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  • Journal article
    Lauridsen RB, Edwards FK, Bowes MJ, Woodward G, Hildrew AG, Ibbotson AT, Jones JIet al., 2012,

    Consumer–resource elemental imbalances in a nutrient-rich stream

    , Freshwater Science, Vol: 31, Pages: 408-422, ISSN: 2161-9549
  • Journal article
    Ahmed SE, Ewers RM, 2012,

    Spatial pattern of standing timber value across the Brazilian Amazon

    , PLoS One, Vol: 7, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 1932-6203

    The Amazon is a globally important system, providing a host of ecosystem services from climate regulation to food sources. It is also home to a quarter of all global diversity. Large swathes of forest are removed each year, and many models have attempted to predict the spatial patterns of this forest loss. The spatial patterns of deforestation are determined largely by the patterns of roads that open access to frontier areas and expansion of the road network in the Amazon is largely determined by profit seeking logging activities. Here we present predictions for the spatial distribution of standing value of timber across the Amazon. We show that the patterns of timber value reflect large-scale ecological gradients, determining the spatial distribution of functional traits of trees which are, in turn, correlated with timber values. We expect that understanding the spatial patterns of timber value across the Amazon will aid predictions of logging movements and thus predictions of potential future road developments. These predictions in turn will be of great use in estimating the spatial patterns of deforestation in this globally important biome.
  • Journal article
    Zhao F, Li X, Graham N, 2012,

    Treatment of a model HA compound (resorcinol) by potassium manganate

    , SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 91, Pages: 52-58, ISSN: 1383-5866
  • Journal article
    Brightman E, Maher R, Offer GJ, Duboviks V, Heck C, Cohen LF, Brandon NPet al., 2012,

    Designing a miniaturised heated stage for <i>in situ</i> optical measurements of solid oxide fuel cell electrode surfaces, and probing the oxidation of solid oxide fuel cell anodes using <i>in situ</i> Raman spectroscopy

    , REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, Vol: 83, ISSN: 0034-6748
  • Journal article
    MacPhee SL, Gerhard JI, Rein G, 2012,

    A novel method for simulating smoldering propagation and its application to STAR (Self-sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation)

    , ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE, Vol: 31, Pages: 84-98, ISSN: 1364-8152
  • Journal article
    Jahn W, Rein G, Torero JL, 2012,

    Forecasting fire dynamics using inverse computational fluid dynamics and tangent linearisation

    , ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE, Vol: 47, Pages: 114-126, ISSN: 0965-9978
  • Journal article
    Cheng YY, Fueckel B, MacQueen RW, Khoury T, Clady RGCR, Schulze TF, Ekins-Daukes NJ, Crossley MJ, Stannowski B, Lips K, Schmidt TWet al., 2012,

    Improving the light-harvesting of amorphous silicon solar cells with photochemical upconversion

    , ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, Vol: 5, Pages: 6953-6959, ISSN: 1754-5692
  • Journal article
    Chiong MS, Rajoo S, Martinez-Botas RF, Costall AWet al., 2012,

    Engine turbocharger performance prediction: One-dimensional modeling of a twin entry turbine

    , ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT, Vol: 57, Pages: 68-78, ISSN: 0196-8904
  • Journal article
    Keirstead JE, Samsatli N, Shah N, Weber Cet al., 2012,

    The impact of CHP (combined heat and power) planning restrictions on the efficiency of urban energy systems

    , Energy, Vol: 41, Pages: 93-103

    Cities account for approximately two-thirds of global primary energy consumption and have large heat and power demands. CHP (combined heat and power) systems offer significant primary energy-efficiency gains and emissions reductions, but they can have high upfront investment costs and create nuisance pollution within the urban environment. Urban planners therefore need to understand the tradeoffs between limitations on CHP plant size and the performance of the overall energy system. This paper uses a mixed-integer linear programming model to evaluate urban energy system designs for a range of city sizes and technology scenarios. The results suggest that the most cost-effective and energy-efficient scenarios require a mix of technology scales including CHP plants of appropriate size for the total urban demand. For the cities studied here (less than 200,000 people), planning restrictions that prevent the use of CHP technologies could lead to total system cost penalties of 2% (but with significantly different cost structures) and energy-efficiency penalties of up to 24% when measured against a boiler-only business-as-usual case.
  • Journal article
    Rychert CA, Hammond JOS, Harmon N, Kendall J-M, Keir D, Ebinger C, Bastow ID, Ayele A, Belachew M, Stuart Get al., 2012,

    Volcanism in the Afar Rift sustained by decompression melting with minimal plume influence

    , Nature Geoscience, Vol: 5
  • Journal article
    Guilbert AAY, Reynolds LX, Bruno A, MacLachlan A, King SP, Faist MA, Pires E, Macdonald JE, Stingelin N, Haque SA, Nelson Jet al., 2012,

    Effect of Multiple Adduct Fullerenes on Microstructure and Phase Behaviour of P3HT:Fullerene Blend Films for Organic Solar Cells

    , ACS Nano, ISSN: 1936-0851
  • Journal article
    Iacovidou E, Ohandja D-G, Voulvoulis N, 2012,

    Food waste disposal units in UK households: the need for policy intervention.

    , Science of the Total Environment, Vol: 423, Pages: 1-7

    The EU Landfill Directive requires Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste disposed of to landfill. This has been a key driver for the establishment of new waste management options, particularly in the UK, which in the past relied heavily on landfill for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). MSW in the UK is managed by Local Authorities, some of which in a less conventional way have been encouraging the installation and use of household food waste disposal units (FWDs) as an option to divert food waste from landfill. This study aimed to evaluate the additional burden to water industry operations in the UK associated with this option, compared with the benefits and related savings from the subsequent reductions in MSW collection and disposal. A simple economic analysis was undertaken for different FWD uptake scenarios, using the Anglian Region as a case study. Results demonstrated that the significant savings from waste collection arising from a large-scale uptake of FWDs would outweigh the costs associated with the impacts to the water industry. However, in the case of a low uptake, such savings would not be enough to cover the increased costs associated with the wastewater provision. As a result, this study highlights the need for policy intervention in terms of regulating the use of FWDs, either promoting them as an alternative to landfill to increase savings from waste management, or banning them as a threat to wastewater operations to reduce potential costs to the water industry.
  • Journal article
    Kirchartz T, Gong W, Hawks SA, Agostinelli T, MacKenzie RCI, Yang Y, Nelson Jet al., 2012,

    Sensitivity of the Mott-Schottky Analysis in Organic Solar Cells

    , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 116, Pages: 7672-7680, ISSN: 1932-7447
  • Journal article
    Wang X, Ishwara T, Gong W, Campoy-Quiles M, Nelson J, Bradley DDCet al., 2012,

    High-Performance Metal-Free Solar Cells Using Stamp Transfer Printed Vapor Phase Polymerized Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Top Anodes

    , ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Vol: 22, Pages: 1454-1460, ISSN: 1616-301X
  • Journal article
    Brindley H, Knippertz P, Ryder C, Ashpole Iet al., 2012,

    A critical evaluation of the ability of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) thermal infrared red-green-blue rendering to identify dust events: Theoretical analysis

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, Vol: 117, ISSN: 2169-897X
  • Journal article
    Bone J, Archer M, Barraclough D, Eggleton P, Flight D, Head M, Jones DT, Scheib C, Voulvoulis Net al., 2012,

    Public participation in soil surveys: lessons from a pilot study in England.

    , Environmental Science and Technology, Vol: 46, Pages: 3687-3696

    In many countries there are policies in place that impact on soils, but very few legislative or policy tools specifically for the protection of soil. Recent EU legislative proposals on soil protection have been met with opposition on the grounds of excessive cost and resource demands. With the need for evidence based policy, and recognition that involving the public in environmental monitoring is an effective way of increasing understanding and commitment, there has been growing interest in soil surveys. In addition, it is accepted that the success of environmental policies depends greatly on how effectively scientists, regulators, stakeholders, and society communicate. This paper presents the Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) Soil and Earthworm Survey as an example of public participation in soil surveys that aims to integrate the above. It is demonstrated how such surveys generate data that can be used to prioritise soil assessment, in order to address some of the concerns and objections to soil protection policies. Lessons from this pilot study in England highlight that with strategic planning of civic participation activities, this approach can deliver improvements in the quality of the evidence collected and allow for effective public involvement in policymaking and implementation, on top of direct educational benefits.
  • Journal article
    Offer GJ, Yufit V, Howey DA, Wu B, Brandon NPet al., 2012,

    Module design and fault diagnosis in electric vehicle batteries

    , Journal of Power Sources

    Systems integration issues, such as electrical and thermal design and management of full battery packs–often containing hundreds of cells–have been rarely explored in the academic literature. In this paper we discuss the design and construction of a 9 kWh battery pack for a motorsports application. The pack contained 504 lithium cells arranged into 2 sidepods, each containing 3 modules, with each module in a 12P7S configuration. This paper focuses particularly on testing the full battery pack and diagnosing subsequent problems related to cells being connected in parallel. We demonstrate how a full vehicle test can be used to identify malfunctioning strings of cells for further investigation. After individual cell testing it was concluded that a single high inter-cell contact resistance was causing currents to flow unevenly within the pack, leading to cells being unequally worked. This is supported by a Matlab/Simulink model of one battery module, including contact resistances. Over time the unequal current flowing through cells can lead to significant differences in cells’ state of charge and open circuit voltages, large currents flowing between cells even when the load is disconnected, cells discharging and aging more quickly than others, and jeopardise capacity and lifetime of the pack.
  • Journal article
    Sondergaard RR, Makris T, Lianos P, Manor A, Katz EA, Gong W, Tuladhar SM, Nelson J, Toumi R, Sommeling P, Veenstra SC, Rivaton A, Dupuis A, Teran-Escobar G, Lira-Cantu M, Sapkota SB, Zimmermann B, Wuerfel U, Matzarakis A, Krebs FCet al., 2012,

    The use of polyurethane as encapsulating method for polymer solar cells-An inter laboratory study on outdoor stability in 8 countries

    , SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, Vol: 99, Pages: 292-300, ISSN: 0927-0248
  • Journal article
    Skea J, Chaudry M, Wang X, 2012,

    The role of gas infrastructure in promoting UK energy security

    , ENERGY POLICY, Vol: 43, Pages: 202-213, ISSN: 0301-4215
  • Journal article
    Perkins DM, YvonDurocher G, Demars BOL, Reiss J, Pichler DE, Friberg N, Trimmer M, Woodward Get al., 2012,

    Consistent temperature dependence of respiration across ecosystems contrasting in thermal history

    , Global Change Biology, Vol: 18, Pages: 1300-1311, ISSN: 1354-1013

    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Ecosystem respiration is a primary component of the carbon cycle and understanding the mechanisms that determine its temperature dependence will be important for predicting how rates of carbon efflux might respond to global warming. We used a rare model system, comprising a network of geothermally heated streams ranging in temperature from 5 °C to 25 °C, to explore the nature of the relationship between respiration and temperature. Using this ‘natural experiment’, we tested whether the natal thermal regime of stream communities influenced the temperature dependence of respiration in the absence of other potentially confounding variables. An empirical survey of 13 streams across the thermal gradient revealed that the temperature dependence of whole‐stream respiration was equivalent to the average activation energy of the respiratory complex (0.6–0.7 eV). This observation was also consistent for <jats:italic>in‐situ</jats:italic> benthic respiration. Laboratory experiments, incubating biofilms from four streams across the thermal gradient at a range of temperatures, revealed that the activation energy and Q<jats:sub>10</jats:sub> of respiration were remarkably consistent across streams, despite marked differences in their thermal history and significant turnover in species composition. Furthermore, absolute rates of respiration at standardised temperature were also unrelated to ambient stream temperature, but strongly reflected differences in biofilm biomass. Together, our results suggest that the core biochemistry, which drives the kinetics of oxidative respiratory metabolism, may be well conserved among diverse taxa and environments, and that the intrinsic sensitivity of respiration to temperature is not influenced by ambient environmental temperature.</jats:p>
  • Journal article
    Sivakumar A, Batley R, Polak JW, 2012,

    Toward the future of travel behaviour and demand modelling

    , TRANSPORTATION LETTERS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH, Vol: 4, Pages: 75-77, ISSN: 1942-7867
  • Journal article
    Chan NLA, Ekins-Daukes NJ, Adams JGJ, Lumb MP, Gonzalez M, Jenkins PP, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Walters RJet al., 2012,

    Optimal Bandgap Combinations-Does Material Quality Matter?

    , IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS, Vol: 2, Pages: 202-208, ISSN: 2156-3381
  • Journal article
    van de Flierdt T, Pahnke K, Amakawa H, Andersson P, Basak C, Coles B, Colin C, Crocket K, Frank M, Frank N, Goldstein SL, Goswami V, Haley BA, Hathorne EC, Hemming SR, Henderson GM, Jeandel C, Jones K, Kreissig K, Lacan F, Lambelet M, Martin EE, Newkirk DR, Obata H, Pena L, Piotrowski AM, Pradoux C, Scher HD, Schoberg H, Singh SK, Stichel T, Tazoe H, Vance D, Yang Jet al., 2012,

    GEOTRACES intercalibration of neodymium isotopes and rare earth element concentrations in seawater and suspended particles. Part 1: reproducibility of results for the international intercomparison

    , LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY-METHODS, Vol: 10, Pages: 234-251, ISSN: 1541-5856
  • Journal article
    Pahnke K, van de Flierdt T, Jones KM, Lambelet M, Hemming SR, Goldstein SLet al., 2012,

    GEOTRACES intercalibration of neodymium isotopes and rare earth element concentrations in seawater and suspended particles. Part 2: Systematic tests and baseline profiles

    , LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY-METHODS, Vol: 10, Pages: 252-269, ISSN: 1541-5856
  • Journal article
    Dai J, Wang C, Shang C, Graham N, Chen G-Het al., 2012,

    Comparison of the cytotoxic responses of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>) AMC 198 to different fullerene suspensions (<i>n</i>C<sub>60</sub>)

    , CHEMOSPHERE, Vol: 87, Pages: 362-368, ISSN: 0045-6535
  • Journal article
    Roy I, Haigh JD, 2012,

    Solar Cycle Signals in the Pacific and the Issue of Timings

    , JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, Vol: 69, Pages: 1446-1451, ISSN: 0022-4928
  • Conference paper
    Keirstead JE, Samsatli NJ, Pantaleo AM, Shah Net al., 2012,

    Evaluating biomass energy strategies for a UK eco-town with an MILP optimization model

    , Pages: 306-316

    Recent years have shown a marked interest in the construction of eco-towns, showcase developments intended to demonstrate the best in ecologically-sensitive and energy-efficient construction. This paper examines one such development in the UK and considers the role of biomass energy systems. We present an integrated resource modelling framework that identifies an optimized low-cost energy supply system including the choice of conversion technologies, fuel sources, and distribution networks. Our analysis shows that strategies based on imported wood chips, rather than locally converted forestry residues, burned in a mix of ICE and ORC combined heat and power facilities offer the most promise. While there are uncertainties surrounding the precise environmental impacts of these solutions, it is clear that such biomass systems can help eco-towns to meet their target of an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Journal article
    Marshall DP, Maddison JR, Berloff PS, 2012,

    A Framework for Parameterizing Eddy Potential Vorticity Fluxes

    , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, Vol: 42, Pages: 539-557, ISSN: 0022-3670
  • Journal article
    Keirstead J, Jennings M, Sivakumar A, 2012,

    A review of urban energy system models: approaches, challenges and opportunities

    , Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol: 6, Pages: 3847-3866

    Energy use in cities has attracted signi cant research in recent years. However such a broad topic inevitably results in number of alternative interpretations of the problem domain and the modelling tools used in its study. This paper seeks to pull together these strands by proposing a theoretical de nition of an urban energy system model and then evaluating the state of current practice. Drawing on a review of 219 papers, ve key areas of practice were identi ed { technology design, building design, urban climate, systems design, and policy assessment - each with distinct and incomplete interpretations of the problem domain. We also highlight a sixth fi eld, land use and transportation modelling, which has direct relevance to the use of energy in cities but has been somewhat overlooked by the literature to date. Despite their diversity, these approaches to urban energy system modellingshare four common challenges in understanding model complexity, data quality and uncertainty, model integration, and policy relevance. We then examine the opportunities for improving current practice in urban energy systems modelling, focusing on the potential of sensitivity analysis and cloud computing,data collection and integration techniques and standards, and theuse of activity-based modelling as an integrating framework. The results indicate that there is signi cant potential for urban energy systems modelling to move beyond single disciplinary approaches towards a sophisticated integratedperspective that more fully captures the theoretical complexity of urban energy systems.
  • Conference paper
    Hubbard SM, Haaf MP, Williams CK, Bakewell CMet al., 2012,

    Isotactic polylactic acid (PLA) formation with chiral aluminum hydroxyquinolate catalysts

    , 11th International Biorelated Polymer Symposium / 243rd National Spring Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS), Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727

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