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  • Journal article
    Girvan P, Teng X, Brooks NJ, Baldwin GS, Ying Let al., 2018,

    Redox Kinetics of the Amyloid-β-Cu Complex and Its Biological Implications

    , BIOCHEMISTRY, Vol: 57, Pages: 6228-6233, ISSN: 0006-2960
  • Journal article
    Chavas TEJ, Fuchter MJ, DiMaggio PA, 2018,

    Unbiased mass spectrometry elucidation of the targets and mechanisms of activity-based probes: A case study involving sulfonyl fluorides

    , ACS Chemical Biology, Vol: 13, Pages: 2897-2907, ISSN: 1554-8929

    The elucidation of protein/drug interactions remains a major challenge in drug discovery. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry has emerged as a tremendously powerful technology for this endeavor, but its full potential has yet to be realized owing in part to unresolved challenges in data analysis. Herein, we demonstrate how tandem mass spectrometry can comprehensively map small molecule/peptide adducts when combined with unconstrained sequencing. Using a published sulfonyl fluoride activity-based probe as a model system, this method enabled the discovery of several unreported sites of interaction with its target proteins. Crucially, this probe was found to undergo quantitative displacement and hydrolysis from the target protein’s active site. Isotopic labeling experiments provided a mechanistic rationale for the observed hydrolysis that involves neighboring-group participation. A chemical biology tagging strategy that leverages the probe’s observed lability was developed and shown to be compatible with the original small molecule inhibitor in discovery profiling experiments.

  • Journal article
    Wang Z, Grosskurth SE, Cheung T, Petteruti P, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang W, Gharahdaghi F, Wu J, Su N, Howard RT, Mayo M, Widzowski D, Scott DA, Johannes JW, Lamb ML, Lawson D, Dry JR, Lyne PD, Tate EW, Zinda M, Mikule K, Fawell SE, Reimer C, Chen Het al., 2018,

    Pharmacological inhibition of PARP6 triggers multipolar spindle formation and demonstrates therapeutic effects in breast cancer

    , Cancer Research, Vol: 78, Pages: 6691-6702, ISSN: 1538-7445

    PARP proteins represent a class of post-translational modification enzymes with diverse cellular functions. Targeting PARPs has proven to be efficacious clinically, but exploration of the therapeutic potential of PARP inhibition has been limited to targeting poly(ADP-ribose) generating PARP, including PARP1/2/3 and tankyrases. The cancer-related functions of mono(ADP-ribose) generating PARP, including PARP6, remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we report a novel therapeutic strategy targeting PARP6 using the first reported PARP6 inhibitors. By screening a collection of PARP compounds for their ability to induce mitotic defects, we uncovered a robust correlation between PARP6 inhibition and induction of multipolar spindle (MPS) formation, which was phenocopied by PARP6 knockdown. Treatment with AZ0108, a PARP6 inhibitor with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, potently induced the MPS phenotype, leading to apoptosis in a subset of breast cancer cells in vitro and antitumor effects in vivo. In addition, Chk1 was identified as a specific substrate of PARP6 and was further confirmed by enzymatic assays and by mass spectrometry. Furthermore, when modification of Chk1 was inhibited with AZ0108 in breast cancer cells, we observed marked upregulation of p-S345 Chk1 accompanied by defects in mitotic signaling. Together, these results establish proof-of-concept antitumor efficacy through PARP6 inhibition and highlight a novel function of PARP6 in maintaining centrosome integrity via direct ADP-ribosylation of Chk1 and modulation of its activity.

  • Journal article
    Trantidou T, Dekker L, Polizzi K, Ces O, Elani Yet al., 2018,

    Functionalizing cell-mimetic giant vesicles with encapsulated bacterial biosensors

    , Interface Focus, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2042-8901

    The design of vesicle microsystems as artificial cells (bottom-up synthetic biology) has traditionally relied on the incorporation of molecular components to impart functionality. These cell mimics have reduced capabilities compared with their engineered biological counterparts (top-down synthetic biology), as they lack the powerful metabolic and regulatory pathways associated with living systems. There is increasing scope for using whole intact cellular components as functional modules within artificial cells, as a route to increase the capabilities of artificial cells. In this feasibility study, we design and embed genetically engineered microbes (Escherichia coli) in a vesicle-based cell mimic and use them as biosensing modules for real-time monitoring of lactate in the external environment. Using this conceptual framework, the functionality of other microbial devices can be conferred into vesicle microsystems in the future, bridging the gap between bottom-up and top-down synthetic biology.

  • Journal article
    Zhang H, Salazar JD, Yaliraki SN, 2018,

    Proteins across scales through graph partitioning: application to the major peanut allergen Ara h 1

    , Journal of Complex Networks, Vol: 6, Pages: 679-692, ISSN: 2051-1310

    The analysis of community structure in complex networks has been given much attention recently, as it is hoped that the communities at various scales can affect or explain the global behaviour of the system. A plethora of community detection algorithms have been proposed, insightful yet often restricted by certain inherent resolutions. Proteins are multi-scale biomolecular machines with coupled structural organization across scales, which is linked to their function. To reveal this organization, we applied a recently developed multi-resolution method, Markov Stability, which is based on atomistic graph partitioning, along with theoretical mutagenesis that further allows for hot spot identification using Gaussian process regression. The methodology finds partitions of a graph without imposing a particular scale a priori and analyses the network in a computationally efficient way. Here, we show an application on peanut allergenicity, which despite extensive experimental studies that focus on epitopes, groups of atoms associated with allergenic reactions, remains poorly understood. We compare our results against available experiment data, and we further predict distal regulatory sites that may significantly alter protein dynamics.

  • Journal article
    Chatzimichail S, Supramaniam P, Ces O, Salehi-Reyhani Set al., 2018,

    Micropatterning of planar metal electrodes by vacuum filling microfluidic channel geometries

    , Scientific Reports, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2045-2322

    We present a simple, facile method to micropattern planar metal electrodes defined by the geometry of a microfluidic channel network template. By introducing aqueous solutions of metal into reversibly adhered PDMS devices by desiccation instead of flow, we are able to produce difficult to pattern “dead end” or discontinuous features with ease. We characterize electrodes fabricated using this method and perform electrical lysis of mammalian cancer cells and demonstrate their use as part of an antibody capture assay for GFP. Cell lysis in microwell arrays is achieved using the electrodes and the protein released is detected using an antibody microarray. We show how the template channels used as part of the workflow for patterning the electrodes may be produced using photolithography-free methods, such as laser micromachining and PDMS master moulding, and demonstrate how the use of an immiscible phase may be employed to create electrode spacings on the order of 25 – 50 μm, that overcome the current resolution limits of such methods. This work demonstrates how the rapid prototyping of electrodes for use in total analysis systems can be achieved on the bench with little or no need for centralized facilities.

  • Journal article
    De Vita E, Schuler P, Lovell S, Lohbeck J, Kullmann S, Rabinovich E, Sananes A, Hessling B, Hamon V, Papo N, Hess J, Tate EW, Gunkel N, Miller AKet al., 2018,

    Depsipeptides Featuring a Neutral P1 Are Potent Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 with On-Target Cellular Activity

    , JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, Vol: 61, Pages: 8859-8874, ISSN: 0022-2623
  • Journal article
    Holme MN, Rana S, Barriga H, Kauscher U, Brooks NJ, Stevens MMet al., 2018,

    A robust liposomal platform for direct colorimetric detection of sphingomyelinase enzyme and inhibitors

    , ACS Nano, Vol: 12, Pages: 8197-8207, ISSN: 1936-0851

    The enzyme sphingomyelinase (SMase) is an important biomarker for several diseases such as Niemann Pick’s, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and HIV. We present a two-component colorimetric SMase activity assay that is more sensitive and much faster than currently available commercial assays. Herein, SMase-triggered release of cysteine from a sphingomyelin (SM)-based liposome formulation with 60 mol % cholesterol causes gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation, enabling colorimetric detection of SMase activities as low as 0.02 mU/mL, corresponding to 1.4 pM concentration. While the lipid composition offers a stable, nonleaky liposome platform with minimal background signal, high specificity toward SMase avoids cross-reactivity of other similar phospholipases. Notably, use of an SM-based liposome formulation accurately mimics the natural in vivo substrate: the cell membrane. We studied the physical rearrangement process of the lipid membrane during SMase-mediated hydrolysis of SM to ceramide using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. A change in lipid phase from a liquid to gel state bilayer with increasing concentration of ceramide accounts for the observed increase in membrane permeability and consequent release of encapsulated cysteine. We further demonstrated the effectiveness of the sensor in colorimetric screening of small-molecule drug candidates, paving the way for the identification of novel SMase inhibitors in minutes. Taken together, the simplicity, speed, sensitivity, and naked-eye readout of this assay offer huge potential in point-of-care diagnostics and high-throughput drug screening.

  • Journal article
    Hodges M, Barahona M, Yaliraki SN, 2018,

    Allostery and cooperativity in multimeric proteins: bond-to-bond propensities in ATCase

    , SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2045-2322
  • Journal article
    Pyle E, Kalli AC, Amillis S, Hall Z, Lau AM, Hanyaloglu AC, Diallinas G, Byrne B, Politis Aet al., 2018,

    Structural lipids enable the formation of Functional oligomers of the eukaryotic purine symporter UapA

    , Cell Chemical Biology, Vol: 25, Pages: 840-848.e4, ISSN: 2451-9456

    The role of membrane lipids in modulating eukaryotic transporter assembly and function remains unclear. We investigated the effect of membrane lipids in the structure and transport activity of the purine transporter UapA from Aspergillus nidulans. We found that UapA exists mainly as a dimer and that two lipid molecules bind per UapA dimer. We identified three phospholipid classes that co-purified with UapA: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). UapA delipidation caused dissociation of the dimer into monomers. Subsequent addition of PI or PE rescued the UapA dimer and allowed recovery of bound lipids, suggesting a central role of these lipids in stabilizing the dimer. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted a lipid binding site near the UapA dimer interface. Mutational analyses established that lipid binding at this site is essential for formation of functional UapA dimers. We propose that structural lipids have a central role in the formation of functional, dimeric UapA.

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