@article{Yordanova:2022:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.001,
author = {Yordanova, M and Evison, SEF and Gill, RJ and Graystock, P},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.001},
journal = {International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife},
pages = {319--326},
title = {The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.001},
volume = {17},
year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - Brood diseases and pesticides can reduce the survival of bee larvae, reduce bee populations, and negatively influence ecosystem biodiversity. However, major gaps persist in our knowledge regarding the routes and implications of co-exposure to these stressors in managed and wild bee brood. In this review, we evaluate the likelihood for co-exposure to brood pathogen and pesticide stressors by examining the routes of potential co-exposure and the possibility for pollen and nectar contaminated with pathogens and pesticides to become integrated into brood food. Furthermore, we highlight ways in which pesticides may increase brood disease morbidity directly, through manipulating host immunity, and indirectly through disrupting microbial communities in the guts of larvae, or compromising brood care provided by adult bees. Lastly, we quantify the brood research bias towards Apis species and discuss the implications the bias has on brood disease and pesticide risk assessment in wild bee communities. We advise that future studies should place a higher emphasis on evaluating bee brood afflictions and their interactions with commonly encountered stressors, especially in wild bee species.
AU  - Yordanova,M
AU  - Evison,SEF
AU  - Gill,RJ
AU  - Graystock,P
DO  - 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.001
EP  - 326
PY  - 2022///
SN  - 2213-2244
SP  - 319
TI  - The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae
T2  - International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.001
UR  - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000793179800003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
UR  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224422000207?via%3Dihub
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/98856
VL  - 17
ER  - 

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