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  • Journal article
    Huntley J, Bor D, Hampshire A, Owen A, Howard Ret al., 2011,

    Working memory task performance and chunking in early Alzheimer's disease

    , Br J Psychiatry, Vol: 198, Pages: 398-403, ISSN: 1472-1465

    BACKGROUND: Chunking is a powerful encoding strategy that significantly improves working memory performance in normal young people. AIMS: To investigate chunking in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and in a control group of elderly people without cognitive impairment. METHOD: People with mild Alzheimer's disease (n = 28) were recruited and divided according to Mini-Mental State Examination score into mild and very mild disease groups. A control group of 15 elderly individuals was also recruited. All participants performed digit and spatial working memory tasks requiring either unstructured sequences or structured sequences (which encourage chunking of information) to be recalled. RESULTS: The control group and both disease groups performed significantly better on structured trials of the digit working memory tasks, indicating successful use of chunking strategies to improve verbal working memory performance. The control and very mild disease groups also performed significantly better on structured trials of the spatial task, whereas those with mild disease demonstrated no significant difference between the structured and unstructured spatial conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to use chunking as an encoding strategy to improve verbal working memory performance is preserved at the mild stage of Alzheimer's disease, whereas use of chunking to improve spatial working memory is impaired by this stage. Simple training in the use of chunking might be a beneficial therapeutic strategy to prolong working memory functioning in patients at the earliest stage of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Journal article
    Schweizer S, Hampshire A, Dalgleish T, 2011,

    Extending brain-training to the affective domain: increasing cognitive and affective executive control through emotional working memory training

    , PLoS One, Vol: 6, ISSN: 1932-6203

    So-called 'brain-training' programs are a huge commercial success. However, empirical evidence regarding their effectiveness and generalizability remains equivocal. This study investigated whether brain-training (working memory [WM] training) improves cognitive functions beyond the training task (transfer effects), especially regarding the control of emotional material since it constitutes much of the information we process daily. Forty-five participants received WM training using either emotional or neutral material, or an undemanding control task. WM training, regardless of training material, led to transfer gains on another WM task and in fluid intelligence. However, only brain-training with emotional material yielded transferable gains to improved control over affective information on an emotional Stroop task. The data support the reality of transferable benefits of demanding WM training and suggest that transferable gains across to affective contexts require training with material congruent to those contexts. These findings constitute preliminary evidence that intensive cognitively demanding brain-training can improve not only our abstract problem-solving capacity, but also ameliorate cognitive control processes (e.g. decision-making) in our daily emotive environments.
  • Journal article
    Woolgar A, Hampshire A, Thompson R, Duncan Jet al., 2011,

    Adaptive coding of task-relevant information in human frontoparietal cortex

    , J Neurosci, Vol: 31, Pages: 14592-14599, ISSN: 1529-2401

    Frontoparietal cortex is thought to be essential for flexible behavior, but the mechanism for control remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate a potentially critical property of this cortex: its dynamic configuration for coding of task-critical information. Using multivoxel pattern analysis of human functional imaging data, we demonstrate an adaptive change in the patterns of activation coding task-relevant stimulus distinctions. When task demands made perceptual information more difficult to discriminate, frontoparietal regions showed increased coding of this information. Visual cortices showed the opposite result: a weaker representation of perceptual information in line with the physical change in the stimulus. On a longer timescale, a rebalancing of coding was also seen after practice, with a diminished representation of task rules as they became familiar. The results suggest a flexible neural system, exerting cognitive control in a wide range of tasks by adaptively representing the task features most challenging for successful goal-directed behavior.
  • Journal article
    Hampshire A, Thompson R, Duncan J, Owen AMet al., 2011,

    Lateral prefrontal cortex subregions make dissociable contributions during fluid reasoning

    , Cereb Cortex, Vol: 21, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 1460-2199

    Reasoning is a key component of adaptable "executive" behavior and is known to depend on a network of frontal and parietal brain regions. However, the mechanisms by which this network supports reasoning and adaptable behavior remain poorly defined. Here, we examine the relationship between reasoning, executive control, and frontoparietal function in a series of nonverbal reasoning experiments. Our results demonstrate that, in accordance with previous studies, a network of frontal and parietal brain regions is recruited during reasoning. Our results also reveal that this network can be fractionated according to how different subregions respond when distinct reasoning demands are manipulated. While increased rule complexity modulates activity within a right lateralized network including the middle frontal gyrus and the superior parietal cortex, analogical reasoning demand-or the requirement to remap rules on to novel features-recruits the left inferior rostrolateral prefrontal cortex and the lateral occipital complex. In contrast, the posterior extent of the inferior frontal gyrus, associated with simpler executive demands, is not differentially sensitive to rule complexity or analogical demand. These findings accord well with the hypothesis that different reasoning demands are supported by different frontal and parietal subregions.
  • Conference paper
    Deligianni F, Robinson E, Sharp D, Edwards AD, Rueckert D, Alexander DCet al., 2011,

    EXPLOITING HIERARCHY IN STRUCTURAL BRAIN NETWORKS

    , 8th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) - From Nano to Macro, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 871-874, ISSN: 1945-7928
  • Journal article
    Daud NM, Ismail N, Thomas EL, Scholtz S, Durighel G, Fitzpatrick JA, Goldstone AP, Bell JD, Bech PR, Chambers E, Chhina N, Ghatei MA, Pedersen C, Frost GSet al., 2011,

    Effects of 8 weeks oligofructose supplementation on appetite and body weight in overweight and obese adults

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY, Vol: 70, Pages: E374-E374, ISSN: 0029-6651
  • Journal article
    Scott G, Cross F, 2010,

    Reducing insulin errors Try electronic prescribing

    , BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 341, ISSN: 1756-1833
  • Journal article
    Scott G, Cross F, 2010,

    Reducing insulin errors. Try electronic prescribing.

    , BMJ, Vol: 341
  • Journal article
    Sharp DJ, Turkheimer FE, Bose SK, Scott SK, Wise RJSet al., 2010,

    Increased Frontoparietal integration after Stroke and Cognitive Recovery

    , ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Vol: 68, Pages: 753-756, ISSN: 0364-5134
  • Conference paper
    Sharp D, Leech PJR, Bonnelle V, Beckmann CF, De Boissezon X, Greenwood R, Kinnunen Ket al., 2010,

    ALTERED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY PREDICTS COGNITIVE FUNCTION AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

    , Annual Meeting of the Association-of-British-Neurologists, Publisher: B M J PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: E23-E23, ISSN: 0022-3050

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