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  • Journal article
    Trotter CL, Ramsay ME, Slack MPE, 2003,

    Rising incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in England and Wales indicates a need for a second catch-up vaccination campaign.

    , Commun Dis Public Health, Vol: 6, Pages: 55-58, ISSN: 1462-1843

    The incidence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the UK fell rapidly following the introduction of routine vaccination in 1992 and the implementation of a catch-up campaign in children under 4 years old in 1992-93. However, since 1999 the number of cases of Hib has been increasing, and in 2002 there were 134 cases in 0-4 year olds (266 in all ages). While still much less than the prevaccine burden of disease (over 800 cases a year in 0-4 year olds), this increase in incidence is worrying and has sparked a range of detailed investigations. In February 2003, the Department of Health announced a second catch-up campaign offering all children between 6 months and 4 years a further dose of Hib vaccine. The epidemiology of Hib disease in England and Wales between 1990 and 2002 is reviewed here to provide a context for this public health response.
  • Journal article
    Ferguson NM, Galvani AP, Bush RM, 2003,

    Ecological and immunological determinants of influenza evolution

    , NATURE, Vol: 422, Pages: 428-433, ISSN: 0028-0836
  • Journal article
    Trotter C, Borrow R, Andrews N, Miller Eet al., 2003,

    Seroprevalence of meningococcal serogroup C bactericidal antibody in England and Wales in the pre-vaccination era.

    , Vaccine, Vol: 21, Pages: 1094-1098, ISSN: 0264-410X

    Sera from an age-stratified sample of 1689 individuals, submitted to the PHLS Seroepidemiology Unit between 1996 and 1999 were tested for serum bactericidal antibodies to serogroup C meningococci. Titres decreased during infancy, presumably as maternal antibody waned, and increased in older teenagers, the peak age of meningococcal carriage. The prevalence of antibody titres greater than or equal to 8 was highest in adults, with an average of 25% of adults 25 years old or above with titres above this putative protective level. In the absence of vaccination, antibody may be generated from periods of carriage of serogroup C meningococci, from other meningococcal strains sharing non-capsular antigens, and other cross-reactive organisms. The inverse relationship between disease incidence and the prevalence of 'protective' antibody titres as described by Goldschneider et al. appears more consistent with a titre of > or =8 rather than > or =128, although the proportions 'protected' are much lower here than in Goldschneider's study. This study provides baseline antibody levels which will facilitate the evaluation of the meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination programme.
  • Journal article
    McKee D, Atkinson D, Collings SE, Eaton JW, Gill AB, Harvey I, Hatton K, Heyes T, Wilson D, Moss Bet al., 2003,

    Response of freshwater microcosm communities to nutrients, fish, and elevated temperature during winter and summer

    , LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, Vol: 48, Pages: 707-722, ISSN: 0024-3590
  • Journal article
    Ramsay ME, Andrews NJ, Trotter CL, Kaczmarski EB, Miller Eet al., 2003,

    Herd immunity from meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination in England: database analysis.

    , BMJ, Vol: 326, Pages: 365-366
  • Journal article
    Galvani AP, Coleman RM, Ferguson NM, 2003,

    The maintenance of sex in parasites

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol: 270, Pages: 19-28, ISSN: 0962-8452
  • Journal article
    Achúcarro A, Davis AC, Pickles M, Urrestilla Jet al., 2003,

    Fermion zero modes in N = 2 supervortices

    , Physical Review D, Vol: 68, ISSN: 0556-2821

    We study the fermionic zero modes of BPS semilocal magnetic vortices in N = 2 supersymmetric QED with a Fayet-Iliopoulos term and two matter hypermultiplets of opposite charge. There is a one-parameter family of vortices with arbitrarily wide magnetic cores. Contrary to the situation in pure Nielsen-Olesen vortices, new zero modes are found which get their masses from Yukawa couplings to scalar fields that do not wind and are nonzero at the core. We clarify the relation between fermion mass and zero modes. The new zero modes have opposite chiralities and therefore do not affect the net counting (left minus right) of zero modes coming from index theorems but do manage to evade other index theorems in the literature that count the total number (left plus right) of zero modes in simpler systems. © 2003 The American Physical Society.
  • Journal article
    Ghani AC, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM, 2003,

    Patterns of antiretroviral use in the United States of America: analysis of three observational databases.

    , HIV Med, Vol: 4, Pages: 24-32, ISSN: 1464-2662

    OBJECTIVE: To characterize patterns of antiretroviral use in HIV-infected patients and explore variation by patient characteristics and disease stage. METHODS: Three large patient databases recording information derived from routine clinical attendance were analyzed: HIV Insight (n = 10 873), Target Management Services (n = 2226) and Clinical Partners (n = 1505). Each database records the dates of starting and stopping individual antiretroviral agents over time, measurements of CD4 T-cell counts and HIV-RNA levels at approximately 6-monthly intervals, and the demographic characteristics of patients. The number, frequency and duration of different antiretroviral combinations over time and their relationship to stage of HIV-disease and demographic characteristics were explored. RESULTS: Over 2000 different combinations of antiretroviral agents are recorded. From 1987 onwards, the use of zidovudine increased, with 23% of patients receiving monotherapy by 1990. The majority of treated patients remained on monotherapy until the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996. By 1999, the standard of care was HAART, with 84% of patients beginning antiretroviral therapy with HAART. Those of African American race (odds ratio 0.59) and funded by Medicaid (odds ratio 0.72) were significantly less likely to begin antiretroviral therapy on HAART. Until 1995, there was a significant decrease in CD4 T-cell count when starting antiretroviral therapy. No significant trend was observed in either CD4 T-cell count or viral load after this time. Those starting on HAART therapies were significantly less likely to stop or switch regimens than those on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-only therapies (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Complex patterns of antiretroviral treatment are observed in this large population. Changes over time mirror the introduction of the new antiretroviral agents.
  • Journal article
    Pickles M, Urrestilla J, 2003,

    Nielsen-Olesen strings in supersymmetric models

    , JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS, ISSN: 1029-8479
  • Journal article
    Carabin H, Escalona M, Marshall C, Vivas-Martínez S, Botto C, Joseph L, Basáñez MGet al., 2003,

    Prediction of community prevalence of human onchocerciasis in the Amazonian onchocerciasis focus:: Bayesian approach

    , BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Vol: 81, Pages: 482-490, ISSN: 0042-9686

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