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  • Journal article
    GILL ON, DEANGELIS D, BARTLETT CLR, DAY NEet al., 1993,

    AIDS PREDICTIONS

    , LANCET, Vol: 341, Pages: 1286-1287, ISSN: 0140-6736
  • Journal article
    MITCHELL KM, HALE RJ, BUCKLEY CH, FOX H, SMITH Det al., 1993,

    CATHEPSIN-D EXPRESSION IN CERVICAL-CARCINOMA AND ITS PROGNOSTIC-SIGNIFICANCE

    , VIRCHOWS ARCHIV A-PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY, Vol: 422, Pages: 357-360, ISSN: 0174-7398
  • Conference paper
    GARNETT GP, ANDERSON RM, 1993,

    NO REASON FOR COMPLACENCY ABOUT THE POTENTIAL DEMOGRAPHIC-IMPACT OF AIDS IN AFRICA

    , SYMP ON IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, Publisher: ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE, Pages: 19-22, ISSN: 0035-9203
  • Journal article
    Garnett GP, Anderson RM, 1993,

    No reason for complacency about the potential demographic impact of AIDS in Africa.

    , Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, Vol: 87 Suppl 1, Pages: S19-S22, ISSN: 0035-9203

    Much uncertainty surrounds the likely demographic impact of AIDS in the worst afflicted regions of the developing world such as sub-Saharan Africa. Various research groups have published projections of future trends but these differ widely with respect to potential impact on net population growth rates. Pessimistic forecasts suggest that AIDS may reverse the sign of a 3% to 4% population growth rate before the establishment of HIV, over time periods of a few to many decades. Optimistic forecasts suggest a decline in population growth rates, but predict that a 3% growth rate before AIDS may be reduced by only about 50% over a period of a few decades. This paper reports new analyses of the demographic impact of AIDS, based on observed age-stratified prevalences of HIV-1 infection amongst women of child bearing age. It is assumed that the observed patterns reflect the final endemic state and the implications of this assumption for adult and infant mortality and female reproductive life expectancy are assessed. It is concluded that a variety of scenarios is possible, depending on the detail of assumptions concerning life expectancy before the arrival of AIDS, the incubation period of the disease, and the rate of vertical transmission. Realistic assumptions do suggest, however, that the observed prevalences of infection in the worst afflicted regions of sub-Saharan Africa are sufficient to reduce current population growth rates to close to, or below, zero in the coming decades.
  • Journal article
    Whittaker CA, DeSimone DW, 1993,

    Integrin alpha subunit mRNAs are differentially expressed in early Xenopus embryos.

    , Development, Vol: 117, Pages: 1239-1249, ISSN: 0950-1991

    Adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix proteins is mediated, in large part, by transmembrane receptors of the integrin family. The identification of specific integrins expressed in early embryos is an important first step to understanding the roles of these receptors in developmental processes. We have used polymerase chain reaction methods and degenerate oligodeoxynucleotide primers to identify and clone Xenopus integrin alpha subunits from neurula-stage (stage 17) cDNA. Partial cDNAs encoding integrin subunits alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, alpha 5, alpha 6 and an alpha IIb-related subunit were cloned and used to investigate integrin mRNA expression in early embryos by RNase protection assay and whole-mount in situ hybridization methods. Considerable integrin diversity is apparent early in development with integrins alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, alpha 5 and alpha 6 each expressed by the end of gastrulation. Both alpha 3 and alpha 5 are expressed as maternal mRNAs. Zygotic expression of alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4 and alpha 6 transcripts begins during gastrulation. Integrin alpha 5 is expressed at relatively high levels during cleavage, blastula and gastrula stages suggesting that it may represent the major integrin expressed in the early embryo. We demonstrated previously that integrin beta 1 protein synthesis remains constant following induction of stage 8 animal cap cells with activin (Smith, J. C., Symes, K., Hynes, R. O. and DeSimone, D. W. (1990) Development 108, 289-298.). Here we report that integrin alpha 3, alpha 4 and alpha 6 mRNA levels increase following induction with 10 U/ml activin-A whereas alpha 5, beta 1 and beta 3 mRNA levels remain unchanged. Whole-mount in situ hybridization reveals that alpha 3 mRNAs are expressed by cells of the involuting mesoderm in the dorsal lip region of early gastrulae. As gastrulation proceeds, alpha 3 expression is localized to a stripe of presumptive notochordal cells along the dorsal midline. In neurulae, alpha 3 mRNA is
  • Journal article
    GUPTA S, ANDERSON RM, MAY RM, 1993,

    MATHEMATICAL-MODELS AND THE DESIGN OF PUBLIC-HEALTH POLICY - HIV AND ANTIVIRAL THERAPY

    , SIAM REVIEW, Vol: 35, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 0036-1445
  • Journal article
    SCHWEITZER AN, SWINTON J, ANDERSON RM, 1993,

    DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN LEISHMANIA INFECTION IN MICE AND TH1-TYPE CD4+ T-CELLS - COMPLEXITY IN OUTCOME WITHOUT A REQUIREMENT FOR TH2-TYPE RESPONSES

    , PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY, Vol: 15, Pages: 85-99, ISSN: 0141-9838
  • Journal article
    Lawler J, Duquette M, Whittaker CA, Adams JC, McHenry K, DeSimone DWet al., 1993,

    Identification and characterization of thrombospondin-4, a new member of the thrombospondin gene family.

    , J Cell Biol, Vol: 120, Pages: 1059-1067, ISSN: 0021-9525

    A new member of the thrombospondin gene family, designated thrombospondin-4, has been identified in the Xenopus laevis genome. The predicted amino acid sequence indicates that the protein is similar to the other members of this gene family in the structure of the type 3 repeats and the COOH-terminal domain. Thrombospondin-4 contains four type 2 repeats and lacks the type 1 repeats that are found in thrombospondin-1 and 2. The amino-terminal domain of thrombospondin-4 has no significant homology with the other members of the thrombospondin gene family or with other proteins in the database. RNAse protection analysis establishes that the initial expression of Xenopus thrombospondin-4 is observed during neurulation. Levels of mRNA expression increase twofold during tailbud stages but decrease by the feeding tadpole stage. The size of the thrombospondin-4 message is 3.3 Kb and 3.4 Kb in the frog and human, respectively. Northern blot analysis of human tissues reveals high levels of thrombospondin-4 expression in heart and skeletal muscle, low levels in brain, lung and pancreas and undetectable levels in the placenta, liver and kidney. These data establish the existence of a new member of the thrombospondin gene family that may participate in the genesis and function of cardiac and skeletal muscle.
  • Journal article
    GARNETT GP, ANDERSON RM, 1993,

    CONTACT TRACING AND THE ESTIMATION OF SEXUAL MIXING PATTERNS - THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GONOCOCCAL INFECTIONS

    , SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, Vol: 20, Pages: 181-191, ISSN: 0148-5717
  • Journal article
    BRUNHAM RC, CHEANG M, MCMASTER J, GARNETT G, ANDERSON Ret al., 1993,

    CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS, INFERTILITY, AND POPULATION-GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

    , SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, Vol: 20, Pages: 168-173, ISSN: 0148-5717

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