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• Journal article
  Solomon AW, Nayagam S, Pasvol G, 2009,

  Tropical medicine

  , Medicine, Vol: 37, Pages: 51-54, ISSN: 1357-3039

  Possibly the most relevant new concept in tropical medicine is how our perception of the subject has changed in the last few years from the days of classical descriptions of parasitology, infectious agents and entomology. Some now prefer to use the term 'International Health', emphasizing that with the advent of the Internet, rapid international travel and communication, we have now become part of the 'Global Village'. Tropical medicine is an issue that we, in the wider world, can no longer afford to neglect: progress in this field continues in leaps and bounds. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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• Thesis dissertation
  Fraser KJ, 2009,

  Impurity Gettering in Si Examined Using Cathodoluminescence

  Past work has shown that the luminescence efficiency of electronic grade silicon can be improved by gettering induced when samples containing ion implantation damage are annealed at ≥900C. This thesis presents an experimental and theoretical investigation of the gettering of metallic impurities in silicon using low-temperature (≤500C) annealing. At these low temperatures, the solubility of metallic impurities is low and consequently it was possible to perform the annealing in metallurgical furnaces rather than in expensive clean room conditions. An annealing scheme was designed consisting of three steps: 20-24 hours at 450 or 500C, a slow cool to 200C, then ~5 days at 200C. The different steps were intended to getter transition metal impurities with different values of solubility and diffusivity. A numerical model was created to simulate charge carrier generation, diffusion and recombination in cathodoluminescence (CL) experiments, in which luminescence occurs by recombination of electrons and holes produced by an incident electron beam. This model was used to calculate the effect on CL efficiency of changes in experimental conditions and sample properties. Modelling results indicate that in electronic grade silicon, gettering only affects the CL efficiency at shallow doping concentrations below ~10^17cm-3, and can only increase CL efficiency to a limited extent due to the effects of high excitation. Surface recombination is predicted to have a very strong effect on CL efficiency. CL experiments on as-grown and samples passivated by a thermal oxide showed strong agreement with the numerical model. Experimental procedures were refined to maximize reproducibility and reduce error. In particular, HF etching was used to standardize surface states between samples given different processing. Reference samples were used to standardize results from separate experiments. CL results obtained from samples subjected to the full low-temperature annealing scheme showed sign

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• Journal article
  Christophe Fraser, Christl AD, Cauchemez S, Hanage WP, Van Kerkhove MD, Hollingsworth TD, Griffin J, Baggaley RF, Jenkins HE, Lyons EJ, Jombart T, Hinsley WR, Grassly NC, Balloux F, Ghani AC, Rambaut A, Ferguson NMet al., 2009,

  Response

  , Science, Vol: 325, Pages: 1072-1073, ISSN: 0036-8075
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• Journal article
  Woodroffe R, Donnelly CA, Cox DR, Gilks P, Jenkins HE, Johnston WT, Le Fevre AM, Gourne FJ, Cheeseman CL, Clifton-Hadley RS, Gettinby G, Hewinson RG, McInerney JP, Mitchel AP, Morrison WI, Watkins GHet al., 2009,

  BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE AND BADGERS IN LOCALIZED CULLING AREAS

  , JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, Vol: 45, Pages: 128-143, ISSN: 0090-3558
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  • Citations: 58
• Journal article
  Churcher TS, Basanez M-G, 2009,

  Sampling strategies to detect anthelmintic resistance: the perspective of human onchocerciasis

  , TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, Vol: 25, Pages: 11-17, ISSN: 1471-4922
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  • Citations: 23
• Journal article
  Devillard S, Jombart T, Pontier D, 2009,

  Revealing cryptic genetic structuring in an urban population of stray cats (<i>Felis silvestris catus</i>)

  , MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY, Vol: 74, Pages: 59-71, ISSN: 1616-5047
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  • Citations: 4
• Journal article
  Ghani A, Baguelin M, Griffin J, Flasche S, van Hoek AJ, Cauchemez S, Donnelly C, Robertson C, White M, Truscott J, otherset al., 2009,

  The early transmission dynamics of H1N1pdm influenza in the United Kingdom

  , PLoS currents, Vol: 1
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• Conference paper
  Van Elsland S, Van Der Hoeven M, Joshi S, Doak CMet al., 2009,

  OWNING A PRESSURE COOKER IS ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER FOOD SECURITY IN HIV/AIDS AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS IN AURANGABAD INDIA

  , Publisher: KARGER, Pages: 389-389, ISSN: 0250-6807
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• Journal article
  Okell LC, Ghani AC, Lyons E, Drakeley CJet al., 2009,

  Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  , J Infect Dis, Vol: 200, Pages: 1509-1517, ISSN: 1537-6613

  INTRODUCTION: Light microscopy examination of blood slides is the main method of detecting malaria infection; however, it has limited sensitivity. Low-density infections are most likely to be missed, but they contribute to the infectious reservoir. Quantifying these submicroscopic infections is therefore key to understanding transmission dynamics and successfully reducing parasite transmission. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of endemic population surveys in which P. falciparum prevalence had been measured by both microscopy and a more-sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique. The combined microscopy:PCR prevalence ratio was estimated by random-effects meta-analysis, and the effect of covariates was determined by meta-regression. RESULTS: Seventy-two pairs of prevalence measurements were included in the study. The prevalence of infection measured by microscopy was, on average, 50.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.2%-57.1%) of that measured by PCR. For gametocyte-specific detection, the microscopy prevalence was, on average, 8.7% (95% CI, 2.8%-26.6%) of the prevalence measured by PCR. A significantly higher percentage of total infections was detected by microscopy in areas of high, compared with low, transmission (74.5% when the prevalence determined by PCR was >75% versus 12.0% when the prevalence determined by PCR was <10%). DISCUSSION: Microscopy can miss a substantial proportion of P. falciparum infections in surveys of endemic populations, especially in areas with low transmission of infection. The extent of the submicroscopic reservoir needs to be taken into account for effective surveillance and control.

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• Journal article
  Nyffenegger L, Abbas M, Gex G, Boffi E, Schrenzel J, Bouchuiguir-Wafa K, Hirschel Bet al., 2009,

  Imported cases of histoplamosis,Cas importés d’histoplasmose

  , Revue Medicale Suisse, Vol: 5, Pages: 2418-2423
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