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  • Journal article
    Rhodes CJ, Folkard SG, Bianco AE, Anderson RMet al., 1997,

    The kinetics of immunological responses to microfilariae in a murine host: Experimental and mathematical studies

    , PARASITOLOGY, Vol: 114, Pages: 237-243, ISSN: 0031-1820
  • Journal article
    Anderson RM, Garnett GP, 1997,

    HIV vaccines - Reply

    , LANCET, Vol: 349, Pages: 361-361, ISSN: 0140-6736
  • Journal article
    Woolhouse MEJ, Dye C, Etard JF, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Garnett GP, Hagan P, Hii JLK, Ndhlovu PD, Quinnell RJ, Watts CH, Chandiwana SK, Anderson RMet al., 1997,

    Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: Implications for the design of control programs

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Vol: 94, Pages: 338-342, ISSN: 0027-8424
    • Cite
    • Citations: 909
  • Journal article
    Donnelly CA, Seth J, Clayton RM, Phillips CI, Cuthbert Jet al., 1997,

    Some plasma constituents correlate with human cataract location and nuclear colour

    , OPHTHALMIC RESEARCH, Vol: 29, Pages: 207-217, ISSN: 0030-3747
  • Journal article
    Anderson RM, Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, Woolhouse MEJ, Watt CJ, Udy HJ, MaWhinney S, Dunstan SP, Southwood TRE, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JBM, Hoinville LJ, Hillerton JE, Austin AR, Wells GAHet al., 1997,

    Erratum: Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle (Nature (1996) 382 (779-788))

    , Nature, Vol: 386, ISSN: 0028-0836
  • Journal article
    Ghani AC, Swinton J, Garnett GP, 1997,

    The role of sexual partnership networks in the epidemiology of gonorrhea

    , SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, Vol: 24, Pages: 45-56, ISSN: 0148-5717
  • Journal article
    Donnelly CA, Gore SM, Curnow RN, Wilesmith JWet al., 1997,

    The bovine spongiform encephalopathy maternal cohort study: Its purpose and findings

    , JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS, Vol: 46, Pages: 299-304, ISSN: 0035-9254
    • Cite
    • Citations: 16
  • Journal article
    Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Wilesmith JW, Anderson RMet al., 1997,

    Analysis of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy maternal cohort study: Evidence for direct maternal transmission

    , JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS, Vol: 46, Pages: 321-344, ISSN: 0035-9254
    • Cite
    • Citations: 33
  • Journal article
    Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, Ghani AC, Wilesmith JW, Anderson RMet al., 1997,

    Analysis of dam-calf pairs of BSE cases: confirmation of a maternal risk enhancement

    , Proc Biol Sci, Vol: 264, Pages: 1647-1656, ISSN: 0962-8452

    We investigate whether a calf born to a dam that develops bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (prior or subsequent to the birth) is itself at an enhanced risk of developing BSE. Analyses utilize the main database on reported BSE cases in the British cattle herd maintained by the Central Veterinary Laboratory in Weybridge to trace the dams of BSE-affected animals born following the ruminant feed ban in July 1988. The data reveal a significantly enhanced risk of disease in calves born to BSE-affected dams, with the risk being greatest when birth occurs after the onset of clinical signs of disease in the dam. The dependence of the maternally enhanced risk on the maternal incubation stage at birth argues for a significant component of direct maternal transmission of the aetiological agent of BSE, and offers little support for the hypothesis of genetic predisposition. Using a statistical likelihood model, we obtain estimates of the rate of direct maternal transmission by maternal incubation stage; however, biases in the available data make these values minimum estimates.
  • Journal article
    Gupta S, Ferguson NM, Anderson RM, 1997,

    Vaccination and the population structure of antigenically diverse pathogens that exchange genetic material

    , Proc Biol Sci, Vol: 264, Pages: 1435-1443, ISSN: 0962-8452

    Populations of antigenically diverse pathogens undergoing genetic exchange may be categorized into strains on the basis of a set of principal protective antigens. The extent to which polyvalent vaccines based on these protective antigens can alter the population structure of the pathogen is determined by the degree of cross-protection between strains. In the case where there is no cross-protection, vaccinating against a particular strain will have no effect on the others. As cross-protection increases, the strains containing the antigenic variants included in the vaccine will be diminished in prevalence, and those that do not will increase in prevalence. The rise in prevalence of the latter will become more and more exaggerated as cross-protection increases. However, beyond a critical level of cross-protection, in the absence of vaccination, the steady state of the system is asymmetric in that a certain subset of strains (with non-overlapping repertoires of antigenic variants) will dominate over the others in terms of prevalence. Under these circumstances, a vaccine consisting of the most immunogenic combinations of antigenic variants can cause a dramatic increase in frequency of a subset of rare strains.

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