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• Journal article
  Peacock T, Reddy K, James J, Adamiak B, Barclay W, Shelton H, Iqbal Met al., 2016,

  Antigenic mapping of an H9N2 avian influenza virus reveals two discrete antigenic sites and a novel mechanism of immune escape

  , Scientific Reports, Vol: 6, ISSN: 2045-2322

  H9N2 avian influenza virus is a major cause of poultry production loss across Asia leading to the wide useof vaccines. Efficacy of vaccines is often compromised due to the rapid emergence of antigenic variants.To improve the effectiveness of vaccines in the field, a better understanding of the antigenic epitopesof the major antigen, hemagglutinin, is required. To address this, a panel of nine monoclonal antibodieswere generated against a contemporary Pakistani H9N2 isolate, which represents a major Asian H9N2viral lineage. Antibodies were characterized in detail and used to select a total of 26 unique ‘escape’mutants with substitutions across nine different amino acid residues in hemagglutinin including seventhat have not been described as antigenic determinants for H9N2 viruses before. Competition assaysand structural mapping revealed two novel, discrete antigenic sites “H9-A” and “H9-B”. Additionally,a second subset of escape mutants contained amino acid deletions within the hemagglutinin receptorbinding site. This constitutes a novel method of escape for group 1 hemagglutinins and could representan alternative means for H9N2 viruses to overcome vaccine induced immunity. These results will guidesurveillance efforts for arising antigenic variants as well as evidence based vaccine seed selection andvaccine design.

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• Journal article
  Long J, Efstathios SG, Moncorge O, Frise R, Mistry B, James J, Morrison M, Iqbal M, Vignal A, Skinner MA, Barclay WSet al., 2016,

  Species difference in ANP32A underlies influenza A virus polymerase host restriction

  , Nature, Vol: 529, Pages: 101-104, ISSN: 1476-4687

  Influenza pandemics occur unpredictably when zoonotic influenza viruses with novel antigenicity acquire the ability to transmit amongst humans1. Host range breaches are limited by incompatibilities between avian virus components and the human host. Barriers include receptor preference, virion stability and poor activity of the avian virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in human cells2. Mutants of the heterotrimeric viral polymerase components, particularly PB2 protein, are selected during mammalian adaptation, but their mode of action is unknown3, 4, 5, 6. We show that a species-specific difference in host protein ANP32A accounts for the suboptimal function of avian virus polymerase in mammalian cells. Avian ANP32A possesses an additional 33 amino acids between the leucine-rich repeats and carboxy-terminal low-complexity acidic region domains. In mammalian cells, avian ANP32A rescued the suboptimal function of avian virus polymerase to levels similar to mammalian-adapted polymerase. Deletion of the avian-specific sequence from chicken ANP32A abrogated this activity, whereas its insertion into human ANP32A, or closely related ANP32B, supported avian virus polymerase function. Substitutions, such as PB2(E627K), were rapidly selected upon infection of humans with avian H5N1 or H7N9 influenza viruses, adapting the viral polymerase for the shorter mammalian ANP32A. Thus ANP32A represents an essential host partner co-opted to support influenza virus replication and is a candidate host target for novel antivirals.

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• Journal article
  Koutsakos M, Thi HN, Barclay WS, Kedzierska Ket al., 2015,

  Knowns and unknowns of influenza B viruses

  , Future Microbiology, Vol: 11, Pages: 119-135, ISSN: 1746-0913

  Influenza B viruses (IBVs) circulate annually along with influenza A (IAV) strains during seasonal epidemics. IBV can dominate influenza seasons and cause severe disease, particularly in children and adolescents. Research has revealed interesting aspects of IBV and highlighted the importance of these viruses in clinical settings. Yet, many important questions remain unanswered. In this review, the clinical relevance of IBV is emphasized, unique features in epidemiology, host range and virology are highlighted and gaps in knowledge pinpointed. Multiple aspects of IBV epidemiology, evolution, virology and immunology are discussed. Future research into IBV is needed to understand how we can prevent severe disease in high-risk groups, especially children and elderly.

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• Journal article
  Matos-Patron A, Byrd-Leotis L, Steinhauer DA, Barclay WS, Ayora-Talavera Get al., 2015,

  Amino acid substitution D222N from fatal influenza infection affects receptor-binding properties of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus

  , VIROLOGY, Vol: 484, Pages: 15-21, ISSN: 0042-6822
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  • Citations: 10
• Journal article
  Liu M, Lam MK-H, Zhang Q, Elderfield R, Barclay WS, Shaw P-Cet al., 2015,

  The Functional Study of the N-Terminal Region of Influenza B Virus Nucleoprotein

  , PLOS One, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1932-6203

  Influenza nucleoprotein (NP) is a major component of the ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) in influenzavirus, which functions for the transcription and replication of viral genome. Comparedto the nucleoprotein of influenza A (ANP), the N-terminal region of influenza B nucleoprotein(BNP) is much extended. By virus reconstitution, we found that the first 38 residues areessential for viral growth. We further illustrated the function of BNP by mini-genome reconstitution,fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, light scattering and gel shift.Results show that the N terminus is involved in the formation of both higher homo-oligomersof BNP and BNP-RNA complex.

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• Journal article
  Elderfield RA, Parker L, Stilwell P, Roberts KL, Schepelmann S, Barclay WSet al., 2015,

  Ferret airway epithelial cell cultures support efficient replication of influenza B virus but not mumps virus

  , JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY, Vol: 96, Pages: 2092-2098, ISSN: 0022-1317
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  • Citations: 5
• Journal article
  Long JS, Benfield CT, Barclay WS, 2015,

  One-way trip: Influenza virus' adaptation to gallinaceous poultry may limit its pandemic potential (vol 37, pg 204, 2015)

  , BIOESSAYS, Vol: 37, Pages: 463-463, ISSN: 0265-9247
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• Journal article
  Long J, Wright E, Molesti E, Temperton N, Barclay Wet al., 2015,

  Antiviral therapies against Ebola and other emerging viral diseases using existing medicines that block virus entry.

  , F1000 Research, Vol: 4, Pages: 30-30, ISSN: 2046-1402

  Emerging viral diseases pose a threat to the global population as intervention strategies are mainly limited to basic containment due to the lack of efficacious and approved vaccines and antiviral drugs. The former was the only available intervention when the current unprecedented Ebolavirus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa began. Prior to this, the development of EBOV vaccines and anti-viral therapies required time and resources that were not available. Therefore, focus has turned to re-purposing of existing, licenced medicines that may limit the morbidity and mortality rates of EBOV and could be used immediately. Here we test three such medicines and measure their ability to inhibit pseudotype viruses (PVs) of two EBOV species, Marburg virus (MARV) and avian influenza H5 (FLU-H5). We confirm the ability of chloroquine (CQ) to inhibit viral entry in a pH specific manner. The commonly used proton pump inhibitors, Omeprazole and Esomeprazole were also able to inhibit entry of all PVs tested but at higher drug concentrations than may be achieved in vivo. We propose CQ as a priority candidate to consider for treatment of EBOV.

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• Conference paper
  Almond MH, Bakhsoliani E, Edwards MR, Barclay WS, Johnston SLet al., 2015,

  Obesity Is Associated With Decreased Expression Of Suppressor Of Cytokine Signalling 3 In Human Alveolar Macrophages

  , International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society (ATS), Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
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• Journal article
  Long JS, Benfield CT, Barclay WS, 2014,

  One-way trip: Influenza virus' adaptation to gallinaceous poultry may limit its pandemic potential

  , Bioessays, Vol: 37, Pages: 204-212, ISSN: 1521-1878

  We hypothesise that some influenza virus adaptations to poultry may explain why the barrier for human-to-human transmission is not easily overcome once the virus has crossed from wild birds to chickens. Since the cluster of human infections with H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong in 1997, chickens have been recognized as the major source of avian influenza virus infection in humans. Although often severe, these infections have been limited in their subsequent human-to-human transmission, and the feared H5N1 pandemic has not yet occurred. Here we examine virus adaptations selected for during replication in chickens and other gallinaceous poultry. These include altered receptor binding and increased pH of fusion of the haemagglutinin as well as stalk deletions of the neuraminidase protein. This knowledge could aid the delivery of vaccines and increase our ability to prioritize research efforts on those viruses from the diverse array of avian influenza viruses that have greatest human pandemic potential.

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