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  • Journal article
    Phillips E, Picott K, Kümmel S, Bulka O, Edwards E, Wang P-H, Gehre M, Nijenhuis I, Lollar BSet al., 2024,

    Vitamin B12 as a source of variability in isotope effects for chloroform biotransformation by Dehalobacter.

    , Microbiologyopen, Vol: 13

    Carbon and chlorine isotope effects for biotransformation of chloroform by different microbes show significant variability. Reductive dehalogenases (RDase) enzymes contain different cobamides, affecting substrate preferences, growth yields, and dechlorination rates and extent. We investigate the role of cobamide type on carbon and chlorine isotopic signals observed during reductive dechlorination of chloroform by the RDase CfrA. Microcosm experiments with two subcultures of a Dehalobacter-containing culture expressing CfrA-one with exogenous cobamide (Vitamin B12, B12+) and one without (to drive native cobamide production)-resulted in a markedly smaller carbon isotope enrichment factor (εC, bulk) for B12- (-22.1 ± 1.9‰) compared to B12+ (-26.8 ± 3.2‰). Both cultures exhibited significant chlorine isotope fractionation, and although a lower εCl, bulk was observed for B12- (-6.17 ± 0.72‰) compared to B12+ (-6.86 ± 0.77‰) cultures, these values are not statistically different. Importantly, dual-isotope plots produced identical slopes of ΛCl/C (ΛCl/C, B12+ = 3.41 ± 0.15, ΛCl/C, B12- = 3.39 ± 0.15), suggesting the same reaction mechanism is involved in both experiments, independent of the lower cobamide bases. A nonisotopically fractionating masking effect may explain the smaller fractionations observed for the B12- containing culture.
  • Conference paper
    Shukla P, Nath P, Wang S, Quilodran Casas Cet al., 2024,

    Forecasting tropical cyclones with cascaded diffusion models
  • Report
    Jennings N, Brandmayr C, 2024,

    How can action to tackle climate change improve people’s health and save the NHS money?

    To achieve Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and contribute to global efforts to avoid the worst consequences of climate change, policies are required that reduce emissions across the whole of UK society including the transport, housing and agriculture sectors. Climate action could play an important role in helping to reduce existing health inequalities, improving public health and responding to the high levels of pressure on the NHS.
  • Report
    Lawrance E, Newberry Le Vay J, El Omrani O, Howitt P, Jennings N, Meinsma N, Watson Det al., 2024,

    Global Agenda for Research and Action in Climate Change and Mental Health
  • Journal article
    Greene SM, Schachat SR, Arita-Merino N, Cao XE, Gurnani H, Heyns M, Cagigas ML, Maikawa CL, Needham EJ, Perets EA, Phillips E, Waddle AW, Wilkinson CE, Zhou KC, Zlotnick HMet al., 2024,

    Accessible interview practices for disabled scientists and engineers

    , ISCIENCE, Vol: 27
  • Journal article
    Rao RR, Bucci A, Corby S, Moss B, Liang C, Gopakumar A, Stephens IEL, Lloret-Fillol J, Durrant JRet al., 2024,

    Unraveling the Role of Particle Size and Nanostructuring on the Oxygen Evolution Activity of Fe-Doped NiO

    , ACS CATALYSIS, Vol: 14, Pages: 11389-11399, ISSN: 2155-5435
  • Journal article
    Liang C, Rao RR, Svane KL, Hadden JHL, Moss B, Scott SB, Sachs M, Murawski J, Frandsen AM, Riley DJ, Ryan MP, Rossmeisl J, Durrant JR, Stephens IELet al., 2024,

    Unravelling the effects of active site density and energetics on the water oxidation activity of iridium oxides

    , Nature Catalysis, Vol: 7, Pages: 763-775, ISSN: 2520-1158

    Understanding what controls the reaction rate on iridium-based catalysts is central to designing better electrocatalysts for the water oxidation reaction in proton exchange membrane electrolysers. Here we quantify the densities of redox-active centres and probe their binding strengths on amorphous IrOx and rutile IrO2 using operando time-resolved optical spectroscopy. We establish a quantitative experimental correlation between the intrinsic reaction rate and the active-state energetics. We find that adsorbed oxygen species, *O, formed at water oxidation potentials, exhibit repulsive adsorbate–adsorbate interactions. Increasing their coverage weakens their binding, thereby promoting O–O bond formation, which is the rate-determining step. These analyses suggest that although amorphous IrOx exhibits a higher geometric current density, the intrinsic reaction rates per active state on IrOx and IrO2 are comparable at given potentials. Finally, we present a modified volcano plot that elucidates how the intrinsic water oxidation kinetics can be increased by optimizing both the binding energy and the interaction strength between the catalytically active states.
  • Report
    Moustafa N, Rhodes A, Wyn Owen M, 2024,

    EFL White Paper - Nuclear in the UK

    , The Future of Nuclear in the UK: Challenges and Opportunities, Publisher: Energy Futures Lab

    A growth globally in population and living standards is driving an increase in energy consumption worldwide. The drivers for energy include essential large-scale power generation, industrial activity, and increased transportation capabilities. These activities come with staggering carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, exacerbating the already significant cumulative totals which are resulting in a global rise in temperature. Currently, the main sources for global electrical energy generation comes from thermal power using coal and natural gas followed by hydro-electric plants, nuclear power with remaining energy being produced from biomass, geothermal, wind, solar and marine energy.Nuclear energy is a low-carbon source of electricity production and is the second largest source of low carbon electricity production globally after hydropower. Nuclear power accounts for 10% of the world’s electricity generation and 18% of electricity in OECD countries. Almost all reports from governments and organisations consider nuclear power as required to create a sustainable future energy system. An IEA report published in 2022, concluded that achieving net-zero targets globally will be significantly harder and more expensive without nuclear energy. The UK currently generates ~15% of its electricity from about 6.5 GW of nuclear capacity. However, most existing capacity will be shut down in the next 10 years. Where current government plans have ambitions for nuclear power to reach 25% of electricity production. Hence there is a need to investigate current and future nuclear power technologies, their technology readiness level, costs and required policy and funding mechanisms to enhance nuclear power generation and ensure British energy security. This research evaluated the prospects for new nuclear power generation to provide a significant proportion of UK generation, showing a rigorous, evidence-based evaluation of realistic timescales, costings and funding mechanisms and required s
  • Report
    Rhodes A, Moustafa N, Wyn Owen M, 2024,

    EFL White Paper - Nuclear in the UK

    , Future of Nuclear in the UK: Challenges and Opportunities
  • Report
    Rogelj J, Stern N, Zenghelis D, Valero A, Ekins P, Bell K, Qadrdan M, Cipcigan L, Hampton S, Whitmarsh L, Moorcroft Het al., 2024,

    The truth about climate action in the UK: dispelling common myths to underline the importance of acting on net zero

    To help unpack the evidence and provide greater clarity about what is fact and what is false, this collection of essays authored by academics from across the UK explores a range of topics that are often featured in public and policy discussion on climate change.The essays outline the key evidence on climate science, the economic implications of climate action, the performance and costs of technologies and infrastructure to reduce emissions, and public attitudes to net zero.
  • Report
    Brandmayr C, Bird J, Jennings N, Gilbert A, Ward B, Burke J, Mercer L, Serin Eet al., 2024,

    General Election 2024: climate change priorities for the next UK Government
  • Journal article
    Lee H, Kim K-H, Rao RR, Park DG, Choi WH, Choi JH, Kim DW, Jung DH, Stephens IEL, Durrant JR, Kang JKet al., 2024,

    A hydrogen radical pathway for efficacious electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia over an Fe-polyoxometalate/Cu electrocatalyst

    , MATERIALS HORIZONS, ISSN: 2051-6347
  • Journal article
    Holm DD, Hu R, Street OD, 2024,

    Geometric mechanics of the vertical slice model

    , Geometric Mechanics, Vol: 01, Pages: 77-121, ISSN: 2972-4589

    <jats:p> The goals of this work are to: (i) investigate the dynamics of oceanic frontogenesis by taking advantage of the geometric mechanics underlying the class of Vertical Slice Models (VSMs) of ocean dynamics and (ii) illustrate the versatility and utility of deterministic and stochastic variational approaches by deriving several variants of wave–current interaction models which describe the effects of internal waves propagating within a vertical planar slice embedded in a 3D region of constant horizontal gradient of buoyancy in the direction transverse to the vertical plane. </jats:p>
  • Journal article
    Rai UJ, Oluleye G, Hawkes A, 2024,

    Stochastic optimisation model to determine the optimal contractual capacity of a distributed energy resource offered in a balancing services contract to maximise profit

    , Energy Reports, Vol: 11, Pages: 5800-5818, ISSN: 2352-4847

    In the realm of grid balancing services, determining the generation capacity of a distributed energy resource for contractual agreements with the system operator is pivotal. However, prevalent heuristic or deterministic methodologies employed by demand response aggregators often lack risk assessment and may not optimize generation capacity allocation. Consequently, the potential for maximizing utilization profits remains untapped. This paper addresses these limitations and explains the necessity of using the optimal generation capacity of a grid-connected distributed energy resource which is also fulfilling site electricity demand to maximise profit and mitigate penalties both for demand response aggregators and their clients. Demand response aggregators provide these services to the system operator on behalf of their clients whose electrical generation assets they utilize on a profit-sharing basis. The primary challenge investigated in this study lies in effectively managing the uncertainty surrounding both site electricity demand and short-term operating reserve calls by the system operator through a novel two-step approach. Firstly, a demand bin characterization technique is employed to account for site demand uncertainty. Subsequently, a stochastic model utilizing mixed integer nonlinear programming is developed using the General Algebraic Modeling System, incorporating five years of uncertainty regarding the frequency of short-term operating reserve calls which makes it instrumental and novel in determining optimal contractual generation capacity in a balancing service contract, as well as associated profits and penalties, under varying utilization prices. This distinctiveness positions it as an advancement over and distinct from deterministic approaches. Case study results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed stochastic model in comparison to deterministic methods utilized in prior research. Specifically, the stochastic model yields a realistic profit incr
  • Journal article
    Quilodran-Casas C, Li Q, Zhang N, Cheng S, Yan S, Ma Q, Arcucci Ret al., 2024,

    Exploring unseen 3D scenarios of physics variables using machine learning-based synthetic data: An application to wave energy converters

    , ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE, Vol: 177, ISSN: 1364-8152
  • Report
    Bird J, 2024,

    Autumn and winter storms in the UK 2023-24

    , Grantham Institute background briefing, Publisher: Imperial Grantham Institute

    Key points• Rainfall during autumn and winter storms in the UK and Ireland in 2023/24 was made around 20% more intense by human-caused climate change. • The total volume of rainfall experienced over the October 2023 – March 2024 period increased by about 15% compared to the preindustrial climate. • Rainfall intensity and volume are expected to continue to worsen unless greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly reduced. • A range of factors, including health, economic, social, discrimination and geographic features can impact people’s level of risk from flooding, with risk of harm especially high in cases where multiple risk factors intersect. • The Government has not yet set a long-term resilience target for flooding, and policy measures to build resilience have so far fallen short. In late 2023 and early 2024, the UK and Ireland experienced a very active storm season. The countries were affected by 13-14 severe storms. Storms Babet, Ciarán, Henk and Isha were some of the most damaging in Ireland and the UK, leading to severe floods, at least 13 deaths, severe damages to homes and infrastructure, power outages, travel cancellations, and loss of crops and livestock.
  • Report
    El Omrani O, Massazza A, Fleury J, Funani A, Guluzade N, Jatene I, Lawrance E, Jennings N, Souza de Camargo T, Vergunst F, Vicente dos Santos Ferreira Jet al., 2024,

    Submission by The Climate Cares Centre and United for Global Mental Health to the Expert Dialogue on Children and Climate Change
  • Journal article
    Dang C, Nie H, Cao XE, Cao Y, Liu L, Zhu X, Zhu Q, Zhu L, Xu G, Zhu Met al., 2024,

    System integration for solar-driven interfacial desalination

    , Device, Vol: 2

    To address the growing global freshwater scarcity, solar-thermal-driven desalination has gradually matured as a promising solution under the advocacy of global energy conservation and carbon footprint reduction. In recent years, the performance of solar-driven interfacial desalination (SDID) systems has been substantially improved via the modification and development of photothermal materials and the design of artificial interfaces and thermal management engineering. In this review, we summarize recent advances in SDID integrated devices and their potential for applications at different scales. The specific and potential application scenarios of SDID devices and the challenges for future development are also described. We also review the interactions between the strategies of seawater supply, steam transport, and freshwater condensation systems with the energy systems.
  • Journal article
    Syafina P, Oluleye G, 2024,

    A comparative assessment of policy induced diffusion pathways for utility scale solar PV: case study of Indonesia

    , Frontiers in Sustainable Energy Policy, Vol: 3, ISSN: 2813-4982

    Lack of effective policies hinder the uptake of Utility-scale solar PV, even though they are projected to play a pivotal role in achieving Indonesia’s 2050 net-zero energy target. This study seeks to identify a cost-effective pathway to increase the capacity of utility-scale solar PV in Indonesia through supportive policies that ensure equitable cost distribution between the government and industry. A novel Market Penetration Optimization Model is developed and applied in simulation mode to assess existing policies, and optimization mode to determine new policy recommendations and compare three policy induced diffusion pathways. Results show that current price-based policies are insufficient to stimulate growth in the solar PV market, only covering approximately 13% of the investment cost required by the industry. Thus, necessitating a reactivation of Feed-in-Tariffs. The optimal tariffs rates required range from 0.39 to 1.47 cents /kWh for the most economic pathway during the initial ten-year post-construction period. The Innovation Diffusion Theory-based pathway necessitates the lowest initial investment cost while yielding the highest revenue from electricity sales, demonstrating its superior cost-effectiveness compared to both the supply-based and linear pathways. This study enriches the literature by exploring the financial implications of policy induced diffusion pathways.
  • Journal article
    Akkiraju K, Rao R, Hwang J, Giordano L, Wang XR, Crumlin E, Weinberger DS, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2024,

    Regulating Oxygen Activity of Perovskites to Promote Activity and Selectivity for Methanol Oxidation to Formaldehyde

    , ACS CATALYSIS, Vol: 14, Pages: 7649-7663, ISSN: 2155-5435
  • Journal article
    Lewis-Brown E, Jennings N, Mills M, Ewers Ret al., 2024,

    Comparison of carbon management and emissions of universities that did and did not adopt voluntary carbon offsets

    , Climate Policy, Vol: 24, Pages: 706-722, ISSN: 1469-3062

    The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, remove carbon from the atmosphere and stabilize natural carbon sinks has led to the development of many carbon management measures, increasingly including voluntary carbon offsets (VCOs). We studied carbon management in universities, institutions with large carbon footprints and considerable influence in climate science and policy fora. However, concerns that VCOs may deter adopters (including universities) from adopting other carbon reduction measures and limit emissions reductions, for example, through moral hazard, have been raised but understudied. We compared the carbon management characteristics (priorities, policies, practices and emissions) of universities that did and did not adopt VCOs. We found adopters measured carbon emissions for longer, and had set targets to reach net zero earlier than had non-adopters. Adopters of VCOs also undertook more carbon management practices in both 2010 and 2020 than non-adopters. We also found that both adopters and non-adopters significantly increased their carbon management practices over the decade studied, but with no difference between groups. Gross CO2 emissions were reduced significantly over time by adopters of VCOs but not by non-adopters, whereas carbon intensity and percentage annual emissions reductions did not relate to adoption status. Consequently, our study showed no indication of mitigation deterrence due to adoption of VCOs at the universities studied. Rather, greater emissions reductions correlated with earlier net zero target dates, and a higher number of policies and carbon management practices. However, our study was constrained to universities that were affiliated with a national environmental network, so research beyond these organizations, and with individuals, would be useful. The survey was voluntary, exposing the study to potential self-selection bias so the findings may not be generalized beyond the study group. Finally, we found the carbon ac
  • Journal article
    Sparks N, Toumi R, 2024,

    The Imperial College Storm model (IRIS) dataset

    , Scientific Data, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2052-4463

    Assessing tropical cyclone risk on a global scale given the infrequency of landfalling tropical cyclones (TC) and the short period of reliable observations remains a challenge. Synthetic tropical cyclone datasets can help overcome these problems. Here we present a new global dataset created by IRIS, the ImpeRIal college Storm model. IRIS is novel because, unlike other synthetic TC models, it only simulates the decay from the point of lifetime maximum intensity. This minimises the bias in the dataset. It takes input from 42 years of observed tropical cyclones and creates a 10,000 year synthetic dataset of wind speed which is then validated against the observations. IRIS captures important statistical characteristics of the observed data. The return periods of the landfall maximum wind speed are realistic globally.
  • Journal article
    Dang C, Shan M, Tian E, Cao XE, Xu Y, Shen J, Zhang T, Xiong J, Mo J, Xu G, Zhu Met al., 2024,

    Silk-crosslinked polyester fibrous air filters with electrostatic interfacial mediation for high- efficiency and low-resistance air purification

    , Device, Vol: 2

    Similar to most air filtration strategies, fibrous filters have the trade-off between efficiency and air flow. An electrostatic-assisted electret filter may help improve filtration efficiency while maintaining air flow. In this work, we present a silk-nanofiber-modified polyethylene terephthalate (SNF@PET) fiber filter with an improved compression strength and modulus by 1.9 and 1.6 times respectively, at 2 wt % SNF content, increasing the structural stability of the filter to support a higher air flow. The filtration efficiencies of the SNF@PET fiber membrane for PM<inf>0.3-0.5</inf> and PM<inf>0.5-1</inf> are up to 99.7% and 99.6%, respectively, with a corresponding pressure drop of 3.3 Pa at 0.1 m s<sup>−1</sup> air velocity. The SNF@PET fiber filter showed a slight decrease in filtration efficiency to 98.3% for PM<inf>0.3-0.5</inf> and a small increase of pressure drop to 3.7 Pa (from 3.3 Pa) after 400 h.
  • Journal article
    Kwon S, Stoerzinger KA, Rao R, Qiao L, Goddard III WA, Shao-Horn Yet al., 2024,

    Facet-Dependent Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of IrO<sub>2</sub> from Quantum Mechanics and Experiments

    , JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 146, Pages: 11719-11725, ISSN: 0002-7863
  • Report
    Halkyard S, Levey S, Amer H, Brogan C, Butler L, Cannon C, Davenport F, Duncan C, Dunning H, Evanson D, Ford P, Fredenburgh J, Gokdemir T, Govan E, Heyburn J, Jennings N, Johns S, Kuchapski N, McNally C, Mundell I, Murphy V, Ross P, Silverman D, Singleton L, Taylor J, A Thousand Monkeys, Wilson J, Wynton Let al., 2024,

    Grantham Institute Outlook 2023-2024

    , www.imperial.ac.uk/grantham

    The Grantham Institute Outlook magazine provides an overview of the climate and environmental research underway at Imperial College London, encompassing both recent achievements and future plans.
  • Journal article
    Ye Q, Gao Y, Patel RJ, Cao B, Li A, Powell J, Cai Y, Marín-Beltrán I, Tao Z, Ejaz M, Zaidi SS, Gupta A, See MS, Cao XE, Fulco G, Lei C, Han S, Teng D, Bezerra P, Xia Y, Montesdeoca Molina BR, Zhang T, Heim AB, Uzonyi Aet al., 2024,

    Research beneficiaries speak.

    , Science, Vol: 384, Pages: 26-28
  • Journal article
    Riou J, Panczak R, Konstantinoudis G, Egger Met al., 2024,

    Area-level excess mortality in times of COVID-19 in Switzerland: geographical, socioeconomic and political determinants

    , EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Vol: 34, Pages: 415-417, ISSN: 1101-1262
  • Journal article
    Zhu L, Atoufi A, Lefauve A, Kerswell RR, Linden PFet al., 2024,

    Long-wave instabilities of sloping stratified exchange flows

    , JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS, Vol: 983, ISSN: 0022-1120
  • Journal article
    Liang C, Katayama Y, Tao Y, Morinaga A, Moss B, Celorrio V, Ryan M, Stephens IEL, Durrant JR, Rao RRet al., 2024,

    Role of Electrolyte pH on Water Oxidation for Iridium Oxides

    , JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 146, Pages: 8928-8938, ISSN: 0002-7863
  • Journal article
    Patel DN, Matalon P, Oluleye G, 2024,

    A novel temporal mixed-integer market penetration model for cost-effective uptake of electric boilers in the UK chemical industry

    , Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol: 446, ISSN: 0959-6526

    The UK chemical industry is the largest consumer of natural gas for process heating and power generation, with an annual consumption of 26.3 TWh. Reduction in natural gas consumption and associated carbon emissions can be achieved through electrification of heat. However, the adoption of electric boilers is lethargic due to economic barriers. Hence, market-based policy interventions are required. This study aims to accelerate the adoption of electric boilers in the UK's chemical industry, aligning with the UK's ambitious 2035 industrial decarbonisation goals while considering economic impacts, by designing market-based policy interventions and comparing two adoption patterns. A novel multi-period Mixed-Integer Market Penetration Optimisation Model is developed and applied to inform decisions about transitioning from natural gas to electric boilers. The model is applied to a case study of all the heating systems (490 boilers) in the UK chemical industry from 1 MW to 60 MW boilers. Results show that effectively implementing a gas tax, electricity subsidy, annual grant and carbon tax can generate sufficient demand-pull to reduce the cost of electric boilers from 30 to 85 % depending on the boiler size. A carbon tax starting at £280 per tCO2e and reducing to £170 per tCO2e coupled with electricity subsidies is essential for this transition. The policies are designed such that a win-win is achieved between government and industry; specifically, revenue from the carbon tax and gas tax is used to support the grant and electricity subsidy thereby achieving cost neutrality for government. At 100 % uptake of electric boilers in 2033, the total carbon emissions reduce by 89 %, which is above the 2035 UK industry goal of 60 % reduction. The research establishes a robust policy timeline that can drive industrial electrification in the UK's chemical sector. It highlights the need for a multi-faceted approach, incorporating various policy instruments to overcome the ba

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