Publications
208 results found
Lim YJ, Carolan D, Taylor AC, 2016, Simultaneously tough and conductive rubber–graphene–epoxy nanocomposites, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 51, Pages: 8631-8644, ISSN: 0022-2461
This work investigates the effect of adding graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and either a phase-separating carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (CTBN) or a polysiloxane core–shell rubber (CSR) to an anhydride-cured epoxy polymer. The effect of adding a reactive diluent to the resin was also investigated. The relationship between the microstructure and the resultant electrical and mechanical properties was investigated. The fracture energy of the unmodified epoxy polymer increased from 125 to 668 J/m2 with the addition of 9 wt% CTBN and 12.5 % reactive diluent. The subsequent addition of GNP to the rubber systems decreased the fracture energy. The epoxy nanocomposites modified with only GNP exhibited only a modest increase in measured fracture energy. The major toughening mechanisms in the rubber-modified formulations were observed to be shear band yielding and cavitation of the rubber particles followed by plastic void growth of the epoxy matrix. The electrical conductivity of the hybrid systems was also investigated. It was observed that the conductivity of the nanocomposites improved when 0.5 wt% of GNP was added although this improvement was lost in a CTBN–GNP system while the conductivity was further improved in the CSR–GNP system over the GNP only system with low-CSR particle loadings. It is demonstrated that this behaviour can be directly attributed to the microstructure of the nanocomposite. The results demonstrate that separation of nanomodified phases at the microscale can be used to develop simultaneously tough and conductive composites.
Kinloch AJ, Carolan D, Ivankovic A, et al., 2016, Toughening of epoxy-based hybrid nanocomposites., Polymer, Vol: 97, Pages: 179-190, ISSN: 0032-3861
The microstructure and fracture performance of an epoxy resin cured with an anhydride hardener containing silica nanoparticles and/or polysiloxane core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles were investigated in the current work. The effect of adding a reactive diluent, i.e. hexanediol diglycidylether, to the epoxy resin was also investigated. The fracture energy of the neat (i.e. unmodified) epoxy polymer increased slightly from 125 J/m2 to 172 J/m2 due to the addition of 25 wt% of the reactive diluent to the epoxy. The fracture energy of the unmodified epoxy polymer increased to 889 J/m2 when 20 wt% of the CSR nanoparticles were added to the epoxy without any reactive diluent being present. However, the results show that the increase in fracture energy due to the addition of the CSR nanoparticles particles was much more marked in the case when 25 wt% of the reactive diluent was present, e.g. an increase to 1237 J/m2 with the addition of 16 wt% of CSR nanoparticles. Furthermore, while the subsequent addition of silica nanoparticles, to give hybrid epoxy polymer nanocomposites, i.e. which contained both silica and CSR nanoparticles, produced only modest increases in the fracture energy in the case of the epoxy with the reactive diluent additive present, some synergistic effects on the toughening were noted. No significant improvements in toughness were found for the hybrid epoxy polymer nanocomposites without reactive diluent. The measured toughness of the hybrid materials can be related to the degree of dispersion of both nanoparticle phases in the epoxy polymer matrix. The toughening mechanisms were identified and the experimentally measured values of toughness were in good agreement with modelling studies.
Olowojoba GB, Eslava S, Gutierrez ES, et al., 2016, In-situ thermally-reduced graphene oxide/epoxy composites: thermal and mechanical properties, Applied Nanoscience, Vol: 6, Pages: 1015-1022, ISSN: 2190-5509
Graphene has excellent mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties and this has made it a prime target for use as a filler material in the development of multifunctional polymeric composites. However, several challenges need to be overcome in order to take full advantage of the aforementioned properties of graphene. These include achieving good dispersion and interfacial properties between the graphene filler and the polymeric matrix. In the present work we report the thermal and mechanical properties of reduced graphene oxide/epoxy composites prepared via a facile, scalable and commercially-viable method. Electron micrographs of the composites demonstrate that the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is well-dispersed throughout the composite. Although no improvements in glass transition temperature, tensile strength, and thermal stability in air of the composites were observed, good improvements in thermal conductivity (about 36%), tensile and storage moduli (more than 13%) were recorded with the addition of 2 wt% of rGO.
Khaleque T, Pimenta S, Taylor AC, 2016, The fracture performance and particle dispersion of rubber- and nanosilica particle-modified epoxies
© 2016, European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM. All rights reserved.The microstructure and fracture performance of an anhydride cured epoxy polymer modified by different combinations of preformed core-shell rubber (CSR) particles and 20 nm diameter nanosilica particles are investigated. Two types of CSR particles, with diameters of 100 nm and 300 nm, are used. A quantitative study of the dispersion of CSR particles and nanosilica particles was performed using the area disorder method, and random dispersions of the CSR particles were observed for the CSR modified epoxies. No significant influence was observed on the dispersion of CSR particles with the addition of nanosilica particles in the hybrid CSR-nanosilica modified epoxies. Nanosilica particles were also found to be randomly dispersed in the hybrid modified epoxy matrix. The fracture energy increased from 78 J/m2 for the unmodified epoxy to 530 J/m2 with an addition of 9 wt% of 100 nm diameter CSR particles and to 403 J/m2 with an addition of 300 nm diameter CSR particles; this was further enhanced to 592 J/m2 by the addition of 9 wt% of nanosilica.
Khaleque T, Pimenta S, Taylor AC, 2016, The fracture performance and particle dispersion of rubber- and nanosilica particle-modified epoxies
The microstructure and fracture performance of an anhydride cured epoxy polymer modified by different combinations of preformed core-shell rubber (CSR) particles and 20 nm diameter nanosilica particles are investigated. Two types of CSR particles, with diameters of 100 nm and 300 nm, are used. A quantitative study of the dispersion of CSR particles and nanosilica particles was performed using the area disorder method, and random dispersions of the CSR particles were observed for the CSR modified epoxies. No significant influence was observed on the dispersion of CSR particles with the addition of nanosilica particles in the hybrid CSR-nanosilica modified epoxies. Nanosilica particles were also found to be randomly dispersed in the hybrid modified epoxy matrix. The fracture energy increased from 78 J/m2 for the unmodified epoxy to 530 J/m2 with an addition of 9 wt% of 100 nm diameter CSR particles and to 403 J/m2 with an addition of 300 nm diameter CSR particles; this was further enhanced to 592 J/m2 by the addition of 9 wt% of nanosilica.
Hanhan I, Selimov A, Carolan D, et al., 2016, Characterizing mechanical properties of hybrid alumina carbon fiber composites with piezospectroscopy
Carbon fiber composites have become popular in aerospace structures and applications due to their light weight, high strength, and high performance. Recently, scientists have begun investigating hybrid composites that include fibers and particulate fillers, since they allow for advanced tailoring of mechanical properties, such as improved fatigue life. This project investigated a hybrid carbon fiber reinforced polymer (HCFRP) that includes carbon fiber and additional alumina nanoparticle fillers, which act as embedded nano stresssensors. Utilizing the piezospectroscopic effect, the photo-luminescent (PL) spectral signal of the embedded nanoparticles has been monitored as it changes with stress, enabling noncontact stress detection of the material. The HCRFPs stress-sensitive properties have been investigated in-situ using a laser source and a tensile mechanical testing system. Hybrid composites with varying mass contents of alumina nanoparticles have been studied in order to determine the e↵ect of particle content on the overall stress sensing properties of the material. Additionally, high resolution photo-luminescent maps were collected from the surfaces of each specimen in order to determine the particulate dispersion of specimens with varying alumina content. The dispersion maps also served as a method of quantifying particulate sedimentation, and can aid in the improvement of the manufacturing process. The results showed that the emitted photo-luminescent spectrum can indeed be captured from the embedded alumina nanoparticles, and exhibits a systematic trend in photo-luminescent peak shift with respect to stress, up to a certain critical stress. Therefore, the non-contact stress sensing results shown in this work have strong implications for the development of multi-functional hybrid composites to support structural health monitoring and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace structures.
Hanhan I, Selimov A, Carolan D, et al., 2016, Characterizing mechanical properties of hybrid alumina carbon fiber composites with piezospectroscopy
© 2016, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved. Carbon fiber composites have become popular in aerospace structures and applications due to their light weight, high strength, and high performance. Recently, scientists have begun investigating hybrid composites that include fibers and particulate fillers, since they allow for advanced tailoring of mechanical properties, such as improved fatigue life. This project investigated a hybrid carbon fiber reinforced polymer (HCFRP) that includes carbon fiber and additional alumina nanoparticle fillers, which act as embedded nano stresssensors. Utilizing the piezospectroscopic effect, the photo-luminescent (PL) spectral signal of the embedded nanoparticles has been monitored as it changes with stress, enabling noncontact stress detection of the material. The HCRFPs stress-sensitive properties have been investigated in-situ using a laser source and a tensile mechanical testing system. Hybrid composites with varying mass contents of alumina nanoparticles have been studied in order to determine the e↵ect of particle content on the overall stress sensing properties of the material. Additionally, high resolution photo-luminescent maps were collected from the surfaces of each specimen in order to determine the particulate dispersion of specimens with varying alumina content. The dispersion maps also served as a method of quantifying particulate sedimentation, and can aid in the improvement of the manufacturing process. The results showed that the emitted photo-luminescent spectrum can indeed be captured from the embedded alumina nanoparticles, and exhibits a systematic trend in photo-luminescent peak shift with respect to stress, up to a certain critical stress. Therefore, the non-contact stress sensing results shown in this work have strong implications for the development of multi-functional hybrid composites to support structural health monitoring and nondestructive evaluatio
Taylor AC, Awang Ngah S, 2016, Toughening Performance of Glass Fibre Composites with Core-shell Rubber and Silica Nanoparticle Modified Matrices, Journal of Composite Materials, ISSN: 1530-793X
Taylor AC, Awang Ngah S, 2015, Toughening performance of glass fibre composites with core-shell rubber and silica nanoparticle modified matrices, Composites Part A - Applied Science and Manufacturing, ISSN: 1359-835X
The fracture energies of glass fibre composites with an anhydride-cured epoxy matrix modified using core-shell rubber (CSR) particles and silica nanoparticles were investigated. The quasi-isotropic laminates with a central 0°/0° ply interface were produced using resin infusion. Mode I fracture tests were performed, and scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces was used to identify the toughening mechanisms. The composite toughness at initiation increased approximately linearly with increasing particle concentration, from 328 J/m2 for the control to 842 J/m2 with 15 wt% of CSR particles. All of the CSR particles cavitated, giving increased toughness by plastic void growth and shear yielding. However, the toughness of the silica-modified epoxies is lower as the literature shows that only 14% of the silica nanoparticles undergo debonding and void growth. The size of CSR particles had no influence on the composite toughness. The propagation toughness was dominated by the fibre toughening mechanisms, but the composites achieved full toughness transfer from the bulk.
Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, Techapaitoon M, et al., 2015, Tough, natural-fibre composites based upon epoxy matrices, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 50, Pages: 6947-6960, ISSN: 1573-4803
Flax fibres and cellulose fibres were used to manufacture composites with particle-modified epoxy matrices in order to develop ‘green’ composites which possess relatively high values of interlaminar fracture energy, G c. The flax used had a unidirectional architecture of continuous yarns spun from short, interlocked fibres. The regenerated cellulose consisted of continuous and non-twisted pure cellulose fibres in a plain-woven architecture. The natural-fibre-reinforced-polymer (NFRP) composites employed an anhydride-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy as the matrix. The epoxy polymeric matrix was modified with (a) silica nanoparticles, (b) rubber microparticles, and (c) a combination of both of these types of particles to give a hybrid-toughened epoxy matrix. The composites were manufactured via a resin infusion under flexible-tooling (RIFT) process. Preliminary studies on the NFRP composites manufactured using the initial-RIFT process clearly showed the deleterious effect that moisture present in the natural fibres had upon the properties of the NFRP composites, since the trapped water cannot escape from the composite panel. Hence, an optimised-RIFT process was developed whereby the natural fibres were dried in a fan oven prior to being employed in the RIFT process. This reduced the water content of the fibres from around 9 to 10 wt% to about 1 wt%. Significant improvements in the physical and mechanical properties were recorded for the NFRP composites manufactured using this optimised-RIFT process. Indeed, in particular, very dramatic improvements in the G c of the NFRP composites were measured, especially when the epoxy polymeric matrix was modified using the silica nanoparticles and/or rubber microparticles. For example, a steady-state propagation value of G c of about 1935 J/m2 was measured for the flax–fibre composite with the hybrid epoxy matrix, compared to values of 1110 and 535 J/m2 for the flax–fibre and glass–fibre c
Keller A, Masania K, Taylor AC, et al., 2015, Fast-curing epoxy polymers with silica nanoparticles: Properties and rheo-kinetic modelling, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 51, Pages: 236-251, ISSN: 1573-4803
Fast-curing epoxy polymers allow thermoset parts to be manufactured in minutes, but the curing reaction is highly exothermic with heat flows up to 20 times higher than conventional epoxies. The low thermal conductivity of the polymer causes the mechanical and kinetic properties of parts to vary through their thickness. In the present work, silica nanoparticles were used to reduce the exotherm, and hence improve the consistency of the parts. The mechanical and kinetic properties were measured as a function of part thickness. The exothermic heat of reaction was significantly reduced with the addition of silica nanoparticles, which were well-dispersed in the epoxy. The silica nanoparticles increased the Young’s modulus linearly from 3.6 GPa to 4.6 GPa with 20 wt% of silica, but the fracture energy was found to increase less than for many slow-curing epoxy resins, with values of 176 to 211 J m-2 being measured. Although there was no additional toughening, shear band yielding was observed. Further, the addition of silica nanoparticles increased the molecular weight between crosslinks, indicating the relevance of detailed cure kinetics when studying fast-curing epoxy resins. A model was developed to describe the increase in viscosity and degree of cure of the unmodified and the silica-modified epoxies. A heat transfer equation was used to predict the temperature and resulting properties through the thickness of a plate, as well as the effect of the addition of silica nanoparticles. The predictions were compared to the experimental data, and the agreement was found to be very good
Schellmann NC, Taylor AC, 2015, Establishing the fracture properties of delaminating multilayered decorative coatings on wood and their changes after consolidation with polymer formulations, Journal of Materials Science, Vol: 50, Pages: 2666-2681, ISSN: 1573-4803
In the field of cultural objects conservation efficient stabilisation of fragile and failing, multilayered decorative coatings is a complex and challenging task. This paper introduces a new application of the standardised double-cantilever beam (DCB) test method to improve the understanding of the mechanical properties of failing material and to determine the effect of polymeric agents (consolidants) added for their stabilisation. The adapted DCB method was used to measure the fracture energy, GIc, and the fracture behaviour of brittle, protein-bound (gesso-type) foundation layers on wooden substrates that typically suffer from delamination and flaking. Wooden DCB specimens containing a brittle layer of protein glue mixed with finely ground clay powder were prepared, fractured, then consolidated with a range of commonly used polymer formulations and finally re-fractured to provide measurements for direct comparison. Consolidants tested included gelatine-based glues (bovine hide glue, isinglass; both pre-stained with Fast Green dye), acrylics (Lascaux Medium for Consolidation, Paraloid B-72/B-48N), poly(vinyl acetates) (Mowilith 50, Mowilith DMC2) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (Mowiol 3-83). Before second-phase fracture cross-sections were taken from the DCB specimens for determining penetration depth and gap-filling ability. For better visibility, the specimens containing acrylics were stained with Solvent blue G dye; iodine-potassium iodide was used for staining the other synthetic consolidants. The resulting data showed that the test method could determine measurable differences between initial GIc (47 ± 22 J/m2) and post-consolidation GIc values. Also, penetration behaviour could be well characterised and valuable, and detailed information on the type and location of crack path propagation was gained.
Giannakopoulos I, Taylor AC, 2015, An essential work of fracture study of the toughness of thermoset polyester coatings, PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS, Vol: 78, Pages: 265-274, ISSN: 0300-9440
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- Citations: 18
Keller A, Masania K, Taylor AC, et al., 2015, MODELLING CHARACTERISATION OF A FAST CURING SILICA NANOPARTIC LE MODIFIED EPOXY, 20th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM), Publisher: AALBORG UNIV PRESS
Khaleque T, Pimenta S, Taylor AC, 2015, HYBRID TOUGHENING OF EPOXY WITH RUBBER AND NANOSILICA PARTICLES: EXPERIMENTS AND MODELLING, 20th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM), Publisher: AALBORG UNIV PRESS
Taylor AC, Carolan D, Chong HM, et al., 2014, Co-continuous polymer systems: A numerical investigation, Computational Materials Science, Vol: 98, Pages: 24-33, ISSN: 0927-0256
A finite volume based implementation of the binary Cahn–Hilliard equation was implemented using an open source library, OpenFOAM. This was used to investigate the development of droplet and co-continuous binary polymer microstructures. It was shown that the initial concentrations of each phase define the final form of the resultant microstructure, either droplet, transition or co-continuous. Furthermore, the mechanical deformation response of the representative microstructures were investigated under both uniaxial and triaxial loading conditions. The elastic response of these microstructures were then compared to a classic representative microstructure based on a face centred cubic arrangement of spheres with similar volume fractions of each phase. It was found that the numerically predicted composite Young’s modulus closely followed the upper Hashin–Shtrikman bound for both co-continuous and classical structures, while significant deviations from analytical composite theory were noted for the calculated values of Poisson’s ratio. The yield behaviour of the composite microstructures was also found to vary between the co-continuous microstructures and the representative microstructure, with a more gradual onset of plastic deformation noted for the co-continuous structures. The modelling approach presented allows for the future investigation of binary composite systems with tuneable material properties.
Kinloch AJ, Lee SH, Taylor AC, 2014, Improving the fracture toughness and the cyclic-fatigue resistance of epoxy-polymer blends, Polymer, ISSN: 0032-3861
Relatively tough epoxy-blend polymers are now commercially available for use as adhesives and as the matrices for fibre composites. Nevertheless, another failure property which may be of equal, or even of greater, importance in some applications is the resistance of the epoxy polymer to cyclic-fatigue loading. However, the cyclic-fatigue behaviour of epoxy polymers has not been studied in great detail, especially for epoxy polymers where the material has been modified by forming a polymer blend in order to increase its toughness under quasi-static test rates or impact test rates. Therefore, a major aim of the present work has been to undertake a novel investigation of a range of rubber and thermoplastic materials to modify an epoxy polymer to study whether both a relatively high toughness and a significantly improved cyclic-fatigue behaviour can be simultaneously achieved in a given formulation. The unmodified epoxy-polymer possessed a value of the fracture energy, GIc, of 495 J/m2 and a value for the threshold value of the maximum strain-energy release rate in a fatigue cycle, Gth, (below which no significant crack growth occurs) of 155 J/m2. Several epoxy-polymer blends have been identified which do show major increases in these values and probably the best combination of such properties were for the epoxy-polymers modified with a poly(polypropylene-glycol)-based polyurethane (PU) modifier: either when used by itself or as a ‘hybrid’ polymer-blend in combination with coreeshell rubber (CSii) particles, based upon a styrene-butadiene rubber core. For these PU-based epoxy polymers the values of GIc and Gth were found to increase to values of about 2475 J/m2 and 445 J/m2, espectively. The mechanisms of toughening that were induced by the addition of the polymer-blend modifier revealed that the presence of a multiphase in the epoxy-blend polymer was a critical requirement in achieving relatively high values of GIc and Gth. This was due to the second-phase
Cui S, Blackman BRK, Kinloch AJ, et al., 2014, Durability of asphalt mixtures: Effect of aggregate type and adhesion promoters, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADHESION AND ADHESIVES, Vol: 54, Pages: 100-111, ISSN: 0143-7496
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- Citations: 141
Guevara-Morales A, Taylor AC, 2014, Mechanical and dielectric properties of epoxy-clay nanocomposites, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, Vol: 49, Pages: 1574-1584, ISSN: 0022-2461
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- Citations: 48
Sprenger S, Eger C, Kinloch A, et al., 2014, Nano-modified room temperature-curing epoxy adhesives: On the performance level of hot-curing systems, Adhaesion Kleben und Dichten, Vol: 48, Pages: 17-21, ISSN: 1619-1919
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Lenz J, Blackman BRK, Taylor AC, et al., 2014, Selection of test methods to examine the fracture mechanics of carbon fibre composite flywheels
Flywheels are devices that can store energy in the form of kinetic energy whilst allowing for high charge and discharge rates and providing a high efficiency. This makes them extremely suitable for applications in hybrid vehicles within the automotive industry. Yet before application in this industry can take place, the potential for failure and the associated failure mechanics of composite flywheels must be sufficiently well understood to control the risk to passengers. This paper outlines a study that aims to induce failure in CFRP flywheels such that the consequences of failure can be assessed and the implications for flywheel containment can be better understood. Following a review of flywheel failures and a consideration of the stresses in one particular composite flywheel rim, a number of defect scenarios are presented and a test programme is presented based upon these considerations.
Sprenger S, Eger C, Kinloch A, et al., 2014, Nano-adhesive bonding: Impact resistant and high-strength, Adhaesion Kleben und Dichten, Vol: 47, Pages: 24-30, ISSN: 1619-1919
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- Citations: 2
Bray DJ, Dittanet P, Guild FJ, et al., 2013, The modelling of the toughening of epoxy polymers via silica nanoparticles: The effects of volume fraction and particle size, POLYMER, Vol: 54, Pages: 7022-7032, ISSN: 0032-3861
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- Citations: 96
Giannakopoulos I, Taylor AC, 2013, A modelling study of the visco-elastic behaviour of polyester-based coil coatings, PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS, Vol: 76, Pages: 1556-1566, ISSN: 0300-9440
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- Citations: 12
Bray DJ, Gilmour SG, Guild FJ, et al., 2013, The effects of particle morphology on the analysis of discrete particle dispersion using Delaunay tessellation, COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING, Vol: 54, Pages: 37-45, ISSN: 1359-835X
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- Citations: 14
Chong HM, Taylor AC, 2013, The microstructure and fracture performance of styrene-butadiene-methylmethacrylate block copolymer-modified epoxy polymers, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, Vol: 48, Pages: 6762-6777, ISSN: 0022-2461
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- Citations: 39
Chen J, Kinloch AJ, Sprenger S, et al., 2013, The mechanical properties and toughening mechanisms of an epoxy polymer modified with polysiloxane-based core-shell particles, POLYMER, Vol: 54, Pages: 4276-4289, ISSN: 0032-3861
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- Citations: 155
Manjunatha CM, Bojja R, Jagannathan N, et al., 2013, Enhanced fatigue behavior of a glass fiber reinforced hybrid particles modified epoxy nanocomposite under WISPERX spectrum load sequence, International Journal of Fatigue, Vol: 54, Pages: 25-31, ISSN: 1879-3452
Two types of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites were fabricated viz., GFRP with neat epoxy matrix (GFRP-neat) and GFRP with hybrid modified epoxy matrix (GFRP-hybrid) containing 9 wt.% of rubber microparticles and 10 wt.% of silica nanoparticles. Fatigue tests were conducted on both the composites under WISPERX load sequence. The fatigue life of the GFRP-hybrid composite was about 4–5 times higher than that of GFRP-neat composite. The underlying mechanisms for improved fatigue performance are discussed. A reasonably good correlation was observed between the experimental fatigue life and the fatigue life predicted under spectrum loads.
Blackman BRK, Cui S, Kinloch AJ, et al., 2013, The development of a novel test method to assess the durability of asphalt road-pavement materials, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADHESION AND ADHESIVES, Vol: 42, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 0143-7496
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- Citations: 28
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