@article{Hartner:2024:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076607,
author = {Hartner, A-M and Li, X and Gaythorpe, K},
doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076607},
journal = {BMJ Open},
title = {COVID-19 related disruption and resilience in immunisation activities in LMICs: a rapid review},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076607},
volume = {14},
year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We conducted a rapid review to determine the extent that immunisation services in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) were disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and synthesised the factors that can be used to build resilience in future. DESIGN: Rapid review reported in accordance with the Preferred reporting for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and Web of Science were searched through 6 October 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: We included studies that focused on disruption to immunisation activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic in LMICs. Outcomes included routine vaccine coverage, supplementary immunisation activities, vaccine doses, timing of vaccination, supply chain changes, and factors contributing to disruption or resilience. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers used standardised methods to search, screen and code studies. Quality assessment was performed using a modified version of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for qualitative research. Findings were summarised qualitatively. RESULTS: Of 4978 identified studies, 85 met the eligibility criteria. Included studies showed declines in immunisation activities across LMICs related to the COVID-19 pandemic. These included reductions in achieved routine coverage, cancellation or postponement of campaigns and underimmunised cohorts. Immunisation was most disrupted in the early months of the pandemic; however, recovery varied by country, age-group and vaccine. Though many countries observed partial recovery in 2020, disruption in many countries continued into 2021. It has also been noted that clinician staff shortages and vaccine stock-outs caused by supply chain disruptions contributed to immunisation delays, but that concern over COVID-19 transmission was a leading factor. Key resiliency factors included community outreach and healthcare worker support. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited information on whether re
AU  - Hartner,A-M
AU  - Li,X
AU  - Gaythorpe,K
DO  - 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076607
PY  - 2024///
SN  - 2044-6055
TI  - COVID-19 related disruption and resilience in immunisation activities in LMICs: a rapid review
T2  - BMJ Open
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076607
UR  - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39107008
UR  - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/8/e076607
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/113995
VL  - 14
ER  - 

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