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Conference paperBaker CE, Wang Z, Low L, et al., 2025,
Motorcyclist facial impact prevalence from novel analysis of Road Accident In-Depth Studies data
, ISSN: 2235-3151 -
Conference paperLow L, Baker C, Dawber W, et al., 2025,
Reconstruction of 24 Real-World Motorcycle Collisions to Determine Facial Impact Conditions
, ISSN: 2235-3151 -
Journal articlePinson P, Bjorn M, Kristiansen S, et al., 2025,
Data-Driven at Sea: Forecasting and Revenue Management at Molslinjen
, INFORMS JOURNAL ON APPLIED ANALYTICS, Vol: 55, ISSN: 2644-0865 -
Journal articleSadek M, Kallina E, Bohné T, et al., 2025,
Challenges of responsible AI in practice: scoping review and recommended actions
, AI and Society: the journal of human-centered systems and machine intelligence, Vol: 40, Pages: 199-215, ISSN: 0951-5666Responsible AI (RAI) guidelines aim to ensure that AI systems respect democratic values. While a step in the right direction, they currently fail to impact practice. Our work discusses reasons for this lack of impact and clusters them into five areas: (1) the abstract nature of RAI guidelines, (2) the problem of selecting and reconciling values, (3) the difficulty of operationalising RAI success metrics, (4) the fragmentation of the AI pipeline, and (5) the lack of internal advocacy and accountability. Afterwards, we introduce a number of approaches to RAI from a range of disciplines, exploring their potential as solutions to the identified challenges. We anchor these solutions in practice through concrete examples, bridging the gap between the theoretical considerations of RAI and on-the-ground processes that currently shape how AI systems are built. Our work considers the socio-technical nature of RAI limitations and the resulting necessity of producing socio-technical solutions.
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Journal articleWang Y, Boyle D, 2025,
Constrained reinforcement learning using distributional representation for trustworthy quadrotor UAV tracking control
, IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, Vol: 22, Pages: 5877-5894, ISSN: 1545-5955Simultaneously accurate and reliable tracking control for quadrotors in complex dynamic environments is challenging. The chaotic nature of aerodynamics, derived from drag forces and moment variations, makes precise identification difficult. Consequently, many existing quadrotor tracking systems treat these aerodynamic effects as simple ‘disturbances’ in conventional control approaches. We propose a novel and interpretable trajectory tracker integrating a distributional Reinforcement Learning (RL) disturbance estimator for unknown aerodynamic effects with a Stochastic Model Predictive Controller (SMPC). Specifically, the proposed estimator ‘Constrained Distributional REinforced-Disturbance-estimator’ (ConsDRED) effectively identifies uncertainties between the true and estimated values of aerodynamic effects. Control parameterization employs simplified affine disturbance feedback to ensure convexity, which is seamlessly integrated with the SMPC. We theoretically guarantee that ConsDRED achieves an optimal global convergence rate, and sublinear rates if constraints are violated with certain error decreases as neural network dimensions increase. To demonstrate practicality, we show convergent training, in simulation and real-world experiments, and empirically verify that ConsDRED is less sensitive to hyperparameter settings compared with canonical constrained RL. Our system substantially improves accumulative tracking errors by at least 70%, compared with the recent art. Importantly, the proposed ConsDRED-SMPC framework balances the trade-off between pursuing high performance and obeying conservative constraints for practical implementations. Note to Practitioners —This work is motivated by challenges in training Reinforcement Learning (RL) for autonomous navigation in unmanned aerial vehicles, but its implications extend to other high-criticality applications in, for example, healthcare and financial services. The implementation of RL algo
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Journal articleRostami-Tabar B, Pinson P, Porter MD, 2025,
Guest editorial: Forecasting for social good
, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FORECASTING, Vol: 41, Pages: 1-2, ISSN: 0169-2070 -
Journal articleLe Penru NP, Heath BE, Dunning J, et al., 2025,
Towards using virtual acoustics for evaluating spatial ecoacoustic monitoring technologies
, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Vol: 16, Pages: 108-125, ISSN: 2041-210X1. Small microphone arrays and sound-source localisation algorithms are increasingly prevalent in the passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of ecosystems. These technologies enable analysis of natural soundscapes' spatial features, yielding additional insights into biodiversity and ecosystem health. While many of these technologies have been evaluated in the field, there is a lack of controlled, repeatable methods to test them.2. We developed an ambisonic virtual sound environment (VSE) for simulating real natural soundscapes to evaluate spatial PAM technologies. We validated this novel approach using a PAM recorder with a six-microphone array, from which we extracted a typical suite of ecoacoustic metrics, including acoustic indices and avian species predictions and localisations from the software BirdNET and HARKBird, respectively. We first verified whether the VSE could replicate natural soundscapes well enough to test PAM technologies by comparing these metrics between field and VSE-based recordings. To pilot the VSE as an environment for testing PAM hardware, we assessed how orientation impacts the six-microphone array's performance by using the same suite of metrics to compare VSE recordings made with the array at various pitch angles. Finally, we piloted the VSE as a test platform for PAM software by investigating how BirdNET and HARKBird perform on bird calls added to the VSE-replicated soundscapes.3. While the VSE and field recordings had similarities in some metrics, including spectral composition and BirdNET predictions, ambisonics' perceptual bias and susceptibility to spatial aliasing limited the spatial analyses that could be undertaken. Our trials nonetheless revealed that device orientation impacts the performance of HARKBird and certain ecoacoustic indices, and that BirdNET and HARKBird perform best on louder, more directional bird calls.4. Our results demonstrate the potential for this approach, but highlight limitations to using an ambisonics-based VS
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Journal articleRizvi D, Boyle D, 2025,
Multi-agent reinforcement learning with action masking for UAV-enabled mobile communications
, IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking, Vol: 3, Pages: 117-132, ISSN: 2831-316XUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used as aerial base stations to provide ad hoc communications infrastructure. Building upon prior research efforts which consider either static nodes, 2D trajectories or single UAV systems, this paper focuses on the use of multiple UAVs for providing wireless communication to mobile users in the absence of terrestrial communications infrastructure. In particular, we jointly optimize UAV 3D trajectory and NOMA power allocation to maximize system throughput. Firstly, a weighted K-means-based clustering algorithm establishes UAV-user associations at regular intervals. Then the efficacy of training a novel Shared Deep Q-Network (SDQN) with action masking is explored. Unlike training each UAV separately using DQN, the SDQN reduces training time by using the experiences of multiple UAVs instead of a single agent. We also show that SDQN can be used to train a multi-agent system with differing action spaces. Simulation results confirm that: 1) training a shared DQN outperforms a conventional DQN in terms of maximum system throughput (+20%) and training time (-10%); 2) it can converge for agents with different action spaces, yielding a 9% increase in throughput compared to Mutual DQN algorithm; and 3) combining NOMA with an SDQN architecture enables the network to achieve a better sum rate compared with existing baseline schemes.
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Journal articleMeyer J, Picinali L, 2025,
On the generalization of accommodation to head-related transfer functions
, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol: 157, Pages: 420-432, ISSN: 0001-4966To date, there is strong evidence indicating that humans with normal hearing can adapt to non-individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). However, less attention has been given to studying the generalization of this adaptation to untrained conditions. This study investigated how adaptation to one set of HRTFs can generalize to another set of HRTFs. Participants were divided into two groups and trained to localize a speech stimulus reproduced binaurally using either individual or non-individual HRTFs. Training led to an improved localization performance with the trained HRTFs for both groups of participants. Results also showed that there was no difference in the localization performance improvement between the trained and untrained HRTFs for both groups, indicating a generalization of adaptation to HRTFs. The findings did not allow to precisely determine which type of learning (procedural or perceptual) primarily contributed to the generalization, thus highlighting the potential need to expose participants to longer training protocols.
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Journal articleLazo-Porras M, Tateishi-Serruto FJ, Butler C, et al., 2025,
Assessment of health system readiness and quality of dementia services in Peru: protocol for a qualitative study with stakeholder interviews and documentation review
, JMIR Research Protocols, Vol: 14, ISSN: 1929-0748Background:Dementia is a global health priority with significant challenges due to its complex nature and increasing prevalence. Health systems worldwide struggle to address chronic conditions like dementia, often providing fragmented care. However, information about how health systems respond to the needs of people with dementia and their carers, and the quality of care provided, is scarce in low- and middle-income countries.Objective:This study aims to assess the quality of the health system to provide diagnosis and care for people with dementia and their carers in Peru. In order to do this, the study will explore the response of the Peruvian health system to people with dementia and their carers, and explore the experiences of people with dementia of receiving their diagnosis, management, and quality of care for this condition.Methods:This study is part of a research program called “IMPACT Salud: Innovations using Mhealth for people with dementia and Co-morbidities,” aimed at strengthening health systems to provide care for people with dementia and their carers. The study has a descriptive, cross-sectional design that uses a qualitative methodology, including stakeholder interviews and documentation review, and consists of 2 substudies, a health system assessment (HSA) and an exploration of the patient journey. The first substudy uses an HSA methodology suitable for low- and middle-income countries, conducting 160 structured interviews with 12 different stakeholder types across 3 levels of the health system (micro, meso, and macro) in 4 Peruvian regions, each with distinct geographical and urbanization profiles. The second substudy uses a patient journey methodology, which involves conducting 40 in-depth interviews with people with dementia, carers, and health care workers from the same 4 regions. The insights into the people with dementia patient and caregiver experience within the health system from the interviews will be used to produce a patient j
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Journal articleZhang Z, Sun S, Moradbakhti L, et al., 2025,
Health care professionals' engagement with digital mental health interventions in the United Kingdom and China: mixed methods study on engagement factors and design implications
, JMIR Mental Health, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2368-7959Background:Mental health issues like occupational stress and burnout, compounded with the after-effects of COVID-19, have affected health care professionals (HCPs) around the world. Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) can be accessible and effective in supporting well-being among HCPs. However, low engagement rates of DMHIs are frequently reported, limiting the potential effectiveness. More evidence is needed to reveal the factors that impact HCPs’ decision to adopt and engage with DMHIs.Objective:This study aims to explore HCPs’ motivation to engage with DMHIs and identify key factors affecting their engagement. Amongst these, we include cultural factors impacting DMHI perception and engagement among HCPs.Methods:We used a mixed method approach, with a cross-sectional survey (n=438) and semistructured interviews (n=25) with HCPs from the United Kingdom and China. Participants were recruited from one major public hospital in each country.Results:Our results demonstrated a generally low engagement rate with DMHIs among HCPs from the 2 countries. Several key factors that affect DMHI engagement were identified, including belonging to underrepresented cultural and ethnic groups, limited mental health knowledge, low perceived need, lack of time, needs for relevance and personal-based support, and cultural elements like self-stigma. The results support recommendations for DMHIs for HCPs.Conclusions:Although DMHIs can be an ideal alternative mental health support for HCPs, engagement rates among HCPs in China and the United Kingdom are still low due to multiple factors and barriers. More research is needed to develop and evaluate tailored DMHIs with unique designs and content that HCPs can engage from various cultural backgrounds.
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Journal articleWang C, Pinson P, Wang Y, 2025,
Seamless and Multi-Resolution Energy Forecasting
, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, Vol: 16, Pages: 383-395, ISSN: 1949-3053 -
Journal articleSassano M, Mylvaganam T, Astolfi A, 2025,
OL-NE for LQ differential games: a Port-Controlled Hamiltonian system perspective and some computational strategies
, Automatica, Vol: 171, ISSN: 0005-1098Linear Quadratic differential games and their Open-Loop Nash Equilibrium (OL-NE) strategies are studied with a threefoldobjective. First, it is shown that the state/costate lifted system (arising from the application of Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle)is such that its behavior restricted to the equilibrium subspace can be interpreted as the (non-power-preserving) interconnectionof two cyclo-passive Port-Controlled Hamiltonian systems. Such PCH systems constitute the best response generators for eachplayer, thus mimicking and extending the corresponding interpretation of (single-player) optimal control problems. Second, byrealizing that the behavior of the lifted dynamics off the equilibrium subspace is “irrelevant” for generating the equilibriumstrategies, it is shown that such an invariant subspace can be rendered, via a suitably constructed virtual input, externallyasymptotically stable while preserving the OL-NE. Finally, based on these premises we provide a closed-form gradient-descentmethod to solve the asymmetric coupled Riccati equations characterising the OL-NE strategies.
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Journal articleMoreschini A, Bin M, Astolfi A, et al., 2025,
A Generalized Passivity Theory Over Abstract Time Domains
, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL, Vol: 70, Pages: 2-17, ISSN: 0018-9286- Cite
- Citations: 3
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Journal articleWu H, Lu Z, Hill S, et al., 2025,
Microstructure Characterisation and Modelling of Pre-Forging Solution Treatment of 7075 Aluminium Alloy Using Novel Heating Methods
, JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING, Vol: 9- Cite
- Citations: 1
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Journal articlePierrot A, Pinson P, 2025,
Data Are Missing Again-Reconstruction of Power Generation Data Using <i>k</i>-Nearest Neighbors and Spectral Graph Theory
, WIND ENERGY, Vol: 28, ISSN: 1095-4244 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Belt and chain drives
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 475-538, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Springs
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 659-703, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Clutches and brakes
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 539-594, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Material selection for performance
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 81-110, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Fastening and power screws
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 705-762, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Shafts
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 247-317, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Rolling element bearings
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 199-246, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterHazeri K, Childs PRN, 2025,
Extension of the Consensual Assessment Technique to Consumer Products: Case Studies
, Creations, Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland, Pages: 161-186, ISBN: 9783031824142 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Seals
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 595-658, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Bevel gears
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 419-454, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Design
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 1-59, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Engineering materials
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 61-80, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Tolerancing and precision engineering
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 803-849, ISBN: 9780443220777 -
Book chapterChilds PRN, Masen MA, 2025,
Worm gears
, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 455-473, ISBN: 9780443220777
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