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Journal articleHiggins RM, Cookson WO, Chadwick GA, 1987,
Changes in blood gas levels after nebuhaler and nebulizer administration of terbutaline in severe chronic airway obstruction.
, Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, Vol: 23, Pages: 261-264, ISSN: 0395-3890It has been suggested that patients with severe chronic airway obstruction might suffer dangerous hypoxia after administration of a beta-agonist through an air driven nebulizer. Twenty patients with severe chronic airway obstruction (12 male, mean age 71.1 (SEM 1.5) yr) were monitored with a Biox oximeter and Hewlett-Packard capnometer before and after 4 mg terbutaline was delivered through an air driven nebulizer or Nebuhaler. The eight patients with chronic hypoxia (mean PaO2 6.76 kPa, PaCO2 7.47 kPa. FEV1 0.53 l) experienced a 4.7% increase in oxygen saturation (SaO2) and 2.9% fall in transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PtcCO2) (p less than 0.05) during all treatments, followed by a return to initial levels. These changes were attributable to increased ventilation whilst breathing through a mouthpiece. A similar trend was seen in the SaO2 of the twelve normoxic patients (mean PaO2 9.32 kPa, PaCO2 5.34 kPa, FEV1 0.8 l), but there was a sustained fall in PtcCO2 of 3.7% (p less than 0.001) after administration of terbutaline. Inhaled terbutaline in the dosage given did not cause hypoxia in patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction, but nebulizer and Nebuhaler use was associated with a rise in SaO2 related to increased ventilation whilst breathing through a mouthpiece.
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Journal articleShale DJ, Wiseman MS, Cookson WO, 1986,
Effect of monocrotaline ingestion on the distribution of protein and angiotensin converting enzyme activity in the rat lung.
, Thorax, Vol: 41, Pages: 914-918, ISSN: 0040-6376The alveolar accumulation of protein and angiotensin converting enzyme activity was compared with the development of right ventricular hypertrophy in male rats after different periods of monocrotaline exposure. Total doses of monocrotaline were varied by dividing the animals into three groups in which ingestion was limited to three, seven, and 15 days. These groups were studied 21 days after the start of monocrotaline exposure and compared with a group treated continuously for 28 days. The total lung weight increased after three or more days of treatment, while after seven days there was significant alveolar accumulation of protein, which was paralleled by an increase in angiotensin converting enzyme activity in alveolar lavage fluid. Identical changes also occurred after 15 and 28 days of exposure to monocrotaline. Lung angiotensin converting enzyme activity was decreased after three days' ingestion of monocrotaline and did not alter further with longer periods of exposure. None of these effects of monocrotaline in the three and seven day treatment groups was associated with right ventricular hypertrophy, which occurred only in animals treated for 15 or more days. The effects of monocrotaline ingestion on the lung were dose related and had no causal relationship to the development of right ventricular hypertrophy.
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Journal articleCookson WO, Musk AW, Ryan G, 1986,
Associations between asthma history, atopy, and non-specific bronchial responsiveness in young adults.
, Clin Allergy, Vol: 16, Pages: 425-432, ISSN: 0009-9090In 105 subjects taken from a student population and aged between 15 and 30 there was a strong positive association between the presence of the atopic state, defined by skin tests, and a high level of non-specific bronchial responsiveness to methacholine (chi 2 = 10.5, d.f. = 2, P = 0.01). Regression analysis showed a history of asthma, and the symptom of wheeze, to be predominantly predicted by the degree of bronchial responsiveness (R2 = 31%), with only a minor independent contribution from the degree of atopy (R2 a further 5%). The genetic or other reasons for the association between bronchial responsiveness and atopy may have importance in understanding the aetiology of allergic asthma.
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Journal articleJames AL, Cookson WO, Buters G, et al., 1986,
Symptoms and longitudinal changes in lung function in young seasonal grain handlers.
, Br J Ind Med, Vol: 43, Pages: 587-591, ISSN: 0007-1072A total of 119 seasonal grain handlers (mean age 23) were assessed before and towards the end (mean work period 18 days) of the 1983 Western Australian grain harvest to determine if respiratory symptoms that occur with exposure to grain dust are associated with changes in ventilatory capacity or non-specific bronchial reactivity to methacholine. Eighteen per cent of subjects had wheeze, breathlessness, or chest tightness and 18% had cough or sputum production at work. Subjects complaining of wheeze, chest tightness, or breathlessness at work had a significantly greater decline in FEV1 than subjects who did not experience these symptoms (p less than 0.05). Symptoms were not associated with changes in bronchial reactivity. In young grain handlers who develop respiratory symptoms on short term exposure to grain dust changes in FEV1 but not in non-specific bronchial reactivity have been demonstrated.
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Journal articleARST HN, 1986,
COMING UP FOR AIR - A REQUIREMENT FOR SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE
, MICROBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol: 3, Pages: 247-248, ISSN: 0265-1351 -
Journal articleCookson WO, De Klerk NH, Musk AW, et al., 1986,
Prevalence of radiographic asbestosis in crocidolite miners and millers at Wittenoom, Western Australia.
, Br J Ind Med, Vol: 43, Pages: 450-457, ISSN: 0007-1072An estimate has been made of the prevalence of unrecognised pneumoconiosis in former crocidolite workers from Wittenoom, Western Australia. All plain chest radiographs relating to a one in six random sample (1025 men) of all former Wittenoom workers who had never entered a compensation claim to the Pneumoconiosis Medical Board of Western Australia were sought from Perth teaching hospitals and from the Perth Chest Clinic where compulsory examination of all workers in the mining industry takes place. Radiographs were recovered for 83% of the men and read independently by two observers. By means of logistic regression analysis a current prevalence of parenchymal abnormality (defined as a radiographic profusion of small opacities of category 1/0 or greater on the ILO classification) of nearly 20% was calculated after adjustment for age, time since first exposure, and cumulative exposure level. One hundred men randomly selected from those known to be alive in the sample were invited to attend for a new radiographic examination. Seventy four men attended and the predicted prevalence was confirmed. It is estimated from these data that there were between 450 and 900 former Wittenoom workers in Australia at the end of 1980 who had radiographic abnormality consistent with pneumoconiosis but had not claimed compensation or had asbestosis diagnosed. The data are consistent with there being no threshold dose of crocidolite exposure for the development of radiographic abnormality in this group.
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Journal articleArst HN, 1986,
Exploiting classical genetics to clone a eukaryotic regulatory gene.
, Microbiol Sci, Vol: 3, ISSN: 0265-1351 -
Journal articleCookson W, De Klerk N, Musk AW, et al., 1986,
The natural history of asbestosis in former crocidolite workers of Wittenoom Gorge.
, Am Rev Respir Dis, Vol: 133, Pages: 994-998, ISSN: 0003-0805The course of pulmonary asbestosis and its determinants have been examined in 280 applicants for compensation among former workers of the crocidolite mine and mill at Wittenoom Gorge, Western Australia. Serial chest radiographs accrued over more than 3 decades were graded for parenchymal disease separately by two observers according to the 1980 ILO Classification of Radiographs for Pneumoconioses and without knowledge of exposure histories or compensation details. In 136 subjects whose median duration of exposure was 37 months, radiographic asbestosis appeared between 1 and 34 yr after initial exposure and then progressed continuously. Total exposure to asbestos and time from first exposure to the appearance of definite radiographic asbestosis were significant determinants of the rate of progression of profusion of radiographic abnormality. Asbestosis should be considered to be an active disease even 3 decades after exposure has ended.
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Journal articleCookson WO, Ryan G, MacDonald S, et al., 1986,
Atopy, non-allergic bronchial reactivity, and past history as determinants of work related symptoms in seasonal grain handlers.
, Br J Ind Med, Vol: 43, Pages: 396-400, ISSN: 0007-1072One hundred and five young subjects with little or no previous exposure to grain dust were studied before and after a seven week period of grain handling work to determine if there was an association between symptoms experienced at work and pre-employment respiratory symptoms, allergy skin test responses, and non-allergic bronchial reactivity. The incidence of work related symptoms was cough 18%, wheeze 13%, and dyspnoea 14%. The results showed that pre-employment history of respiratory symptoms, positive allergy skin test responses, and a high level of non-allergic bronchial reactivity were significantly associated with these symptoms. These measurements may be useful to predict symptoms associated with exposure to grain dust in new employees and the results suggest that these work related symptoms may be due to allergen induced asthma.
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Journal articleARST HN, 1986,
PH AND THE CONTROL OF GENE-EXPRESSION
, MICROBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol: 3, Pages: 189-190, ISSN: 0265-1351
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