applications.
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Journal articleLow M-YA, Barton LV, Pini R, et al., 2023,
Analytical review of the current state of knowledge of adsorption materials and processes for direct air capture
, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol: 189, Pages: 745-767, ISSN: 0263-8762Significant research interest has been directed towards the deployment of direct air capture (DAC) as a net-negative CO2 emissions technology to help limit global temperature rise to below 2 °C. The scope of this review is to outline the advancement of adsorption-based DAC technologies, as well as to highlight the still-existing data gaps, for both materials’ development and process design in the period 2016 – 2021. On the material side, we highlight the available and missing data on adsorbent properties in relation to what is needed for process modelling and design. We cover material densities, textural properties, thermal properties, adsorption isotherms (i.e. CO2, N2, O2, H2O), adsorption kinetics, and adsorbent stability towards humidity, oxidation, and cycling. On the process side, we provide a detailed look at key process studies conducted in the same time frame by considering the trade-offs to be expected in the design of the adsorption-based DAC process. We focus on process configuration and contactor design, desorption processes, and the need for systematic reporting of key performance indicators to allow for accurate comparisons and benchmarking. Throughout the review, we identify the lack of synergy between material and process development which must be addressed to advance the field of DAC by adsorption.
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Journal articleHoseinpoori P, Woods J, Shah N, 2023,
An integrated framework for optimal infrastructure planning for decarbonising heating
, MethodsX, Vol: 10, Pages: 1-18, ISSN: 2215-0161This paper presents the HEGIT (Heat, Electricity and Gas Infrastructure and Technology) model for optimal infrastructure planning for decarbonising heating in buildings. HEGIT is an optimisation model based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming. The model co-optimises the integrated operation and capacity expansion planning of electricity and gas grids as well as heating technologies on the consumer side while maintaining the security of supply and subject to different environmental, operational and system-wide constraints. The three main features of the HEGIT model are:• It incorporates an integrated unit commitment and capacity expansion problem for coordinated operation and long-term investment planning of the electricity and gas grids.• It incorporates the flexible operation of heating technologies in buildings and demand response in operation and long-term investment planning of gas and electricity grids.• It incorporates a multi-scale techno-economic representation of heating technologies design features into the whole energy system modelling and capacity planning.These features enable the model to quantify the impacts of different policies regarding decarbonising heating in buildings on the operation and long-term planning of electricity and gas grids, identify the cost-optimal use of available resources and technologies and identify strategies for maximising synergies between system planning goals and minimising trade-offs. Moreover, the multi-scale feature of the model allows for multi-scale system engineering analysis of decarbonising heating, including system-informed heating technology design, identifying optimal operational setups at the consumer end, and assessing trade-offs between consumer investment in heating technologies and infrastructure requirements in different heat decarbonisation pathways.
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Journal articleHofer M, Criscuolo P, Shah N, et al., 2022,
Regulatory policy and pharmaceutical innovation in the United Kingdom after Brexit: initial insights
, Frontiers in Medicine, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2296-858XBrexit was presented as an opportunity to promote innovation by breaking free from the European Union regulatory framework. Since the beginning of 2021 the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has operated as the independent regulatory agency for the United Kingdom. The MHRA's regulatory activity in 2021 was analyzed and compared to that of other international regulatory bodies. The MHRA remained reliant on EU regulatory decision-making for novel medicines and there were significant regulatory delays for a small number of novel medicines in the UK, the reasons being so far unclear. In addition, the MHRA introduced innovation initiatives, which show early promise for quicker authorization of innovative medicines for cancer and other areas of unmet need. Longer-term observation and analysis is needed to show the full impact of post-Brexit pharmaceutical regulatory policy.
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Journal articlePan Z, Trusler JPM, 2022,
Measurement and modelling of the interfacial tensions of CO2 + decane-iododecane mixtures at high pressures and temperatures
, Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol: 566, Pages: 1-12, ISSN: 0378-3812Experimentally determined interfacial tensions (IFTs) of CO2 and decane-iododecane mixtures are reported, with iododecane mass fractions of 0%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100% over the temperature range of 298 K to 353 K and at pressures from 1 MPa up to the mixture critical point pressure. Measurements were carried out in a thermostatic high-pressure view cell by means of the pendant drop method. It was observed that the volume of a fresh drop of hydrocarbon initially increased, while the IFT decreased, before reaching equilibrium values. These observations correspond to two key mechanisms of CO2 flooding: oil swelling and IFT reduction. The equilibrium IFTs decrease with increasing pressure isothermally until the mixture critical point pressure is reached. The IFTs also increase with increasing mass fraction of iododecane. An empirical model was developed that is able to represent the experimental results with an overall average absolute deviation of 0.2 mN∙m−1.The IFT data were modeled with the square gradient theory coupled with the volume-translated Peng-Robinson equation of state. The temperature-independent influence parameters of decane and iododecane were regressed from their surface tensions, while the influence parameter of CO2 was taken from literature. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results with an average absolute deviation of 0.4 mN∙m−1. Finally, we extend a group-contribution approach for the binary interaction parameters in the Peng-Robinson equation of state to encompass the CH2I functional group, thereby facilitating application of the modelling approach to other systems comprising CO2 or N2 with iodoalkanes.
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ReportBaker W, Acha S, Jennings N, et al., 2022,
Decarbonisation of buildings: Insights from across Europe
, Decarbonisation of buildings: Insights from across Europe, Publisher: The Grantham InstituteThis report considers four key challenges facing the UK in reducing carbon emissions from its building stock, and shares insights from across Europe that have the potential to help the UK to decarbonise and increase the energy efficiency of its buildings.
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Journal articleWeihs GAF, Jones JS, Ho M, et al., 2022,
Life cycle assessment of co-firing coal and wood waste for bio-energy with carbon capture and storage - New South Wales study
, ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT, Vol: 273, ISSN: 0196-8904- Cite
- Citations: 24
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Journal articleDriver JG, Hills T, Hodgson P, et al., 2022,
Simulation of direct separation technology for carbon capture and storage in the cement industry
, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, Vol: 449, ISSN: 1385-8947- Cite
- Citations: 15
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Journal articleAl-Mufachi NA, Shah N, 2022,
The role of hydrogen and fuel cell technology in providing security for the UK energy system
, Energy Policy, Vol: 171, Pages: 1-13, ISSN: 0301-4215It is not yet well understood how hydrogen and fuel cell technology could perform in the UK energy system (ES) and what influence it may have in contributing towards its security. This article aims to discuss the potential of a hydrogen economy examining its ability to reduce dependency on fossil fuels sourced both domestically and internationally. A snapshot of the hydrogen economy is presented introducing the latest development in hydrogen production technologies and distribution infrastructure. It has been postulated that with the introduction of a CO2 tax, integrating carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) systems with commercial hydrogen production technologies such as steam methane reforming (SMR), coal gasification (CG) and biomass gasification could significantly reduce the levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) production. The role of hydrogen and fuel cell technology in coupling the building, transport and industrial sectors has been demonstrated. Decarbonisation of heat in the UK is expected to incur a large cost for transitioning the incumbent network and it is expected that government assistance will be necessary to lessen the burden on consumers. Deployment of fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) systems and integration into the UK ES could make great strides towards improving its security.
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Journal articleLeonzio G, Fennell PS, Shah N, 2022,
Air-source heat pumps for water heating at a high temperature: State of the art
, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, Vol: 54, Pages: 1-22, ISSN: 2213-1388Concerns about climate changes are urging the decarbonisation of the energy sector and heat pumps are evaluated for this purpose here. About half of total energy consumption is caused by heating, and the use of heat pumps for this aim is gaining the attention of the research community.This work shows a comprehensive overview of air-source heat pumps used for water heating at a high temperature, with a particular aim to add the supplied heat into the air capture cycle. Air-source heat pumps use different cycles. The literature analysis shows that high temperatures (up to 90 °C) can be easily achieved by trans-critical cycles, while innovative schemes based on heat recuperative solutions might provide hot water up to 99 °C. Very few studies have been conducted about absorption cycles, although these can potentially ensure higher temperatures for the supplied water (up to 115 °C).Although real industrial air source heat pumps achieve a water temperatures lower than those reported above, their utilization is encouraged because, even at high temperatures (up to 100 °C), there are primary energy consumption, cost and carbon dioxide emission savings compared to a traditional boiler, especially when the renewable electricity is used.
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Working paperKüng L, Strunge T, Sunny N, et al., 2022,
An Open-Source Toolkit to Design and Evaluate Net-Zero Pathways for Industrial Clusters
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Journal articleSendi M, Bui M, Mac Dowell N, et al., 2022,
Geospatial analysis of regional climate impacts to accelerate cost-efficient direct air capture deployment
, One Earth, Vol: 5, Pages: 1153-1164, ISSN: 2590-3322Carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the atmospheric will be essential if we are to achieve net-zero emissions targets. Direct air capture (DAC) is a CO2 removal method with the potential for large-scale deployment. However, DAC operational costs, and thus deployment potential, is dependent on performance, which can vary under different climate conditions. Here, to further develop our understanding of the impact of regional climate variation on DAC performance, we use high-resolution hourly based global weather profiles between 2016 and 2020 and weighted average capital costs to obtain DAC regional performance and levelized cost of DAC (LCOD). We found that relatively cold and drier regions have favorable DAC performance. Moreover, approximately 25% of the world’s land is potentially unsuitable due to very cold ambient temperatures for a substantial part of the year. For the remaining regions, the estimated LCOD is $320–$540 per tCO2 at an electricity cost of $50 MWh−1. Our results improve the understanding of regional DAC performance, which can provide valuable insights for sustainable DAC deployment and effective climate action.
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Journal articleTriantafyllou N, Bernardi A, Lakelin M, et al., 2022,
A digital platform for the design of patient-centric supply chains
, Scientific Reports, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2045-2322Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have received increasing attention, showing promising results in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and aggressive B cell lymphoma. Unlike typical cancer treatments, autologous CAR T cell therapies are patient-specific; this makes them a unique therapeutic to manufacture and distribute. In this work, we focus on the development of a computer modelling tool to assist the design and assessment of supply chain structures that can reliably and cost-efficiently deliver autologous CAR T cell therapies. We focus on four demand scales (200, 500, 1000 and 2000 patients annually) and we assess the tool’s capabilities with respect to the design of responsive supply chain candidate solutions while minimising cost.
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Journal articleOrdonez DF, Halfdanarson T, Ganzer C, et al., 2022,
Evaluation of the potential use of e-fuels in the European aviation sector: a comprehensive economic and environmental assessment including externalities
, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS, Vol: 6, Pages: 4749-4764, ISSN: 2398-4902- Cite
- Citations: 15
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Journal articleGanzer C, Pratama YW, Mac Dowell N, 2022,
The role and value of inter-seasonal grid-scale energy storage in net zero electricity systems
, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol: 120, Pages: 1-13, ISSN: 1750-5836Grid-scale inter-seasonal energy storage and its ability to balance power demand and the supply of renewable energy may prove vital to decarbonise the broader energy system. Whilst there is a focus on techno-economic analysis and battery storage, there is a relative paucity of work on grid-scale energy storage on the system level with the required temporal resolution. Here, we evaluate the potential of power-to-gas-to-power as inter-seasonal energy storage technology. Our results suggest that inter-seasonal energy storage can reduce curtailment of renewable energy, and overcapacity of intermittent renewable power. Importantly, grid scale energy storage assumes a critical role especially when the technology options for dispatchable power are limited. It appears that neither high CAPEX nor low round-trip efficiency preclude the value of the technology per se, however the rate of charge and discharge of the technology emerges as key technical characteristic. This study emphasises the rising importance of balancing seasonality in energy systems characterised by a high penetration of renewable energy, and prompts questions regarding sector integration and resilient decision-making toward a zero-carbon economy.
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Journal articleDaniel S, Kis Z, Kontoravdi K, et al., 2022,
Quality by design for enabling RNA platform production processes
, Trends in Biotechnology, Vol: 40, Pages: 1213-1228, ISSN: 0167-7799RNA-based products have emerged as one of the most promising and strategic technologies for global vaccination, infectious disease control and future therapy development. The assessment of critical quality attributes, product-process interactions, relevant process analytical technologies, and process modeling capabilities can feed into a robust Quality by Design (QbD) framework for future development, design and control of manufacturing processes. Its implementation will help the RNA technology to reach its full potential and will be central in the development, pre-qualification and regulatory approval of rapid response, disease-agnostic RNA platform production processes.
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