Publications
548 results found
De Luca, Anthony DB, Greenhalgh ES, et al., 2017, Continuous production of carbon nanotube-grafted quartz fibres: Effect of carbon nanotube length on fibre/matrix adhesion, 21st International Conference on Composite Materials, Publisher: Chinese Society for Composite Materials
Here, the continuous production of carbon nanotube-grafted-quartz-fibres was performed in an open chemical vapour deposition reactor with continuous in line catalyst deposition. Highly graphitic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with controllable lengths ranging from 0.1 μm to 20 μm were grown on the quartz fibre surface by adjusting the reduction and growth times, with shorter fibres growing homogeneously and longer CNTs growing in a splayed “Mohawk” manner. The effect of CNTs length (and thus microstructure) upon the mechanical properties of CNT-grafted-quartz-fibre/epoxy composites was investigated through single fibre pull-out test. The presence of a uniform coverage of sub-micron long CNTs led to an increase in interfacial shear strength of 11% and 29% when compared to sized and de-sized quartz fibres, respectively.
Anthony DB, Bacarreza Nogales OR, Shaffer MSP, et al., 2017, Crack arrest in finger jointed thermoplastic interleaved CFRC, 21st International Conference on Composite Materials, Publisher: Chinese Society for Composite Materials
Pre-cut unidirectional carbon fibre prepreg (M21/194/34%/T800S) composites were tested in tension with a 20 mm overlapped finger joint architectures. In between the overlapping finger jointed region the effect of introducing polyethersulfone (PES) interleaves is investigated. Samples with the addition of a thick PES interleave arrested the initial crack which formed at the pre-cut site. The strain-to-failure of the thick PES interleaved samples was over 3.2%, an increase of 85% compared to the baseline samples, and catastrophic failure was delayed in the majority of instances.
Robinson P, Zhang B, Kanneganti S, et al., 2017, Easy repair of interlaminar damage using interleaved carbon fibre/epoxy composites, 21st International Conference on Composite Materials
© 2017 International Committee on Composite Materials. All rights reserved. Laminated carbon fibre/epoxy composites are susceptible to interlaminar damage when impacted. An easy repair concept for such damage using an interleaving concept has been proposed. Trials of polylactide (PLA)-interleaved composite have previously been conducted to investigate the repair effectiveness of this material in three-point flexure testing and have shown a strength recovery of up to 90%. This paper reports on a further investigation of the PLA-interleaved composite for the repair of interlaminar damage caused in static indentation testing. Another interleaved composite using thermoplastic polyurthane (TPU) interleaves has been tested in three-point flexure has shown excellent strength recovery on repair.
Fortea-Verdejo M, Bumbaris E, Tonneau A, et al., 2017, Is hierarchy useful in natural fibre composites?, 21 st International Conference on Composite Materials
© 2017 International Committee on Composite Materials. All rights reserved. Natural fibre composites have gained attention during the last years. As a result, research on how to improve their performance has been continuously conducted. Several routes have been explored, such as chemical or physical modifications of the fibres/matrices. However, can these composites improve their performance by utilizing hierarchy? By using a green nanosize additional reinforcement, nanocellulose, the properties of the composites could be enhanced. But, is the use of a nanosize additional reinforcement always improving the mechanical performance of natural fibre composites? This work aims to respond this question.
De Luca F, Clancy AJ, Shaffer MSP, et al., 2017, Nanostructured “Brick-and-mortar” interphase inspired by nacre to improve carbon fibre composite performance, 21st International Conference on Composite Materials
© 2017 International Committee on Composite Materials. All rights reserved. Carbon fibre-reinforced composites are well-known for their high mechanical performance and low weight, but suffer from sudden failure caused by the correlation of fibre breaks leading to local stress concentration. Mechanisms for energy dissipation at the fibre/matrix interface while maintaining good load transfer represents a route to improve the tensile properties of the composites. Here, we developed a conformal “brick-and-mortar” nanostructure inspired by the architecture of nacre around the surface of carbon fibres, which provides mechanisms for energy absorption and plasticity at fibre breaks. A Layer-by-Layer assembly method enabled the deposition of the nanostructured coating onto multiple fibres simultaneously, allowing for the manufacture of unidirectional bundle composites. Absolute improvements in tensile strength and strain-to-failure of the composites containing the nanostructured interphase were measured.
Bismarck A, Ajuriagojeaskoa EE, Springer J, et al., 2017, Surface modification and characterisation of optical fibres prepared for embedding in cement materials, JOURNAL DE CHIMIE PHYSIQUE ET DE PHYSICO-CHIMIE BIOLOGIQUE, Vol: 96, Pages: 1269-1294, ISSN: 0021-7689
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- Citations: 2
Anthony DB, Qian H, Clancy AJ, et al., 2017, Applying a potential difference to minimise damage to carbon fibres during carbon nanotube grafting by chemical vapour deposition, Nanotechnology, Vol: 28, ISSN: 1361-6528
The application of an in-situ potential difference between carbon fibres and a graphite foil counter electrode (300 V, generating an electric field ca. 0.3 V μm-1 to 0.7 V μm-1) during the chemical vapour deposition synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) grafted carbon fibres, significantly improves the uniformity of growth without reducing the tensile properties of the underlying carbon fibres. Grafted carbon nanotubes with diameters around 55 nm and lengths around 10 μm were well attached to the carbon fibre surface, and were grown without the requirement for protective barrier coatings. The grafted CNTs increased the surface area to 185 m2 g-1 compared to the as-received sized carbon fibre 0.24 m2 g-1. The approach is not restricted to batch systems and has the potential to improve carbon nanotube grafted carbon fibre production for continuous processing.
Robinson P, Bismarck A, Zhang B, et al., 2017, Deployable, shape memory carbon fibre composites without shape memory constituents, Composites Science and Technology, Vol: 145, Pages: 96-104, ISSN: 0266-3538
Trials have been conducted to investigate the shape memory capability of an interleaved composite consisting of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy laminae and polystyrene interleaf layers. It has been shown that the composite can be readily re-shaped by deforming it at an elevated temperature and then cooling the composite in the deformed state. On re-heating, the composite almost fully returns to its original shape. One potential application of the shape memory capability of the interleaved composite is in deployable structures and a simple structure has been manufactured to demonstrate this possibility.
Kontturi KS, Biegaj K, Mautner A, et al., 2017, Noncovalent Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanopapers by Adsorption of Polymers from Aprotic Solvents, LANGMUIR, Vol: 33, Pages: 5707-5712, ISSN: 0743-7463
Basic adsorption of hydrophobic polymers from aprotic solvents was introduced as a platform technology to modify exclusively the surfaces of cellulose nanopapers. Dynamic vapor sorption demonstrated that the water vapor uptake ability of the nanopapers remained unperturbed, despite strong repellency to liquid water caused by the adsorbed hydrophobic polymer on the surface. This was enabled by the fact that the aprotic solvents used for adsorption did not swell the nanopaper unlike water that is generally applied as the adsorption medium in such systems. As case examples, the adsorptions of polystyrene (PS) and poly(trifluoroethylene) (PF3E) were followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements, backed up with morphological analysis by atomic force microscopy. The resulting nanopapers are useful in applications like moisture buffers where repellence to liquid water and ability for moisture sorption are desired qualities.
Jiang Q, Menner A, Bismarck A, 2017, One-pot synthesis of supported hydrogel membranes via emulsion templating, REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS, Vol: 114, Pages: 104-109, ISSN: 1381-5148
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- Citations: 12
Mautner A, Yousefi N, Nawawi WMFW, et al., 2017, Chitin-Glucan nanopapers from fungi in membrane and water treatment operations, 253rd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) on Advanced Materials, Technologies, Systems, and Processes, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Kontturi E, Niinivaara E, Arshath S, et al., 2017, Hydrolysis assisted by hydrogen chloride vapor on different cellulose polymorphs, 253rd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) on Advanced Materials, Technologies, Systems, and Processes, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Kontturi K, Biegaj K, Mautner A, et al., 2017, Exclusive surface modification of cellulose nanopapers by adsorption of polymers from non-aqueous solvents, 253rd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) on Advanced Materials, Technologies, Systems, and Processes, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Woodward RT, Jobbe-Duval A, Marchesini S, et al., 2017, Hypercrosslinked polyHIPEs as precursors to designable, hierarchically porous carbon foams, Polymer, Vol: 115, Pages: 146-153, ISSN: 0032-3861
Hierarchically porous carbon foams were produced by carbonization of hypercrosslinked polymerized high internal phase water-in-styrene/divinylbenzene emulsions (HIPEs). The hypercrosslinking of these poly(ST-co-DVB)HIPEs was achieved using a dimethoxymethane external crosslinker to ‘knit’ together aromatic groups within the polymers using FriedelCrafts alkylation. By varying the amount of divinylbenzene (DVB) in the HIPE templates and subsequent polymers, the BET surface area and micropore volume of the hypercrosslinked analogues can be varied systematically, allowing for the production of carbon foams, or ‘carboHIPEs’, with varied surface areas, micropore volumes and pore-size distributions. The carboHIPEs retain the emulsion-templated macropores of the original polyHIPE, display excellent electrical conductivities and have surface areas of up to 417 m2/g, all the while eliminating the need for inorganic templates. The use of emulsion templates allows for pourable, mouldable precursors to designable carbonaceous materials.
Greenhalgh RD, Ambler WS, Quinn SJ, et al., 2017, Hybrid sol-gel inorganic/gelatin porous fibres via solution blow spinning, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, Vol: 52, Pages: 9066-9081, ISSN: 0022-2461
Mautner A, Kobkeatthawin T, Bismarck A, 2017, Efficient continuous removal of nitrates from water with cationic cellulose nanopaper membranes, Resource-Efficient Technologies, Vol: 3, Pages: 22-28, ISSN: 2405-6537
Mautner A, Lucenius J, Osterberg M, et al., 2017, Multi-layer nanopaper based composites, CELLULOSE, Vol: 24, Pages: 1759-1773, ISSN: 0969-0239
Fortea-Verdejo M, Bumbaris E, Burgstaller C, et al., 2017, Plant fibre reinforced polymers: where do we stand in terms of tensile properties?, International Materials Reviews, Vol: 62, Pages: 441-464, ISSN: 1743-2804
Plant fibres have a unique set of properties ranging from being stiff and brittle, such as hemp and flax, to more ductile, such as coir, combining these properties with their cost and availability makes them attractive alternative reinforcements for the production of greener composites. This article reviews the tensileproperties ofvarious plant fibreor plant based natural fibre-reinforced polymersreported in the literature. We critically discuss the use of plant fibres as reinforcement for the production of bio-based,renewable or green polymer composites, showing the evolution of the properties of plant fibre composites. The reported tensile properties of plant fibre-reinforced polymer composites arecompared against various renewable and non-renewableengineering/commoditypolymers as well as the tensile propertiesof commercially available randomly oriented glass fibre-reinforced polymers (GFRP). Green composites containing random short plant fibres dohave similar properties to randomly oriented GFRP at a lower overall part weight. Unidirectional plant fibre-reinforced polymers offer better performance than randomly oriented GFRP and could have the potential to be adapted in applications requiring even higher mechanical performance, especially in areas where the useof costly synthetic fibres might be less attractive. Furthermore, plant fibres can also be regarded as effective fillers to replace more expensive polymersand improve the green credentialsof final composite parts. These features may motivate the industry to introduce more plant fibre-based products to the market.
Lee W, CLANCY A, KONTTURI E, et al., 2016, Strong and Stiff: High-Performance Cellulose Nanocrystal/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Composite Fibers, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol: 8, Pages: 31500-31504, ISSN: 1944-8244
Mechanical properties of rod7like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) offer great potential as bioderived reinforcement in (nano)composites. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is a useful industrial material and very compatible with CNC chemistry. High performance CNC/PVOH composite fibers were produced coaxial coagulation spinning, followed by hot7drawing. DSC and WAXS showed that CNCs increase the alignment and crystallinity of PVOH, as well as providing direct reinforcement, leading to enhanced fiber strength and stiffness. At 40 wt.% CNC loading, the strength and stiffness reached 880 MPa and 29.9 GPa, exceeding the properties of most other nanocellulose based composite fibers previously reported.
Woodward RT, De Luca F, Bismarck A, et al., 2016, High surface area, emulsion-templated carbon foams by activation of polyHIPEs derived from Pickering emulsions., Materials, Vol: 9, ISSN: 1996-1944
Carbon foams displaying hierarchical porosity and excellent surface areas of >1400 m2/g can be produced by the activation of macroporous poly(divinylbenzene). Poly(divinylbenzene) was synthesized from the polymerization of the continuous, but minority, phase of a simple high internal phase Pickering emulsion. By the addition of KOH, chemical activation of the materials is induced during carbonization, producing Pickering-emulsion templated carbon foams, or carboHIPEs, with tailorable macropore diameters and surface areas almost triple that of those previously reported. The retention of the customizable, macroporous open-cell structure of the poly(divinylbenzene) precursor and the production of a large degree of microporosity during activation leads to tailorable carboHIPEs with excellent surface areas.
Anthony DB, bismarck A, blaker JJ, et al., 2016, Development of novel composites through fibre and interface/interphase modification, 37th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Publisher: IOP, Pages: 012001-012001, ISSN: 1757-8981
We show how fibre/matrix interface (or interphase) modification can be used to develop a range of novel carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites that open up new applications far beyond those of standard CFRPs. For example, composites that undergo pseudo-ductile failure have been created through laser treatment of carbon fibres. Composites manufactured with thermo-responsive interphases can undergo significant reductions in stiffness at elevated temperatures. Additionally, structural supercapacitors have been developed through a process that involves encapsulating carbon fibres in carbon aerogel.
Medeiros ELG, Braz AL, Porto IJ, et al., 2016, Porous Bioactive Nanofibers via Cryogenic Solution Blow Spinning and Their Formation into 3D Macroporous Scaffolds, ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING, Vol: 2, Pages: 1442-1449, ISSN: 2373-9878
Menner A, Jiang Q, Bismarck A, 2016, REWOD energy harvesters: How to print macroporous polymer springs, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Jiang Q, Menner A, Bismarck A, 2016, Robust and highly interconnected polyurethane diacrylate based macroporous polymers, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Shamsuddin SR, Lee KY, Bismarck A, 2016, Ductile unidirectional continuous rayon fibre-reinforced hierarchical composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol: 90, Pages: 633-641, ISSN: 1359-835X
Endless rayon fibres (Cordenka®) were used to reinforce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanocomposites containing 2.5 wt.% nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) to create truly green hierarchical composites. Unidirectional (UD) composites with 50–55% fibre volume fraction were produced using a solvent-free continuous wet powder impregnation method. The composites exhibit ductile failure behaviour with a strain-to-failure of more than 10% albeit using a very brittle matrix. Improvements at a model composite level were translated into higher mechanical properties of UD hierarchical composites. The Young’s moduli of rayon fibre-reinforced (NFC-reinforced) PHB composites were about 15 GPa. The tensile and flexural strength of hierarchical PHB composites increased by 15% and 33% as compared to the rayon fibre-reinforced neat PHB composites. This suggests that incorporation of NFC into the PHB matrix binds the rayon fibres, which does affect the load transfer between the constituents resulting in composites with better mechanical properties.
Maples H, Bismarck A, James T, 2016, Manufacturing affordable, high performance composites using solid epoxy resins, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Ferrer J, Menner A, Bismarck A, 2016, Synthesis of macroporous polymer beads: Don't waste your time with microfluidics!, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Woodward R, Markoulidis F, Fam D, et al., 2016, Hierarchically porous carbon foams from pickering high internal phase emulsions, 252nd American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Carbon foams were produced from macroporous poly(divinylbenzene) (poly(DVB)) precursors, synthesised by polymerising the continuous phase of water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilised by molecular and/or particulate emulsifiers. The employment of particulate, or Pickering, emulsifiers such as silica nanoparticles or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) allow for the synthesis of stable carbon precursors in the form of poly(DVB)HIPEs, where purely molecular surfactant systems do not. Both permeable and non-permeable carbon foams, or carboHIPEs, could be prepared by carbonisation of the resulting macroporous polymers at 800 °C. The resulting carboHIPEs gave yields as high as 26 wt.% of the original polymer. CarboHIPEs retain the pore structure of the macroporous polymer precursor, while also inheriting a microporous structure, leading to huge increases in surface area. Depending on the choice of surfactant, surface areas of up to 1800 m2/g and excellent electrical conductivities of 267 S/m are achievable. Using amphiphilic rGO as an emulsifier when creating these macroporous polymers allows for the production of true all-carbon foams upon carbonisation. These polyHIPEs do not require modification, such as sulfonation or additional crosslinking, prior to carbonisation, due to the inherently crosslinked structure of poly(DVB). It is demonstrated that the rGO derived carboHIPEs are good candidates as electrodes in supercapacitor applications such as electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) devices, where carboHIPEs derived from more conventional silica-stabilised HIPEs perform poorly. Devices demonstrated maximum specific electrode capacitance to the tune of 26 F g-1 at 10 mV s-1, 5.2 Wh kg-1 of energy density, 280 W kg-1 of power density and coulombic efficiency of up to 99.6 %. The use of a pourable, aqueous emulsion-template enables simple moulding, minimises waste and avoids the strong acid treatments used to remove many conventional solid-templates. I
Paschinger W, Hoai MNT, Bismarck A, 2016, In situ electrolyte filled polyHIPEs as printable separators for rechargeable batteries, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Jiang Q, Menner A, Bismarck A, 2016, Robust macroporous polymers: Using polyurethane diacrylate as property defining crosslinker, Polymer, Vol: 97, Pages: 598-603, ISSN: 0032-3861
Polymerised high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) have drawn extensive interest in recent years; however, industrial applications do require polyHIPEs to be tough and robust. The mechanical properties of polyHIPEs can be tuned by copolymerisation of polyurethane diacrylate (PUDA) and styrene. The resulting open-porous poly(styrene-co-PUDA)HIPEs were much less brittle and friable when compared to conventional poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)HIPEs. Moreover, poly(styrene-co-PUDA)HIPEs have impact strengths up to 10 times higher than poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)HIPEs. The styrene/PUDA ratio determines the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the poly(styrene-co-PUDA) macroporous polymers. The viscous PUDA promotes the formation of small pores in polyHIPEs. A high PUDA content of the copolymer results in a dual glass transition temperature and low mechanical properties. By using an optimised St/PUDA ratio, we manufactured polyHIPEs with impact strength similar to that of commercial closed-cell polyurethane foam.
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