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  • Journal article
    Thomas P, Shahrezaei V, 2021,

    Coordination of gene expression noise with cell size: analytical results for agent-based models of growing cell populations

    , Journal of the Royal Society Interface, Vol: 18, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 1742-5662

    The chemical master equation and the Gillespie algorithm are widely used to model the reaction kinetics inside living cells. It is thereby assumed that cell growth and division can be modelled through effective dilution reactions and extrinsic noise sources. We here re-examine these paradigms through developing an analytical agent-based framework of growing and dividing cells accompanied by an exact simulation algorithm, which allows us to quantify the dynamics of virtually any intracellular reaction network affected by stochastic cell size control and division noise. We find that the solution of the chemical master equation—including static extrinsic noise—exactly agrees with the agent-based formulation when the network under study exhibits stochastic concentration homeostasis, a novel condition that generalizes concentration homeostasis in deterministic systems to higher order moments and distributions. We illustrate stochastic concentration homeostasis for a range of common gene expression networks. When this condition is not met, we demonstrate by extending the linear noise approximation to agent-based models that the dependence of gene expression noise on cell size can qualitatively deviate from the chemical master equation. Surprisingly, the total noise of the agent-based approach can still be well approximated by extrinsic noise models.

  • Journal article
    Myall AC, Peach RL, Weiße AY, Davies F, Mookerjee S, Holmes A, Barahona Met al., 2021,

    Network memory in the movement of hospital patients carrying drug-resistant bacteria

    , Applied Network Science, Vol: 6, ISSN: 2364-8228

    Hospitals constitute highly interconnected systems that bring into contact anabundance of infectious pathogens and susceptible individuals, thus makinginfection outbreaks both common and challenging. In recent years, there hasbeen a sharp incidence of antimicrobial-resistance amongsthealthcare-associated infections, a situation now considered endemic in manycountries. Here we present network-based analyses of a data set capturing themovement of patients harbouring drug-resistant bacteria across three largeLondon hospitals. We show that there are substantial memory effects in themovement of hospital patients colonised with drug-resistant bacteria. Suchmemory effects break first-order Markovian transitive assumptions andsubstantially alter the conclusions from the analysis, specifically on noderankings and the evolution of diffusive processes. We capture variable lengthmemory effects by constructing a lumped-state memory network, which we then useto identify overlapping communities of wards. We find that these communities ofwards display a quasi-hierarchical structure at different levels of granularitywhich is consistent with different aspects of patient flows related to hospitallocations and medical specialties.

  • Journal article
    Saavedra-Garcia P, Roman-Trufero M, Al-Sadah HA, Blighe K, Lopez-Jimenez E, Christoforou M, Penfold L, Capece D, Xiong X, Miao Y, Parzych K, Caputo V, Siskos AP, Encheva V, Liu Z, Thiel D, Kaiser MF, Piazza P, Chaidos A, Karadimitris A, Franzoso G, Snijder AP, Keun HC, Oyarzún DA, Barahona M, Auner Het al., 2021,

    Systems level profiling of chemotherapy-induced stress resolution in cancer cells reveals druggable trade-offs

    , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, Vol: 118, ISSN: 0027-8424

    Cancer cells can survive chemotherapy-induced stress, but how they recover from it is not known.Using a temporal multiomics approach, we delineate the global mechanisms of proteotoxic stressresolution in multiple myeloma cells recovering from proteasome inhibition. Our observations definelayered and protracted programmes for stress resolution that encompass extensive changes acrossthe transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Cellular recovery from proteasome inhibitioninvolved protracted and dynamic changes of glucose and lipid metabolism and suppression ofmitochondrial function. We demonstrate that recovering cells are more vulnerable to specific insultsthan acutely stressed cells and identify the general control nonderepressable 2 (GCN2)-driven cellularresponse to amino acid scarcity as a key recovery-associated vulnerability. Using a transcriptomeanalysis pipeline, we further show that GCN2 is also a stress-independent bona fide target intranscriptional signature-defined subsets of solid cancers that share molecular characteristics. Thus,identifying cellular trade-offs tied to the resolution of chemotherapy-induced stress in tumour cellsmay reveal new therapeutic targets and routes for cancer therapy optimisation.

  • Journal article
    Peach RL, Arnaudon A, Schmidt JA, Palasciano HA, Bernier NR, Jelfs KE, Yaliraki SN, Barahona Met al., 2021,

    HCGA: Highly comparative graph analysis for network phenotyping

    , Patterns, Vol: 2, Pages: 100227-100227, ISSN: 2666-3899

    <jats:title>A<jats:sc>bstract</jats:sc></jats:title><jats:p>Networks are widely used as mathematical models of complex systems across many scientific disciplines, not only in biology and medicine but also in the social sciences, physics, computing and engineering. Decades of work have produced a vast corpus of research characterising the topological, combinatorial, statistical and spectral properties of graphs. Each graph property can be thought of as a feature that captures important (and some times overlapping) characteristics of a network. In the analysis of real-world graphs, it is crucial to integrate systematically a large number of diverse graph features in order to characterise and classify networks, as well as to aid network-based scientific discovery. In this paper, we introduce HCGA, a framework for highly comparative analysis of graph data sets that computes several thousands of graph features from any given network. HCGA also offers a suite of statistical learning and data analysis tools for automated identification and selection of important and interpretable features underpinning the characterisation of graph data sets. We show that HCGA outperforms other methodologies on supervised classification tasks on benchmark data sets whilst retaining the interpretability of network features. We also illustrate how HCGA can be used for network-based discovery through two examples where data is naturally represented as graphs: the clustering of a data set of images of neuronal morphologies, and a regression problem to predict charge transfer in organic semiconductors based on their structure. HCGA is an open platform that can be expanded to include further graph properties and statistical learning tools to allow researchers to leverage the wide breadth of graph-theoretical research to quantitatively analyse and draw insights from network data.</jats:p>

  • Journal article
    Qian Y, Expert P, Panzarasa P, Barahona Met al., 2021,

    Geometric graphs from data to aid classification tasks with Graph Convolutional Networks

    , Patterns, Vol: 2, Pages: 100237-100237, ISSN: 2666-3899
  • Journal article
    Maes A, Barahona M, Clopath C, 2021,

    Learning compositional sequences with multiple time scales through a hierarchical network of spiking neurons

    , PLoS Computational Biology, Vol: 17, ISSN: 1553-734X

    Sequential behaviour is often compositional and organised across multiple time scales: a set of individual elements developing on short time scales (motifs) are combined to form longer functional sequences (syntax). Such organisation leads to a natural hierarchy that can be used advantageously for learning, since the motifs and the syntax can be acquired independently. Despite mounting experimental evidence for hierarchical structures in neuroscience, models for temporal learning based on neuronal networks have mostly focused on serial methods. Here, we introduce a network model of spiking neurons with a hierarchical organisation aimed at sequence learning on multiple time scales. Using biophysically motivated neuron dynamics and local plasticity rules, the model can learn motifs and syntax independently. Furthermore, the model can relearn sequences efficiently and store multiple sequences. Compared to serial learning, the hierarchical model displays faster learning, more flexible relearning, increased capacity, and higher robustness to perturbations. The hierarchical model redistributes the variability: it achieves high motif fidelity at the cost of higher variability in the between-motif timings.

  • Journal article
    Kuntz Nussio J, Thomas P, Stan G, Barahona Met al., 2021,

    Approximations of countably-infinite linear programs over bounded measure spaces

    , SIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol: 31, Pages: 604-625, ISSN: 1052-6234

    We study a class of countably-infinite-dimensional linear programs (CILPs)whose feasible sets are bounded subsets of appropriately defined spaces ofmeasures. The optimal value, optimal points, and minimal points of these CILPscan be approximated by solving finite-dimensional linear programs. We show howto construct finite-dimensional programs that lead to approximations witheasy-to-evaluate error bounds, and we prove that the errors converge to zero asthe size of the finite-dimensional programs approaches that of the originalproblem. We discuss the use of our methods in the computation of the stationarydistributions, occupation measures, and exit distributions of Markov~chains.

  • Journal article
    Kuntz J, Thomas P, Stan G-B, Barahona Met al., 2021,

    Stationary distributions of continuous-time Markov chains: a review of theory and truncation-based approximations

    , SIAM Review, ISSN: 0036-1445

    Computing the stationary distributions of a continuous-time Markov chaininvolves solving a set of linear equations. In most cases of interest, thenumber of equations is infinite or too large, and cannot be solved analyticallyor numerically. Several approximation schemes overcome this issue by truncatingthe state space to a manageable size. In this review, we first give acomprehensive theoretical account of the stationary distributions and theirrelation to the long-term behaviour of the Markov chain, which is readilyaccessible to non-experts and free of irreducibility assumptions made instandard texts. We then review truncation-based approximation schemes payingparticular attention to their convergence and to the errors they introduce, andwe illustrate their performance with an example of a stochastic reactionnetwork of relevance in biology and chemistry. We conclude by elaborating oncomputational trade-offs associated with error control and some open questions.

  • Journal article
    Dusad V, Thiel D, Barahona M, Keun H, Oyarzun Det al., 2021,

    Opportunities at the interface of network science and metabolic modelling

    , Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2296-4185

    Metabolism plays a central role in cell physiology because it provides the molecular machinery for growth. At the genome-scale, metabolism is made up of thousands of reactions interacting with one another. Untangling this complexity is key to understand how cells respond to genetic, environmental, or therapeutic perturbations. Here we discuss the roles of two complementary strategies for the analysis of genome-scale metabolic models: Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) and network science. While FBA estimates metabolic flux on the basis of an optimization principle, network approaches reveal emergent properties of the global metabolic connectivity. We highlight how the integration of both approaches promises to deliver insights on the structure and function of metabolic systems with wide-ranging implications in discovery science, precision medicine and industrial biotechnology.

  • Book chapter
    Altuncu T, Yaliraki S, Barahona M, 2021,

    Graph-based topic extraction from vector embeddings of text documents: application to a corpus of news articles

    , Complex Networks & Their Applications IX, Editors: Benito, Cherifi, Cherifi, Moro, Rocha, Sales-Pardo, Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Pages: 154-166, ISBN: 978-3-030-65351-4

    Production of news content is growing at an astonishing rate. To help manage and monitor the sheer amount of text, there is an increasing need to develop efficient methods that can provide insights into emerging content areas, and stratify unstructured corpora of text into ‘topics’ that stem intrinsically from content similarity. Here we present an unsupervised framework that brings together powerful vector embeddings from natural language processing with tools from multiscale graph partitioning that can revealnatural partitions at different resolutions without making a priori assumptions about the number of clusters in the corpus. We show the advantages of graph-based clustering through end-to-end comparisons with other popular clustering and topic modelling methods, and also evaluate different text vector embeddings, from classic Bag-of-Words to Doc2Vec to the recent transformers based model Bert. This comparative work is showcased through an analysis of a corpus of US news coverage during the presidential election year of 2016.

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