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• Journal article
  Bismarck A, Richards RW, Wuertz C, Springer Jet al., 1999,

  Basic and Acidic Surface Oxides on Carbon Fiber and their Influence on the Expected Adhesion to Polyamide

  , Colloids and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol: 159, Pages: 341-350
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• Journal article
  Bismarck A, Pfaffernoschke M, Song B, Springer Jet al., 1999,

  Grafted carbon fibers and their physico-chemical properties. Part II. Grafting of liquid crystalline methacrylic monomers onto carbon fibers and the influence of an applied voltage to the carbon fiber embedded in a liquid crystalline matrix

  , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol: 71, Pages: 1893-1900
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• Journal article
  Bismarck A, Egia-Ajuriagojeaskoa E, Springer J, Habel WRet al., 1999,

  Modification et caracterisation de la surface de fibres de verre pour son insertion posterieure dans des materiaux cimentaires

  , Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol: 96, Pages: 1269-1294
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• Journal article
  Zhang Y, Lefort J, Kearsey J, Lapa e Silva JR, Cookson WO, Vargaftig BBet al., 1999,

  A genome-wide screen for asthma-associated quantitative trait loci in a mouse model of allergic asthma

  , Hum Mol Genet 8: 601-605, Pages: 8:601-605, ISSN: 0964-6906
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• Journal article
  Bismarck A, Pfaffernoschke M, Springer J, 1999,

  Grafted Carbon Fibers and their physico-chemical Properties; Part I: Grafting of Methacrylic Acid onto Carbon Fibers

  , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol: 71, Pages: 1175-1185
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• Journal article
  Bismarck A, Kumru ME, Springer J, 1999,

  Characterization of several Polymer Surfaces by Streaming Potential- and Wetting Measurements: Some Reflections on Acid-Base Interactions

  , Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol: 217, Pages: 377-387
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• Journal article
  Cookson WO, 1999,

  Disease taxonomy--polygenic.

  , Br Med Bull, Vol: 55, Pages: 358-365, ISSN: 0007-1420

  The practice of medicine depends on the recognition and classification of disease. Correct diagnosis is the cornerstone of correct treatment. The past century has seen the classification of disease move from a reliance on symptoms and signs to the use of more and more sophisticated measurements of human structure and function. However, although most diseases have now have names and schemes of classification, these names still may hide a fundamental lack of understanding of the causes of the disease. The extraordinary progress in molecular genetics in the last 20 years now means that a complete understanding of the constitutional predisposition to disease is possible. All disease results from the interaction between adverse environmental events and constitutional (genetic) resistance or susceptibility. Genetic resistance is modified by ageing. The study of genetics is the process of linking polymorphism in the genetic material to polymorphism or variation in the function or appearance of an organism. The extent to which this becomes clinically useful will be determined by the strength of the genetic effects influencing the disease. Oligogenic disorders, in which just a few genes are impacting on the disease, are more likely to be classifiable by genetic polymorphism than true polygenic disorders, in which a multiplicity of small effects give incremental risks of developing disease. Nevertheless, an improved understanding of the aetiology of disease will in all probability identify previously unrecognised yet distinct subsets of disease.

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• Journal article
  Selimovic M, Bismarck A, Pfaffernoschke M, Springer Jet al., 1999,

  Grafted Carbon Fibers and their physico-chemical Properties; Part IV: Grafting of Cyano-Biphenyl containing Liquid-Crystalline Monomers onto modified Carbon Fibers

  , Acta Polymerica, Vol: 50, Pages: 156-162
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• Journal article
  Wuertz C, Bismarck A, Springer J, Koniger Ret al., 1999,

  Electrokinetic and Mechanical Characterization of UV Induced Crosslinked Acrylic Copolymers

  , Prog.Org.Coat., Vol: 37, Pages: 117-129
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• Journal article
  Scheid P, Griesenbach U, Davies J, Siddique Z, Gruenert DC, Geddes DM, Alton EWFWet al., 1998,

  Interleukin-8 production by airway epithelium and the effect of liposome-mediated IκB gene transfer

  , Thorax, Vol: 53, ISSN: 0040-6376

  Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a major chemoattractant for neutrophils, present in the CF lung in large numbers. We measured basal and stimulated IL-8 secretion from CF and non CF airway epithelial cell lines (CFTE and 16HBE cells, respectively) as well as from Cos7 cells in a controlled in vitro environment. Basal IL-8 secretion was significantly higher in CFTE cells (8110 ± 2286 pg/mg protein) than in 16HBE (1113 ± 123 pg/mg protein) and Cos7 (497 ± 138 pg/mg protein) [n=6, p<0.05]. Following TNF-α stimulation IL-8 secretion increased 8 ± 0.9 fold in CFTE, 2 ± 0.4 fold in 16HBE and 2.7 ± 0.2 fold in Cos7 cells. Preliminary data in freshly obtained human nasal cells also indicate an increased basal secretion of IL-8 (non CF: 62 ± 10 pg/ml n=16, CF: 165 ± 37 pg/ml n=12, p<0.05). The response to addition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to these cells as measured by IL-8 secretion was also increased in CF (3279 ± 656 pg/ml n=10, p<0.05) when compared to non CF samples (817 ± 143 pg/ml n=8). Thus it appears that the IL-8 response is disproportionately greater in CF cells. It is likely that new treatment aimed at reducing IL-8 levels will be beneficial in CF. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is a transcription factor that regulates expression of inflammatory mediators including IL-8. NFκB is kept in an inactive state by association with a specific inhibitor (IκB). We investigated the effects of liposome-mediated overexpression of IκB in CFTE and Cos7 cells. Despite successful transfection, as confirmed by RT-PCR in both cell types, we did not detect an alteration of basal or TNF-α stimulated IL-8 secretion. This is most likely related to low levels of gene expression. In conclusion, we have shown that CF cells lines as well as CF primary cells produce increased levels of secreted IL-8 in the basal as well as in a stimulated state. Reduction of IL-8 secretion is likely to b

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