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• Journal article
  Ye Q, Gao Y, Patel RJ, Cao B, Li A, Powell J, Cai Y, Marín-Beltrán I, Tao Z, Ejaz M, Zaidi SS, Gupta A, See MS, Cao XE, Fulco G, Lei C, Han S, Teng D, Bezerra P, Xia Y, Montesdeoca Molina BR, Zhang T, Heim AB, Uzonyi Aet al., 2024,

  Research beneficiaries speak.

  , Science, Vol: 384, Pages: 26-28
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• Journal article
  Riou J, Panczak R, Konstantinoudis G, Egger Met al., 2024,

  Area-level excess mortality in times of COVID-19 in Switzerland: geographical, socioeconomic and political determinants

  , EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Vol: 34, Pages: 415-417, ISSN: 1101-1262
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• Journal article
  Zhu L, Atoufi A, Lefauve A, Kerswell RR, Linden PFet al., 2024,

  Long-wave instabilities of sloping stratified exchange flows

  , JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS, Vol: 983, ISSN: 0022-1120
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  • Citations: 3
• Journal article
  Liang C, Katayama Y, Tao Y, Morinaga A, Moss B, Celorrio V, Ryan M, Stephens IEL, Durrant JR, Rao RRet al., 2024,

  Role of Electrolyte pH on Water Oxidation for Iridium Oxides

  , JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 146, Pages: 8928-8938, ISSN: 0002-7863
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• Journal article
  Patel DN, Matalon P, Oluleye G, 2024,

  A novel temporal mixed-integer market penetration model for cost-effective uptake of electric boilers in the UK chemical industry

  , Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol: 446, ISSN: 0959-6526

  The UK chemical industry is the largest consumer of natural gas for process heating and power generation, with an annual consumption of 26.3 TWh. Reduction in natural gas consumption and associated carbon emissions can be achieved through electrification of heat. However, the adoption of electric boilers is lethargic due to economic barriers. Hence, market-based policy interventions are required. This study aims to accelerate the adoption of electric boilers in the UK's chemical industry, aligning with the UK's ambitious 2035 industrial decarbonisation goals while considering economic impacts, by designing market-based policy interventions and comparing two adoption patterns. A novel multi-period Mixed-Integer Market Penetration Optimisation Model is developed and applied to inform decisions about transitioning from natural gas to electric boilers. The model is applied to a case study of all the heating systems (490 boilers) in the UK chemical industry from 1 MW to 60 MW boilers. Results show that effectively implementing a gas tax, electricity subsidy, annual grant and carbon tax can generate sufficient demand-pull to reduce the cost of electric boilers from 30 to 85 % depending on the boiler size. A carbon tax starting at £280 per tCO2e and reducing to £170 per tCO2e coupled with electricity subsidies is essential for this transition. The policies are designed such that a win-win is achieved between government and industry; specifically, revenue from the carbon tax and gas tax is used to support the grant and electricity subsidy thereby achieving cost neutrality for government. At 100 % uptake of electric boilers in 2033, the total carbon emissions reduce by 89 %, which is above the 2035 UK industry goal of 60 % reduction. The research establishes a robust policy timeline that can drive industrial electrification in the UK's chemical sector. It highlights the need for a multi-faceted approach, incorporating various policy instruments to overcome the ba

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• Journal article
  Moss B, Svane KL, Nieto-Castro D, Rao RR, Scott SB, Tseng C, Sachs M, Pennathur A, Liang C, Oldham LI, Mazzolini E, Jurado L, Sankar G, Parry S, Celorrio V, Dawlaty JM, Rossmeisl J, Galan-Mascaros JR, Stephens IEL, Durrant JRet al., 2024,

  Cooperative Effects Drive Water Oxidation Catalysis in Cobalt Electrocatalysts through the Destabilization of Intermediates

  , JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 146, Pages: 8915-8927, ISSN: 0002-7863
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• Journal article
  Lefauve A, Couchman MMP, 2024,

  Data-driven classification of sheared stratified turbulence from experimental shadowgraphs

  , PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2469-990X
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  • Citations: 5
• Report
  Ersoz A, Rhodes A, 2024,

  Delivering our future power system - an Energy Futures Lab briefing paper

  , Delivering Our Future Power System - An Energy Futures Lab Briefing Paper
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• Journal article
  Liu J, Wilkinson CE, Liu X, Wang M, Cao XEet al., 2024,

  Revisiting “quantity” and “quality” of science from young scholars

  , Matter, Vol: 7, Pages: 715-717, ISSN: 2590-2393

  Excessive attention has been paid to the quantity of research, with scientific institutions emphasizing metrics such as h-index, impact factors of journals, and the number of publications. Increasingly, researchers become superficial, impetuous, and fanatical in the quest for quantity rather than focusing on quality and making a real impact. In this paper, we call for revitalizing a rational and impartial attitude toward quantity and scientific impact.

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  • Citations: 3
• Journal article
  Li S, Feng Y, Li Y, Deng S, Cao XE, Lee KB, Wang Jet al., 2024,

  Critical review on mobile direct air capture: Concept expansion, characteristic description, and performance evaluation

  , Matter, Vol: 7, Pages: 889-933, ISSN: 2590-2393

  The widespread adoption of direct air capture (DAC) is necessary for achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. However, on-site DAC development faces challenges like inconsistent technical solutions and significant initial investment. The proposal of mobile DAC offers an alternative technical route to scaling up DAC through distributed deployment, introducing a brand-new application scenario. Two types of mobile DAC are concerned, including integrating DAC with the existing transportation equipment and specialized mobile DAC devices for sniffing and capturing CO<inf>2</inf>. The detailed discussions cover the fundamental operation strategies and performance evaluation. Firstly, the mobile DAC in vehicles and ships is reviewed, focusing on integrating conventional DAC systems with common transportation. Then, the specialized devices for CO<inf>2</inf> sniffing and capturing, i.e., mobile DAC in low- and high-altitude aircraft, are proposed. This review envisions a future where mobile DAC technology is widely deployed in various human activity spaces, serving as a standard negative-emission solution.

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  • Citations: 15
• Journal article
  Guo C, Benzie P, Hu S, de Nijs B, Miele E, Elliott E, Arul R, Benjamin H, Dziechciarczyk G, Rao RR, Ryan MP, Baumberg JJet al., 2024,

  Extensive photochemical restructuring of molecule-metal surfaces under room light

  , NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 15
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• Journal article
  Tong Z, Guan S, Zhang Q, Cao XKEet al., 2024,

  Data-driven energy efficient speed planning for battery electric industrial vehicles: Forklift as a case study

  , Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol: 443, ISSN: 0959-6526

  Battery electric industrial vehicles (BEIVs) offer significant environmental protection and decarbonization potential for rapidly growing logistics and transportation sectors in China. However, the limited driving range remains a major obstacle to the widespread adoption of BEIVs. Eco-driving is an effective solution that can improve energy efficiency and extend the driving range of vehicles by controlling driving behavior and speed. Therefore, this paper introduces an energy efficient speed planning method for BEIVs, in which data-driven models are developed to estimate energy consumption. Real-world driving data collected from a BEIV are used to model the energy consumption by curve fitting, random forest, and LSTM. The speed planning process is considered a Markov Decision Process, which is solved using Dynamic Programming and Q-learning, respectively. The case study of a battery electric forklift shows that speed planning can reduce energy consumption by 13%–27% compared to time-optimal speed, while only increasing the driving time by 10%–20%.

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  • Citations: 11
• Journal article
  Liu F, Toumi R, Zhang H, Chen Det al., 2024,

  Impact of precipitation on ocean responses during a tropical cyclone

  , Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol: 54, Pages: 895-909, ISSN: 0022-3670

  Precipitation plays a crucial role in modulating upper-ocean salinity and the formation of the barrier layer, which affects the development of tropical cyclones (TCs). This study performed idealized simulations to investigate the influence of precipitation on the upper ocean. Precipitation acts to suppress the wind-induced sea surface reduction and generates an asymmetric warming response with a rightward bias. There is substantial vertical change with a cooling anomaly in the subsurface, which is about 3 times larger than the surface warming. The mean tropical cyclone heat potential is locally increased, but the net effect across the cyclone footprint is small. The impact of precipitation on the ocean tends to saturate for extreme precipitation, suggesting a nonlinear feedback. A prevailing driver of the model behavior is that the freshwater flux from precipitation strengthens the stratification and increases current shear in the upper ocean, trapping more kinetic energy in the surface layer and subsequently weakening near-inertial waves in the deep ocean. This study highlights the competing roles of TC precipitation and wind. Because the TC category is weaker than category 3, the warming anomaly is caused by reduced vertical mixing, whereas for stronger storms, the advection process is most important.

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• Report
  Jennings N, Paterson P, Whitmarsh L, Howarth Cet al., 2024,

  What do the UK public think about the co-benefits that climate action can bring?

  This slide deck summarises findings from a nationally representative sample (on the basis of age, gender and ethnicity) of 1,021 people who were asked to share their opinions about the co-benefits of climate action. People were surveyed via the online survey platform Prolific on Monday 12th February 2024. The headline findings and recommendations are followed by a case study focused on homes that are more affordable to heat. The insights in this slide deck build on findings from a Grantham report published in October 2023, How do UK citizens perceive the co-benefits of climate action? which included survey and focus groups with members of the UK public.

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• Journal article
  Zhu L, Jiang X, Lefauve A, Kerswell RR, Linden PFet al., 2024,

  New insights into experimental stratified flows obtained through physics-informed neural networks

  , JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS, Vol: 981, ISSN: 0022-1120
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• Journal article
  Sietsma AJ, Theokritoff E, Biesbroek R, Canosa IV, Thomas A, Callaghan M, Minx JC, Ford JDet al., 2024,

  Machine learning evidence map reveals global differences in adaptation action

  , ONE EARTH, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2590-3330
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  • Citations: 12
• Journal article
  Lawrance EL, Massazza A, Pantelidou I, Le Vay JN, El Omrani O, Lawrance E, Nabarro D, Otto F, Jennings N, Rao M, Meinsma N, Howitt P, Sakalauskas D, Curl M, Bailey M, Suarez P, Meyer R, Whitton S, Guinto RR, Aruta JJB, Maharaj S, Greaves N, Anchang KY, Zeitz L, Wray B, Newman S, Uchendu J, Lekwa H, Olude A, Wright S, Boyce N, Thomson M, Watson C, Hore Ret al., 2024,

  Connecting Climate Minds: a shared vision for the climate change and mental health field

  , NATURE MENTAL HEALTH, Vol: 2, Pages: 121-125
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  • Citations: 7
• Journal article
  Shi J, Feng X, Toumi R, Zhang C, Hodges KI, Tao A, Zhang W, Zheng Jet al., 2024,

  Publisher Correction: Global increase in tropical cyclone ocean surface waves

  , Nature Communications, Vol: 15, ISSN: 2041-1723
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• Conference paper
  Morgan O, Elwy L, Oluleye O, 2024,

  Assessing the UK’s attempt to establish a zero-carbon hydrogen economy in the industrial sector

  , International Conference on Applied Energy, Publisher: Scanditale AB, ISSN: 2004-2965

  This study determines the cost reducing effect of hydrogen supply-push targets, which will indicate the sufficiency of current UK government policy to initiate a hydrogen economy within the industrial sector. This study will also answer the question “What demand-pull policies can support fuel switching to hydrogen in UK industry?” A novel mixed-methods approach is used, in-depth rapid evidence assessment and a macro market penetration assessment to understand how to best establish an industrial hydrogen economy. Our findings show that without demand-pull policies, 65 GW to 350 GW of hydrogen supply is required to achieve price parity with natural gas.

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• Journal article
  Cao XE, Murguía Burton ZF, Wang M, 2024,

  Advancing equitable climate education

  , Matter, Vol: 7, Pages: 9-12, ISSN: 2590-2393

  The climate crisis requires immediate action, including training a sizable climate workforce and involving people of all backgrounds in creating climate solutions. Emerging interdisciplinary, societally engaged climate education programs provide a template for the development of globally accessible, equitable education models.

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  • Citations: 1
• Journal article
  Shi J, Feng X, Toumi R, Zhang C, Hodges KI, Tao A, Zhang W, Zheng Jet al., 2024,

  Global increase in tropical cyclone ocean surface waves

  , Nature Communications, Vol: 15, ISSN: 2041-1723

  The long-term changes of ocean surface waves associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) are poorly observed and understood. Here, we present the global trend analysis of TC waves for 1979–2022 based on the ERA5 wave reanalysis. The maximum height and the area of the TC wave footprint in the six h reanalysis have increased globally by about 3%/decade and 6%/decade, respectively. The TC wave energy transferred at the interface from the atmosphere to the ocean has increased globally by about 9%/decade, which is three times larger than that reported for all waves. The global energy changes are mostly driven by the growing area of the wave footprint. Our study shows that the TC-associated wave hazard has increased significantly and these changes are larger than those of the TC maximum wind speed. This suggests that the wave hazard should be a concern in the future.

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• Journal article
  Tsui EYL, Chan PW, Toumi R, 2024,

  Boundary layer profile of decaying and non-decaying tropical storms near landfall

  , Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol: 25, ISSN: 1530-261X

  The vertical profile of the wind structure of translating tropical cyclones, including the associated azimuthal asymmetry, has been the subject of existing theoretical and observational studies using dropsondes. Most of these studies are based on data collected from relatively strong cyclones over the Atlantic. Here we explore the tropical cyclone boundary layer wind profile of mainly relatively weak landfalling cyclones near Hong Kong. We find that decaying tropical storms have a much larger mid- to low-level inflow angle than those that are intensifying or in steady-state. The inflow angles of intensifying, steady-state and decaying tropical storms converge towards the top of the boundary layer. The wind speed reduces through the boundary layer in a similar way in all three cases. The combination of these factors means that decaying tropical storms have stronger inflow than intensifying and steady-state ones. We attribute these local effects to remote enhanced surface friction over land when the storms are weakening.

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• Conference paper
  Oluleye O, Hu F, Abu Ali H, Savage Tet al., 2024,

  A novel stochastic market potential optimisation model for clean technology uptake modelling

  , International Conference on Applied Energy, Publisher: Scanditale AB, ISSN: 2004-2965

  The high mitigation cost of clean innovations, warrants policy support for increased uptake. This study applies optimization techniques to investigate the impact of market-based policies in generating sufficient demand pull to trigger cost reduction under uncertainty. A novel Stochastic Market Potential Optimization model (SMPOM) is developed to maximize the cost difference between the initial cost of a technology and the new cost using a market-based policy. The model is applied to a case study of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in 32 integrated steel plants in Europe. Results show policy induced demand pull can reduce the mitigation cost of CCS.

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• Book chapter
  Holm DD, Hu R, Street OD, 2024,

  On the interactions between mean flows and inertial gravity waves in the WKB approximation

  , Mathematics of Planet Earth, Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland, Pages: 111-141, ISBN: 9783031400933

  We derive a Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) closure of the generalised Lagrangian mean (GLM) theory by using a phase-averaged Hamilton variational principle for the Euler–Boussinesq (EB) equations. Following Gjaja and Holm 1996, we consider 3D inertial gravity waves (IGWs) in the EB approximation. The GLM closure for WKB IGWs expresses EB wave mean flow interaction (WMFI) as WKB wave motion boosted into the reference frame of the EB equations for the Lagrangian mean transport velocity. We provide both deterministic and stochastic closure models for GLM IGWs at leading order in 3D complex vector WKB wave asymptotics. This paper brings the Gjaja and Holm 1996 paper at leading order in wave amplitude asymptotics into an easily understood short form and proposes a stochastic generalisation of the WMFI equations for IGWs.

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• Journal article
  Konstantinoudis G, Evangelopoulos D, Katsaounou P, Filippidis Fet al., 2024,

  Association of high temperatures with cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in a context of high smoking prevalence: The case of Greece

  , Tobacco Prevention and Cessation, Vol: 10

  Introduction Climate change presents a significant threat to human health. Increased temperatures can aggravate COPD and asthma and exacerbate the effect of factors such as air pollution or pollen, which are known to affect these diseases. Older people, people with multiple chronic diseases, and deprived populations are affected the most by high temperatures. Quantifying this variation is crucial to inform adaptation to heat policies and to shed light on how effect modifiers such as deprivation, green space, and smoking modify this effect. Methods Daily data on all-cause mortality at the NUTS3 administrative regions (nomos) during 2000–2019 in Greece by age and sex was retrieved from the Hellenic Statistical Authority. The daily mean temperature at 9kmx9km was retrieved from the ERA-5 reanalysis dataset. We employed a case-crossover study design to examine all-cause mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality by age (75<, 75–84, 85+) and sex (male and female), focusing on the effect of heatwaves (deaths occurring during April to September) using six different definitions (durations = >2 or >3 days and thresholds = 90%, 95% and 99% of the annual space specific temperature percentile). We fitted Bayesian conditional Poisson regression models and examined how the effect varies in time and at the NUTS3 region level. Results We retrieved 216, 758 cardiorespiratory deaths from April and September during 2000–2019. Most of the deaths were among females (52%). Overall, we observed an increasing effect of heatwaves on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality with increasing duration and temperature thresholds. We also observed an overall decreasing trend of the heatwave effect across the study periods in all heatwave definitions, apart from our most extreme definition, where we observed an increasing trend. We observed weak evidence of spatial vulnerabilities. Conclusions Heatwaves are associated with cardiovascular and respiratory mortalit

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• Journal article
  Serdeczny O, Andrijevic M, Fyson C, Lissner T, Menke I, Schleussner C-F, Theokritoff E, Thomas Aet al., 2024,

  Climatic risks to adaptive capacity

  , MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE, Vol: 29, ISSN: 1381-2386
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  • Citations: 7
• Journal article
  Murawski J, Scott SB, Rao R, Rigg K, Zalitis C, Stevens J, Sharman J, Hinds G, Stephens IELet al., 2024,

  Benchmarking Stability of Iridium Oxide in Acidic Media under Oxygen Evolution Conditions: A Review: Part I Probing degradation of iridium-based oxide catalysts

  , JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, Vol: 68, Pages: 121-146, ISSN: 2056-5135
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• Journal article
  Dalder J, Oluleye G, Cannone C, Yeganyan R, Tan N, Howells Met al., 2024,

  Modelling Policy Pathways to Maximise Renewable Energy Growth and Investment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Using OSeMOSYS (Open Source Energy Modelling System)

  , ENERGIES, Vol: 17
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• Journal article
  Paiboonsin P, Oluleye G, Howells M, Yeganyan R, Cannone C, Patterson S, Elshkaki Aet al., 2024,

  Pathways to Clean Energy Transition in Indonesia's Electricity Sector with Open-Source Energy Modelling System Modelling (OSeMOSYS)

  , ENERGIES, Vol: 17
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• Journal article
  Murawski J, Scott SB, Rao R, Rigg K, Zalitis C, Stevens J, Sharman J, Hinds G, Stephens IELet al., 2024,

  Benchmarking Stability of Iridium Oxide in Acidic Media under Oxygen Evolution Conditions: A Review: Part II Investigation of catalyst activity and stability via short term testing

  , JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, Vol: 68, Pages: 147-160, ISSN: 2056-5135
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