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  • Journal article
    Bottomley C, Isham V, Basanez M-G, 2007,

    Population biology of multispecies helminth infection:: Competition and coexistence

    , JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY, Vol: 244, Pages: 81-95, ISSN: 0022-5193
  • Journal article
    Vivas-Martínez S, Grillet ME, Botto C, Basáñez MGet al., 2007,

    Human onchocerciasis in the Amazonian focus

    , Boletin de Malariologia y Salud Ambiental, Vol: 47, Pages: 15-46, ISSN: 1690-4648

    In this article we describe human onchocerciasis affecting Yanomami people in the Amazonian focus of southern Venezuela and review recent knowledge about the disease and its control. The epidemiology of this parasitic infection (caused by Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by Simulium vectors), is highly dependent on the environmental and entomological characteristics prevalent in the region, which are in turn determined by altitudinal, vegetational and geological gradients. Similarly, sociocultural and demographic characteristics of the Yanomami people play an important roll in the exposure to the vector and the transmission levels of the parasite. Communities with higher infection intensity and transmission (hyperendemic) are located at higher altitudes, characterized by high parasite burden, ocular and dermatological lesions, and additionally a deep suppression of the immunological response to parasite antigens. The proportion of hyperendemic communities reaches 60% of communities stratified so far; however, risk maps using geographical information systems suggest that this proportion may be higher. The onchocerciasis elimination programme is based on mass ivermectin distribution twice a year to at least 85% of the eligible population. Despite difficulties in achieving this goal, mainly caused by the remoteness of the communities, the impact of several rounds of treatment is an improvement on the parasitological and clinical indicators in the Yanomami population included in the programme. Finally, we discuss recent guidelines of epidemiological surveillances of the disease and describe new therapeutical approaches for onchocerciasis control.
  • Journal article
    Trotter CL, Ramsay ME, 2007,

    Vaccination against meningococcal disease in Europe: review and recommendations for the use of conjugate vaccines

    , FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Vol: 31, Pages: 101-107, ISSN: 0168-6445
    • Cite
    • Citations: 130
  • Journal article
    Trotter CL, Chandra M, Cano R, Larrauri A, Ramsay ME, Brehony C, Jolley KA, Maiden MCJ, Heuberger S, Frosch Met al., 2007,

    A surveillance network for meningococcal disease in Europe

    , FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Vol: 31, Pages: 27-36, ISSN: 0168-6445
    • Cite
    • Citations: 137
  • Journal article
    French KM, Riley S, Garnett GP, 2007,

    Network-light not data-free

    , SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, Vol: 34, Pages: 57-58, ISSN: 0148-5717
  • Journal article
    Hauck K, Street A, 2007,

    Do targets matter? A comparison of English and Welsh National Health priorities

    , Health Economics, Vol: 16, Pages: 275-290, ISSN: 1099-1050

    National priorities and performance management regimes in the National Health Services of England and Wales diverged following devolution, most notably with respect to the use of waiting time targets, which have been progressively strengthened in England but were abandoned in Wales in the immediate post-devolution period. We analyse routine data collected over a six-year period from three English and one Welsh hospital trust close to the English–Welsh border to ascertain whether: (a) there is evidence of differential performance over time that relates to the country where the hospital is located; (b) within each hospital, there is evidence that English and Welsh patients faced different waiting times. Over the period the English hospitals recorded increased levels of activity, undertook proportionately more day case activity, and mortality rates fell. Activity levels remained constant in Wales, the proportion of day case activity fell, proportionately more non-elective patients were admitted, and mortality rates rose. There is partial evidence that English patients faced lower waiting times than their Welsh counterparts and were more likely to be admitted within a target waiting period. The stronger performance management regime operating in England appears to have contributed to higher levels of performance in the English hospitals over the period. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Journal article
    Guan Y, Chen H, Li K, Riley S, Leung G, Webster R, Peiris J, Yuen Ket al., 2007,

    A model to control the epidemic of H5N1 influenza at the source.

    , BMC Infect Dis, Vol: 7, Pages: 132-132
  • Journal article
    Fraser K, Stowe D, GallowaY S, Senkader S, Falster R, Wilshaw Pet al., 2007,

    The role of dislocations in producing efficient near-bandgap luminescence from silicon

    , PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI C - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, VOL 4, NO 8, Vol: 4, Pages: 2977-+, ISSN: 1862-6351
  • Book chapter
    Mugurungi O, Gregson S, McNaghten AD, Dube S, Grassly NCet al., 2007,

    HIV IN ZIMBABWE 1985-2003: MEASUREMENT, TRENDS AND IMPACT

    , HIV, RESURGENT INFECTIONS AND POPULATION CHANGE IN AFRICA, Editors: Carael, Glynn, Publisher: SPRINGER, Pages: 195-213
  • Journal article
    French MD, Rollinson D, Basanez M-G, Mgeni AF, Khamis ISet al., 2007,

    School-based control of urinary schistosomiasis on Zanzibar, Tanzania: Monitoring micro-haematuria with reagent strips as a rapid urological assessment

    , Journal of Pediatric Urology, Vol: 3, Pages: 364-368

    Objective: To evaluate micro-haematuria, detected by Haemastix reagent strips, for diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis during a 3-year period of school-based control on Zanzibar. Patients and methods: A sub-set of school children, from a total of 135,000 who were receiving treatment for urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, were monitored by parasitological and questionnaire methods for Schistosoma haematobium infections: at treatment baseline in 2004 (nZ2002), follow up with re-treatment in 2005 (nZ3278) and further follow up with re-treatment in 2006 (nZ3993). Standard diagnostic scores for micro-haematuria were calculated against parasitological assessment. Results: Diagnostic scores of Haemastix remained strong throughout the 3-year period. In 2006, scores were: sensitivity (SS)=0.86 (95% CI: 0.86-0.88), specificity (SP)=0.99 (0.98-1.00), positive predictive value (PPV)=0.90 (0.88-0.91), negative predictive value (NPV)=0.98 (0.98-0.99) in boys; and SS=0.84 (0.82-0.86), SP=0.98 (0.98-0.99), PPV=0.77 (0.75-0.79) and NPV=0.99 (0.99-1.00) in girls. By comparison, reported blood in urine and pain upon urination were much lower and not as informative. Conclusion: At a cost of approximately £0.20/test, further use of reagent strips for monitoring of urinary schistosomiasis during ongoing control programmes should be advocated as a rapid, cost effective and informative disease surveillance tool.

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