Publications
208 results found
Kinloch AJ, Masania K, Sprenger S, et al., 2009, The fracture of nanosilica and rubber toughened epoxy fibre composites, 17th International Conference on Composite Materials, Publisher: IoM Communications Ltd
Manjunatha CM, Taylor AC, Kinloch AJ, et al., 2009, The cyclic-fatigue behaviour of an epoxy polymer modified with micron-rubber and nano-silica particles, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 44, Pages: 4487-4490, ISSN: 1573-4803
Taylor AC, 2009, Advances in nanoparticle reinforcement in structural adhesives, Advances in Structural Adhesive Bonding, Editors: Dillard, Dillard, Publisher: CRC Press, Woodhead Publishing, Pages: 151-182, ISBN: 9781439802175
The increased commercial availability and the reduced prices of nanoparticles are leading to their incorporation in polymers and structural adhesives. This chapter outlines the principal types of nanoparticles, and the methods that may be used to disperse the particles in a polymer matrix. It discusses how nanoparticles can alter the mechanical properties (e.g. stiffness), electrical properties (e.g. conductivity), functional properties (e.g. permeability, glass transition temperature), and fracture performance of thermoset polymers. The effect of nanoparticles on joint performance is also discussed. Sources of information on the application of nanoparticles are identified, and future trends in nanoparticle use in structural adhesives are proposed.
Sprenger S, Kinloch A, Taylor AC, et al., 2009, SiO<inf>2</inf> - Nano particle in adhesive formulations: Ultra-tough and fatigue resistant, Adhaesion Kleben und Dichten, Pages: 23-26, ISSN: 0943-1454
Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, 2009, Making industrial adhesives tougher, European Coatings Journal, Pages: 76-79, ISSN: 0930-3847
The market of industrial adhesives has witnessed novel developments including the blending of silica nanoparticles and copolymers for the development of carboxylterminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) additives or core shell tougheners, which allows manufacturers to develop strong and firm systems. Structural adhesives are used in industrial applications in car construction, aircraft manufacturing, civil engineering, and solar panel manufacturing. Epoxy adhesives and two-components acrylic adhesives tends to be brittle and structural adhesives are usually toughened using copolymers thus, adhesives used for metal-metal bonding in the automotive industry make use of formulations with co-tougheners to improve the performance. Silica nanoparticles increase the scratch resistance of the transparent coatings and also do not cause sedimentation making it a powerful mean for adhesive formulators. Improved synergy can also be achieved through the combination of nanoparticles with core-shell toughners, and good improvements have been witnessed in super-tough adhesives, designed for composite-composite and metal-composite bonding's.
Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, 2009, Fibre-reinforced composites optimised by the synergy between rubber-toughening and SiO<inf>2</inf>-nanoparticles
The performance of fibre-reinforced composites based on epoxy polymers can be improved significantly by combining rubber-toughening with silica nanoparticles. Tough and stiff materials, with improved fatigue and impact behaviour can be manufactured. This is of major interest for aerospace, automotive, shipbuilding or wind turbine blade applications.
Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, 2009, Fibre-Reinforced Composites Optimised by the Synegy Between Rubber-Toughening and SiO2-Nanoparticles, 17th International Conference on Composite Materials, Publisher: IoM Communications Ltd
Kinloch AJ, Masania K, Sprenger S, et al., 2009, The fracture of nanosilica and rubber toughened epoxy fibre composites, Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society, Inc, Publisher: Adhesion Society, Pages: 118-120
Morales AG, Taylor AC, Fu M, et al., 2009, Nanoclay-filled Epoxy Composites for Electrical Insulation Applications, 9th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 868-+
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- Citations: 4
Manjunatha CM, Taylor AC, Kinloch AJ, et al., 2008, The effect of rubber micro-particles and silica nano-particles on the tensile fatigue behaviour of a glass-fibre epoxy composite, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 44, Pages: 342-345, ISSN: 1573-4803
Sprenger S, Kinloch A, Taylor AC, 2008, SiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles in structural adhesives: Tiny particles that make a major impact, Adhaesion Kleben und Dichten, Pages: 11-15, ISSN: 0943-1454
SiO2 nanoparticles manufactured on an industrial scale are already being used successfully to modify different types of adhesives and to improve their properties. In combination with reactive liquid rubbers, the nanoparticles result in improved toughness and bonding in 1K and 2K. epoxy adhesives. Where increased pressure resistance or compressive strength is needed for specific applications, larger quantities of nanoparticles are required. UV-cured systems often need transparent particles. Therefore, in some electronics applications the small increase in viscosity where nanoparticles are used as a filler is of special interest. In general terms, SiO2 nanoparticles have proved to be a highly versatile and in teresting adhesive raw material. The number of industrial uses for these particles is constantly growing and ranges from unusual applications, such as jewellery glues, through to large-scale automotive adhesives.
Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, et al., 2008, Rubber-toughened FRCs optimised by nanoparticles - Part IV, JEC Composites Magazine, Vol: 45, Pages: 60-63, ISSN: 1639-965X
The performance of fibre-reinforced composites based on epoxy or vinylester resins reinforced with glass or carbon fibres can be improved significantly by combining two technologies. The best in composite performance can be achieved by using rubber-toughened resins containing silica nanoparticles. Tough and stiff systems that also exhibit much better fatigue behaviour can be manufactured. This is of major interest for aerospace, automotive, shipbuilding and wind-turbine blade applications.
Mohammed RD, Johnsen BB, Kinloch AJ, et al., 2008, Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers, Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2008), Publisher: CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP, Pages: 798-801
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- Citations: 2
Kinloch AJ, Masania K, Taylor AC, et al., 2007, The fracture of glass-fibre-reinforced epoxy composites using nanoparticle-modified matrices, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 43, Pages: 1151-1154, ISSN: 1573-4803
Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, 2007, SiO<inf>2</inf>-nano particles in structural adhesives. Minutest particles with big effect, Adhaesion Kleben und Dichten, Pages: 16-19, ISSN: 0943-1454
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- Citations: 4
Blackman BRK, Kinloch AJ, Lee JS, et al., 2007, The fracture and fatigue behaviour of nano-modified epoxy polymers, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 42, Pages: 7049-7051, ISSN: 1573-4803
The introduction of nano-silica particles into an epoxy polymer has increased both the initial toughness, as measured by the fracture toughness, KIc, and also significantly improved the cyclic-fatigue behaviour of the epoxy polymer. Thus, the significant increases recorded in the values of the range of applied stress-intensity factor at threshold, ΔKth, from the cyclic-fatigue tests for the nano-silica modified materials are very noteworthy, since these increases are accompanied by significant improvements being recorded in the initial toughness.
Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, et al., 2007, Rubber-toughened CFRCs optimised by nanoparticles - Part III, JEC Composites Magazine, Vol: 44, Pages: 64-67, ISSN: 1639-965X
The industrial-scale production of SiO2-nanoparticles offers exciting new possibilities for resin formulation. The trend towards cost-efficient injection methods has resulted in a demand for high-performance, low-viscosity resins. Using the synergy of combining rubber-toughening and nano-reinforcement, very tough and stiff CFRCs and GFRCs can be manufactured. In this third part, an aromatic amine-cured, carbon-fibre reinforced system based on a tetrafunctional epoxy resin was investigated.
Kinloch A J, Johnsen B B, Taylor A C, 2007, Toughening Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-Modified Epoxy Polymers, Blacksburg, USA, 30th Annual Meeting of The Adhesion Society, Inc., Publisher: The Adhesion Society, Pages: 340-342, ISSN: 1086-9506
Agarwal R, Blackman BRK, Kinloch AJ, et al., 2007, The Fracture and Fatigue Behaviour of Nano-Modified Epoxies, Blacksburg, USA, Thirtieth Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society, Publisher: Adhesion Society
Taylor AC, Kinloch AJ, 2007, Nanocomposite Adhesives and Fiber Composites, GDIT: Dayton, USA, Nanomaterials for Defense Applications, Publisher: GDIT
Guild F J, Gilmour S G, Kinloch A J, et al., 2007, Modelling the Fracture Toughness of Rubber Toughened Epoxies, Blacksburg, USA, 30th Annual Meeting of The Adhesion Society, Inc., Publisher: The Adhesion Society, Pages: 391-393, ISSN: 1086-9506
Johnsen BB, Kinloch AJ, Mohammed RD, et al., 2006, Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers, Polymer, Vol: 48, Pages: 530-541, ISSN: 0032-3861
An epoxy resin, cured with an anhydride, has been modified by the addition of silica nanoparticles. The particles were introduced via a sol–gel technique which gave a very well-dispersed phase of nanosilica particles which were about 20 nm in diameter. Atomic force and electron microscopies showed that the nanoparticles were well-dispersed throughout the epoxy matrix. The glass transition temperature was unchanged by the addition of the nanoparticles, but both the modulus and toughness were increased. The measured modulus was compared to theoretical models, and good agreement was found. The fracture energy increased from 100 J/m2 for the unmodified epoxy polymer to 460 J/m2 for the epoxy polymer with 13 vol% of nanosilica. The fracture surfaces were inspected using scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, and the results were compared to various toughening mechanisms proposed in the literature. The toughening mechanisms of crack pinning, crack deflection and immobilised polymer were discounted. The microscopy showed evidence of debonding of the nanoparticles and subsequent plastic void growth. A theoretical model of plastic void growth was used to confirm that this mechanism was indeed most likely to be responsible for the increased toughness that was observed due to the presence of the nanoparticles.
Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Lee JH, et al., 2006, For ambitious goals, Farbe und Lack, Vol: 112, Pages: 37-40, ISSN: 0014-7699
Today, parts of aircrafts and vehicles are more and more often glued than welded. Therefore, various materials, including steel, aluminum and plastics, must be durably bound together. Adhesive mixtures of epoxy resins with reactive liquid rubbers can be so improved by adding SiO 2 nanoparticles that their performance reaches a high level in automotive and aerospace engineering.
Kinloch AJ, Mohammed RD, Taylor AC, et al., 2006, The interlaminar toughness of carbon-fibre reinforced plastic composites using 'hybrid-toughened' matrices, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 41, Pages: 5043-5046, ISSN: 1573-4803
Kinloch AJ, Mohammed RD, Taylor AC, et al., 2006, Erratum: The effect of silica nano particles and rubber particles on the toughness of multiphase thermosetting epoxy polymers (vol 40, pg 5083, 2005), Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 41, Pages: 1293-1293, ISSN: 1573-4803
Wang X, Guild FJ, Kinloch AJ, et al., 2006, Modelling the fracture toughness of rubber toughened epoxies: the role of particle size, Florida, Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society, 19 - 22 February 2006, Florida, USA, Publisher: Adhesion Society, Pages: 325-327, ISSN: 1086-9506
Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Lee JH, et al., 2006, F?r hochfliegende Ziele : Oberfl?chenmodifizierte SiO2-Nanopartikel machen Klebstoffe noch leistungsf?higer, FARBE UND LACK, Vol: 2006, Pages: 37-40, ISSN: 0014-7699
Taylor AC, Kinloch AJ, 2006, Nanoparticle modification of epoxy, Florida, Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society, 19 - 22 February 2006, Florida, USA, Publisher: Adhesion Society, Pages: 241-243, ISSN: 1086-9506
Sprenger S, Eger C, Kinloch AJ, et al., 2006, Improving structural epoxy adhesives with Si02 nanoparticles, Florida, Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society, 19 - 22 February 2006, Florida, USA, Publisher: Adhesion Society, Pages: 232-234, ISSN: 1086-9506
Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, 2006, The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of epoxy-inorganic micro- and nano-composites, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 41, Pages: 3271-3297, ISSN: 0022-2461
Hybrid materials have been formed using an epoxy polymeric matrix and a range of inorganic particles, including mica and organically-modified montmorillonites (‘organoclays’), with various concentrations of the silicate modifier up to about 30 wt.% depending upon the viscosity increase induced by the presence of the silicate. Wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering plus transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the morphologies produced, which included particulate, intercalated and ordered exfoliated. The modulus of these composites increased with the weight fraction of silicate. The morphology had a small effect on the measured modulus; the nano-composites with the ordered exfoliated microstructure showing the highest values of the modulus for a given volume fraction of silicate. The fracture toughness, K c, and the fracture energy, G c, initially increased as the weight fraction of the silicate was increased, but then decreased at relatively high concentrations. The measured moduli and toughnesses were compared to theoretical predictions. The measured moduli values showed very good agreement with the predicted values, whilst the agreement for values of the measured fracture energy, G c, with the predicted values, based upon a crack deflection toughening mechanism, were less convincing. Indeed, analysis of the fracture surfaces using scanning electron microscopy showed that the main toughening effect of the silicate particles is due to plastic deformation of the epoxy matrix around the particles.
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