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  • Journal article
    Carrat F, Vergu E, Ferguson NM, Cauchemez S, Leach S, Valleron AJet al., 2008,

    Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies

    , American Journal of Epidemiology
  • Journal article
    Okell LC, Drakeley CJ, Ghani AC, Bousema T, Sutherland CJet al., 2008,

    Reduction of transmission from malaria patients by artemisinin combination therapies: a pooled analysis of six randomized trials

    , Malar J, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1475-2875

    BACKGROUND: Artemisinin combination therapies (ACT), which are increasingly being introduced for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, are more effective against sexual stage parasites (gametocytes) than previous first-line antimalarials and therefore have the potential to reduce parasite transmission. The size of this effect is estimated in symptomatic P. falciparum infections. METHODS: Data on 3,174 patients were pooled from six antimalarial trials conducted in The Gambia and Kenya. Multivariable regression was used to investigate the role of ACT versus non-artemisinin antimalarial treatment, treatment failure, presence of pre-treatment gametocytes and submicroscopic gametocytaemia on transmission to mosquitoes and the area under the curve (AUC) of gametocyte density during the 28 days of follow up. RESULTS: ACT treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the probability of being gametocytaemic on the day of transmission experiments (OR 0.20 95% CI 0.16-0.26), transmission to mosquitoes by slide-positive gametocyte carriers (OR mosquito infection 0.49 95% CI 0.33-0.73) and AUC of gametocyte density (ratio of means 0.35 95% CI 0.31-0.41). Parasitological treatment failure did not account for the difference between ACT and non-artemisinin impact. The presence of slide-positive gametocytaemia prior to treatment significantly reduced ACT impact on gametocytaemia (p < 0.001). Taking account of submicroscopic gametocytaemia reduced estimates of ACT impact in a high transmission setting in Kenya, but not in a lower transmission setting in the Gambia. CONCLUSION: Treatment with ACT significantly reduces infectiousness of individual patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria compared to previous first line treatments. Rapid treatment of cases before gametocytaemia is well developed may enhance the impact of ACT on transmission.
  • Journal article
    Van Kerkhove MD, Ly S, Holl D, Guitian J, Mangtani P, Vong Set al., 2008,

    Frequency and types of contact with poultry and potential risk of H5N1 transmission to humans in rural Cambodia

    , Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Vol: 2, Pages: 155-163
  • Journal article
    Volz E, Heckathorn DD, 2008,

    Probability Based Estimation Theory for Respondent Driven Sampling

    , JOURNAL OF OFFICIAL STATISTICS, Vol: 24, Pages: 79-97, ISSN: 0282-423X
  • Journal article
    Phillips AE, Boily MC, Lowndes CM, Garnett GP, Gurav K, Ramesh BM, Anthony J, Watts R, Moses S, Alary Met al., 2008,

    Sexual identity and its contribution to MSM risk behavior in Bangaluru (Bangalore), India: the results of a two-stage cluster sampling survey.

    , J LGBT Health Res, Vol: 4, Pages: 111-126, ISSN: 1557-4091

    In India, there are categories of MSM (hijras, kothis, double-deckers, panthis and bisexuals), which are generally associated with different HIV-risk behaviors. Our objective was to quantify differences across MSM identities (n = 357) and assess the extent they conform to typecasts that prevail in policy-orientated discourse. More feminine kothis (26%) and hijras (13%) mostly reported receptive sex, and masculine panthis (15%) and bisexuals (23%) insertive anal sex. However, behavior did not always conform to expectation, with 25% and 16% of the sample reporting both insertive and receptive anal intercourse with known and unknown noncommercial partners, respectively (p < 0.000). Although behavior often complied with stereotyped role and identity, male-with-male sexual practices were fluid. Reification of these categories in an intervention context may hinder our understanding of the differential HIV risk among MSM.
  • Journal article
    Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Riley S, Duan L, Zhang JX, Chen H, Peiris JSM, Smith GJD, Guan Yet al., 2008,

    Evolutionary dynamics and emergence of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses.

    , PLoS Pathog, Vol: 4, Pages: e1000161-e1000161
  • Journal article
    Henretta JC, Grundy EMD, Okell LC, Wadsworth MEJet al., 2008,

    Early motherhood and mental health in midlife: A study of British and American cohorts

    , AGING & MENTAL HEALTH, Vol: 12, Pages: 605-614, ISSN: 1360-7863
  • Book chapter
    Leung GM, Hedley AJ, Lam TH, Ghani AC, Donnelly CA, Fraser C, Riley S, Ferguson NM, Anderson RMet al., 2008,

    Transmission dynamics and control of the viral aetiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

    , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Editors: Peiris, Anderson, Osterhaus, Stohr, Yuen, Oxford, United Kingdom, Publisher: Blackwell Publishing LTD
  • Journal article
    Dodd PJ, Ferguson NM, 2007,

    Approximate disease dynamics in household-structured populations

    , JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE, Vol: 4, Pages: 1103-1106, ISSN: 1742-5689
  • Journal article
    Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Cabrera AS, Ortega CL, Basáñez M-G, Davies JBet al., 2007,

    Contribution of migrant coffee labourers infected with Onchocerca volvulus to the maintenance of the microfilarial reservoir in an ivermectin-treated area of Mexico.

    , Filaria J, Vol: 6

    BACKGROUND: Since 1991, in Mexico, ivermectin has been administered twice a year to all residents in the onchocerciasis endemic foci which are mainly located in the coffee growing areas. However, the presence of a potentially infected itinerant seasonal labour force which is not treated regularly could jeopardise the attainment of the 85% coverage which is the present target for elimination of the disease. METHODS: The prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae (mf), as well as their transmission from humans to vectors, were assessed during the coffee planting-clearing and harvesting seasons of 1997-1998, and 1998-1999 in two localities (I and II) of Southern Chiapas, Mexico, which regularly receive an influx of untreated migrant coffee labourers. RESULTS: Localities I and II had, respectively, an average of 391 (+/- 32) and 358 (+/- 14) resident inhabitants, and 70 (+/- 52) and 498 (+/- 289) temporary labourers. The ratio of migrants to residents ranged from 0.1:1 in locality I to 2.4:1 in locality II. The proportion of infected Simulium ochraceum s.l. parous flies was significantly lower in locality I than in locality II, and significantly higher during the stay of the migrants than before their arrival or after their departure. Parity and infection were higher in May-July than in November-February (in contrast with the latter being typically considered as the peak onchocerciasis transmission season by S. ochraceum s.l.). CONCLUSION: The presence of significant numbers of untreated and potentially infected migrants may contribute to ongoing transmission, and their incorporation into ivermectin programmes should be beneficial for the attainment of the elimination goals of the regional initiative. However, the possibility that the results also reflect transmission patterns for the area cannot be excluded and these should be analyzed further.

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