Publications
176 results found
Sharma M, Nayar R, Graham Y, et al., 2022, Risk of Harm from Use of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors in Patients Pre or Post Bariatric Surgery, OBESITY SURGERY, Vol: 32, Pages: 2469-2470, ISSN: 0960-8923
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Sudlow A, Miras AD, Cohen RV, et al., 2022, Medication following bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes mellitus (BY-PLUS ) study: rationale and design of a randomised controlled study, BMJ OPEN, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2044-6055
Shibib L, Al-Qaisi M, Ahmed A, et al., 2022, Reversal and remission of T2DM - an update for practitioners, Vascular Health and Risk Management, Vol: 18, Pages: 417-443, ISSN: 1176-6344
Over the past 50 years, many countries around the world have faced an unchecked pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). As best practice treatment of T2DM has done very little to check its growth, the pandemic of diabesity now threatens to make health-care systems economically more difficult for governments and individuals to manage within their budgets. The conventional view has been that T2DM is irreversible and progressive. However, in 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) global report on diabetes added for the first time a section on diabetes reversal and acknowledged that it could be achieved through a number of therapeutic approaches. Many studies indicate that diabetes reversal, and possibly even long-term remission, is achievable, belying the conventional view. However, T2DM reversal is not yet a standardized area of practice and some questions remain about long-term outcomes. Diabetes reversal through diet is not articulated or discussed as a first-line target (or even goal) of treatment by any internationally recognized guidelines, which are mostly silent on the topic beyond encouraging lifestyle interventions in general. This review paper examines all the sustainable, practical, and scalable approaches to T2DM reversal, highlighting the evidence base, and serves as an interim update for practitioners looking to fill the practical knowledge gap on this topic in conventional diabetes guidelines.
Aldhwayan MM, Al-Najim W, Ruban A, et al., 2022, Does bypass of the proximal small intestine impact food intake, preference, and taste function in humans? An experimental medicine study using the duodenal-jejunal bypass liner, Nutrients, Vol: 14, ISSN: 2072-6643
The duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (Endobarrier) is an endoscopic treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It creates exclusion of the proximal small intestine similar to that after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) surgery. The objective of this study was to employ a reductionist approach to determine whether bypass of the proximal intestine is the component conferring the effects of RYGB on food intake and sweet taste preference using the Endobarrier as a research tool. A nested mechanistic study within a large randomised controlled trial compared the impact of lifestyle modification with vs. without Endobarrier insertion in patients with obesity and T2DM. Forty-seven participants were randomised and assessed at several timepoints using direct and indirect assessments of food intake, food preference and taste function. Patients within the Endobarrier group lost numerically more weight compared to the control group. Using food diaries, our results demonstrated similar reductions of food intake in both groups. There were no significant differences in food preference and sensory, appetitive reward, or consummatory reward domain of sweet taste function between groups or changes within groups. In conclusion, the superior weight loss seen in patients with obesity and T2DM who underwent the Endobarrier insertion was not due to a reduction in energy intake or change in food preferences.
Swan P, Johnson B, Samarasinghe S, et al., 2022, Alpha-melanocyte stimulatory hormone: a novel player in post-prandial glucose disposal in skeletal muscle in humans, The Official Journal of ATTD Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes, Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Pages: A44-A44, ISSN: 1520-9156
Background and Aims: Studies in rodents demonstrate that increases in circulating pituitary‐derived alpha‐melanocyte stimulatory hormone (α‐MSH) contribute to post‐prandial glycaemic control. Moreover, intravenous administration of exogenous α‐MSH lowers glucose excursions during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) in mice. We set out to interrogate whether this action translated to human physiology both in vivo and in vitroMethods: Using a randomized double‐blinded cross‐over design, fifteen healthy volunteers received infusions of physiological saline, 15, 150 and 1500 ng/kg/hr α‐MSH initiated 30 minutes prior to the administration of a standard OGTT. Plasma glucose and insulin was measured during the OGTT. To assess the effect of α‐MSH on glucose disposal into skeletal muscle disposal, 15 subjects underwent sequential hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp, concomitant to either saline or 150ng/kg/hr α‐MSH infusion. In a separate cohort of healthy volunteers (n = 6), vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained and used to establish cultures of primary human myotubes. Tritiated 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose was used to monitor glucose uptake in response to α‐MSH.Results: Infusion of α‐MSH (1500ng/kg/hr) reduced the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for plasma glucose (p = 0.02), and plasma insulin (p = 0.006) by approximately 20%. At high steady state insulin concentrations in clamp studies, α‐MSH increased glucose requirements for the maintenance of euglycaemia. Primary human myotube cultures expressed melanocortin receptor subtypes (MC1R>MC3R≈MC4R) and both 10nM and 100nM α‐MSH increased glucose uptake by two‐fold versus vehicle (p = 0.001).Conclusions: These findings substantiate a role for peripheral α‐MSH as a hitherto undescribed component of the endocrine control of glycaemia in human physiology.
Ansari S, Miras AD, 2022, Clinical efficacy and mechanism of action of medical devices for obesity and type 2 diabetes, Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Vol: 23
The clinical efficacy and safety of medical devices for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased in the past decade. Medical devices intervene on the stomach or proximal small intestine to mimic some of the weight loss and glycaemic benefits of metabolic surgery. Medical devices acting on the stomach can reduce gastric capacity, slow gastric emptying, and alter vagal afferent nerve signalling. The primary goal of these devices is weight loss while devices acting on the proximal small intestine improve glycaemic control in T2DM through weight-loss dependent and weight-loss independent mechanisms. This can be achieved by ablating or bypassing the duodenum or by increasing delivery of nutrients to the distal gut which is a regulator of glucose metabolism. This review summarises the clinical efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of medical devices with the most available data and use in clinical practice for the treatment of obesity and T2DM.
Ruban A, Miras A, glaysher M, et al., 2022, Duodenal-jejunal bypass liner for the management of Type 2 diabetes and obesity: a multicenter randomized controlled trial, Annals of Surgery, Vol: 275, Pages: 440-447, ISSN: 0003-4932
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical efficacy and safety of the duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (DJBL) while in situ for 12 months and for 12 months after explantation.Summary Background Data: This is the largest randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the DJBL, a medical device used for the treatment of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Endoscopic interventions have been developed as potential alternatives to those not eligible or fearful of the risks of metabolic surgery.Methods: In this multicenter open-label RCT, 170 adults with inadequately controlled T2DM and obesity were randomized to intensive medical care with or without the DJBL. Primary outcome was the percentage of participants achieving a glycated hemoglobin reduction of ≥20% at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors at 12 and 24 months.Results: There were no significant differences in the percentage of patients achieving the primary outcome between both groups at 12 months [DJBL 54.6% (n = 30) vs control 55.2% (n = 32); odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44–2.0; P = 0.85]. Twenty-four percent (n = 16) patients achieved ≥15% weight loss in the DJBL group compared to 4% (n = 2) in the controls at 12 months (OR 8.3, 95% CI: 1.8–39; P = .007). The DJBL group experienced superior reductions in systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and alanine transaminase at 12 months. There were more adverse events in the DJBL group.Conclusions: The addition of the DJBL to intensive medical care was associated with superior weight loss, improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, and fatty liver disease markers, but not glycemia, only while the device was in situ. The benefits of the devices need to be balanced against the higher rate of adverse events when making clinical decisions.Trial Registration: ISRCTN30845205. isrctn.org; Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, a Medical Research
Ruban A, Miras AD, Glaysher MA, et al., 2022, Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Liner for the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity, Annals of Surgery, Vol: 275, Pages: 440-447, ISSN: 0003-4932
<jats:sec> <jats:title>Objective:</jats:title> <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the clinical efficacy and safety of the duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (DJBL) while in situ for 12 months and for 12 months after explantation.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Summary Background Data:</jats:title> <jats:p>This is the largest randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the DJBL, a medical device used for the treatment of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Endoscopic interventions have been developed as potential alternatives to those not eligible or fearful of the risks of metabolic surgery.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods:</jats:title> <jats:p>In this multicenter open-label RCT, 170 adults with inadequately controlled T2DM and obesity were randomized to intensive medical care with or without the DJBL. Primary outcome was the percentage of participants achieving a glycated hemoglobin reduction of ≥20% at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors at 12 and 24 months.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results:</jats:title> <jats:p>There were no significant differences in the percentage of patients achieving the primary outcome between both groups at 12 months [DJBL 54.6% (n = 30) vs control 55.2% (n = 32); odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44–2.0; <jats:italic toggle="yes">P</jats:italic> = 0.85]. Twenty-four percent (n = 16) patients achieved ≥15% weight loss in the DJBL group compared to 4% (n = 2) in the controls at 12 months (OR 8.3, 95% CI: 1.8–39; <jats:italic toggle="yes">P</jats:italic> = .007). The DJBL grou
Al-Alsheikh AS, Alabdulkader S, Johnson B, et al., 2022, Effect of obesity surgery on taste, Nutrients, Vol: 14, Pages: 1-24, ISSN: 2072-6643
Obesity surgery is a highly efficacious treatment for obesity and its comorbidities. The underlying mechanisms of weight loss after obesity surgery are not yet fully understood. Changes to taste function could be a contributing factor. However, the pattern of change in different taste domains and among obesity surgery operations is not consistent in the literature. A systematic search was performed to identify all articles investigating gustation in human studies following bariatric procedures. A total of 3323 articles were identified after database searches, searching references and deduplication, and 17 articles were included. These articles provided evidence of changes in the sensory and reward domains of taste following obesity procedures. No study investigated the effect of obesity surgery on the physiological domain of taste. Taste detection sensitivity for sweetness increases shortly after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Additionally, patients have a reduced appetitive reward value to sweet stimuli. For the subgroup of patients who experience changes in their food preferences after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or vertical sleeve gastrectomy, changes in taste function may be underlying mechanisms for changing food preferences which may lead to weight loss and its maintenance. However, data are heterogeneous; the potential effect dilutes over time and varies significantly between different procedures.
Akalestou E, Miras A, Rutter G, et al., 2022, Mechanisms of weight loss after obesity surgery, Endrocrine Reviews, Vol: 43, Pages: 19-34, ISSN: 0163-769X
Obesity surgery remains the most effective treatment for obesity and its complications.Weight loss was initially attributed to decreased energy absorption from the gut buthave since been linked to reduced appetitive behaviour and potentially increasedenergy expenditure. Implicated mechanisms associating rearrangement of thegastrointestinal tract with these metabolic outcomes include central appetite control,release of gut peptides, change in microbiota and bile acids. However, the exactcombination and timing of signals remain largely unknown. In this review, we surveyrecent research investigating these mechanisms, and seek to provide insights onunanswered questions over how weight loss is achieved following bariatric surgerywhich may eventually lead to safer, nonsurgical weight-loss interventions orcombinations of medications with surgery
Miras AD, le Roux CW, 2022, Metabolicsurgery versus conventional therapy intype 2 diabetes (vol 397, pg 256, 2021), LANCET, Vol: 399, Pages: 520-520, ISSN: 0140-6736
Borodavkin P, Sheridan W, Coelho C, et al., 2022, Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on histopathological and secondary biomarkers of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: a journal of pharmacology and therapeutics, Vol: 24, Pages: 337-342, ISSN: 1462-8902
Omran A, Leca BM, Ostarijas E, et al., 2021, Metabolic syndrome is associated with prostate enlargement: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression on patients with lower urinary tract symptom factors, Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-39, ISSN: 2042-0188
Background:Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by at least three of the following five criteria: blood pressure ⩾130/85 mmHg, fasting blood glucose ⩾5.6 mmol/l, triglycerides concentration ⩾1.7 mmol/l, waist circumference ⩾102 cm (for men), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration <1.03 mmol/l (for men). MetS has been associated with worse lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and higher International Prostate Symptom questionnaire scores.Materials and Methods:MEDLINE, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and SCOPUS were critically appraised for all peer-reviewed manuscripts that suitably fulfilled our protocol’s inclusion criteria established a priori. Meta-analytical and meta-regression calculations were performed in R using the Sidik–Jonkman and Hartung–Knapp random effects model and predefined covariates.Results:A total of 70 studies (n = 90,206) were included in qualitative synthesis. From these, 60 studies focused on MetS and LUTS: 44 reported positive correlations, 5 reported negative correlations, 11 reported no association, and 10 studies focused on MetS and total prostate volume (TPV). MetS positively correlated with moderate LUTS [odds ratio (OR) = 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.35–1.80], severe LUTS (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.82–3.03), overactive bladder (OAB; OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.6–5.8), and nocturia severity (OR = 2.509, 95% CI = 1.571–4.007) at multivariate analysis. A total of 30 studies (n = 22,206) were included in meta-analysis; MetS was significantly associated with higher TPV (mean differences = 4.4450 ml, 95% CI = 2.0177–6.8723), but no significant predictive factors for effect sizes were discovered.Conclusion:Our meta-analysis demonstrates a significant association between the
Kaur V, Dimitriadis G, Perez-Pevida B, et al., 2021, Mechanisms of action of duodenal mucosal resurfacing in insulin resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Metabolism: clinical and experimental, Vol: 125, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 0026-0495
BackgroundDuodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) is a novel day-case endoscopic intervention which results in weight loss-independent reductions in HbA1c in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We hypothesized that DMR works by increasing insulin sensitivity and we aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of DMR through longitudinal metabolic phenotyping in humans.MethodsThirty-two insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity were randomised in a double-blinded manner to DMR or sham endoscopy. They underwent measurements of insulin sensitivity using euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamps, insulin secretion using oral glucose tolerance tests and reproductive function using weekly reproductive hormone profiles and ovarian ultrasonography for 6 months post-intervention.ResultsA small increase in total body insulin sensitivity measured by the clamp was observed in both groups at week 12. An increase in insulin sensitivity, as measured by HOMA-IR, was observed in both groups at week 24. There was an increase in the number of menses (median 2 DMR, 0.5 sham). There were no significant differences between the two groups in these outcomes or insulin secretion.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that DMR does not work by increasing insulin sensitivity in euglycaemic, insulin resistant women with PCOS. The procedure may exert its effects only in the context of hyperglycaemia or pathologically hyperplastic, insulin-desensitised duodenal mucosa.
Cohen RV, Petry TBZ, Miras AD, et al., 2021, Renoprotective effects of the combination of empagliflozin and liraglutide compared with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in early-stage diabetic kidney disease: a post hoc analysis of the Microvascular Outcomes after Metabolic Surgery (MOMS) randomized controlled clinical trial, Diabetes Care, Vol: 44, Pages: e177-e179, ISSN: 0149-5992
Moussa O, Ortega P, Mansour S, et al., 2021, Bariatric surgical services within a pandemic can continue safely: the initial experience of a UK centre of excellence., Obesity Surgery, ISSN: 0960-8923
Salem V, Demetriou L, Behary P, et al., 2021, Weight loss by low calorie diet versus gastric bypass surgery in people with diabetes results in divergent brain activation patterns: an functional MRI study, Diabetes Care, Vol: 44, Pages: 1842-1851, ISSN: 0149-5992
OBJECTIVE: Weight loss achieved with very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) can produce remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but weight regain very often occurs with reintroduction of higher calorie intakes. In contrast, bariatric surgery produces clinically significant and durable weight loss, with diabetes remission that translates into reductions in mortality. We hypothesized that in patients living with obesity and prediabetes/T2D, longitudinal changes in brain activity in response to food cues as measured using functional MRI would explain this difference.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixteen participants underwent gastric bypass surgery, and 19 matched participants undertook a VLCD (meal replacement) for 4 weeks. Brain responses to food cues and resting-state functional connectivity were assessed with functional MRI pre- and postintervention and compared across groups.RESULTS: We show that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) results in three divergent brain responses compared with VLCD-induced weight loss: 1) VLCD resulted in increased brain reward center food cue responsiveness, whereas in RYGB, this was reduced; 2) VLCD resulted in higher neural activation of cognitive control regions in response to food cues associated with exercising increased cognitive restraint over eating, whereas RYGB did not; and 3) a homeostatic appetitive system (centered on the hypothalamus) is better engaged following RYGB-induced weight loss than VLCD.CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings point to divergent brain responses to different methods of weight loss in patients with diabetes, which may explain weight regain after a short-term VLCD in contrast to enduring weight loss after RYGB.
Sheridan W, Da Silva AS, Leca BM, et al., 2021, Weight loss with bariatric surgery or behaviour modification and the impact on female obesity-related urine incontinence: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis, Clinical Obesity, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-19, ISSN: 1758-8103
Women with obesity are at risk of pelvic floor dysfunction with a 3-fold increased incidence of urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and double the risk of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and European Association of Urology (EAU) recommend that women with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 should consider weight loss prior to consideration for incontinence surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis will assess this recommendation to aid in the counselling of women with obesity-related urinary incontinence (UI). Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System online (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and SCOPUS were systematically and critically appraised for all peer reviewed manuscripts that suitably fulfilled the inclusion criteria established a priori and presented original, empirical data relevant to weight loss intervention in the management of urinary incontinence. Thirty-three studies and their outcomes were meta-analysed. Weight loss interventions were associated in a decreased prevalence in UI (OR 0.222, 95% CI [0.147, 0.336]), SUI (OR 0.354, 95% CI [0.256, 0.489]), UUI (OR 0.437, 95% CI [0.295, 0.649]) and improved quality of life (PFDI-20, SMD -0.774 (95% CI [−1.236, −0.312]). This systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence that weight loss interventions are effective in reducing the prevalence of obesity-related UI symptoms in women. Bariatric surgery in particular shows greater sustained weight loss and improvements in UI prevalence. Further large scale, randomized control trials assessing the effect of bariatric surgery on women with obesity-related UI are needed to confirm this study's findings.
Salem V, Demetriou L, Behary P, et al., 2021, Weight loss by low-calorie diet versus gastric bypass surgery in people with diabetes results in divergent brain activation patterns which may explain differences in long-term outcomes: an FMRI study, The Diabetes UK Professional Conference 2021, Publisher: Wiley, Pages: 1-1, ISSN: 0742-3071
Objective: Clinically significant weight loss can produce remission of type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery (specifically, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, RYGB) produces durable weight loss that translates into reductions in mortality. In contrast, weight regain is very common after very low-calorie diets (VLCD). No study has investigated longitudinal changes in brain activity using functional MRI in patients living with obesity and prediabetes/type 2 diabetes to explain this difference.Methods: Visual food cue responses and resting state connectivity was assessed with functional MRI pre- and post-intervention and compared between 16 participants who underwent gastric bypass surgery and 19 age, gender, and disease stage matched participants who undertook a VLCD for 4 weeks.Results: Brain responses to RYGB-induced weight loss diverge from those induced by VLCD in three domains: (i) dieting resulted in increased responsiveness to visual food cues in reward areas whereas after RYGB this was reduced; (ii) dieting therefore engaged greater activation of brain regions involved in cognitive control, associated with the need to exercise increased restraint over eating; and (iii) a homeostatic appetitive system (centred on the hypothalamus) was better engaged following RYGB-induced weight loss than dieting.Conclusion: This study provides a holistic view of multiple divergent brain responses to different methods of weight loss in patients with diabetes, which may explain weight regain after a short-term VLCD in contrast with the enduring weight loss after RYGB.
Samarasinghe S, Sudlow A, Dimitriadis GK, et al., 2021, Simple tool to prioritize access to bariatric surgery for people living with obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic, British Journal of Surgery, Vol: 108, Pages: e179-e180, ISSN: 0007-1323
Glaysher M, Ward J, Aldhwayan M, et al., 2021, The effect of a duodenal-jejunal bypass liner on lipid profile and blood concentrations of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, Clinical Nutrition, Vol: 40, Pages: 2343-2354, ISSN: 0261-5614
Background & aimsDuodenal-jejunal bypass liners (DJBLs) prevent absorption in the proximal small intestine, the site of fatty acid absorption. We sought to investigate the effects of a DJBL on blood concentrations of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and bioactive polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).MethodsSub-study of a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial with two treatment groups. Patients aged 18–65 years with type-2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index 30–50 kg/m2 were randomised to receive a DJBL for 12 months or best medical therapy, diet and exercise. Whole plasma PUFA concentrations were determined at baseline, 10 days, 6 and 11.5 months; data were available for n = 70 patients per group.ResultsWeight loss was significantly greater in the DJBL group compared to controls after 11.5 months: total body weight loss 11.3 ± 5.3% versus 6.0 ± 5.7% (mean difference [95% CI] = 5.27% [3.75, 6.80], p < 0.001). Absolute concentrations of both EFAs, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and their bioactive derivatives, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were significantly lower in the DJBL group than in the control group at 6 and 11.5 months follow-up. Total serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were also significantly lower in the DJBL group.ConclusionOne year of DJBL therapy is associated with superior weight loss and greater reductions in total serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, but also depletion of EFAs and their longer chain derivatives. DJBL therapy may need to be offset by maintaining an adequate dietary intake of PUFAs or by supplementation.
Miras AD, Kamocka A, Tan T, et al., 2021, Long limb compared with standard limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for type 2 diabetes and obesity: the LONG LIMB RCT, Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2050-4365
BackgroundRoux-en-Y gastric bypass is recognised as a standard of care in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the optimal length of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass limbs remains controversial, with substantial variation in practice. Specifically, a longer biliopancreatic limb length of 150 cm (‘long limb’) has been hypothesised to be better for the treatment of diabetes mellitus because it increases the postprandial secretion of gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1, and increases insulin sensitivity, compared with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass utilising a standard biliopancreatic limb length of 50 cm (‘standard limb’).ObjectiveTo evaluate the mechanisms, clinical efficacy and safety of long limb versus the standard limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in patients undergoing metabolic surgery for obesity and diabetes mellitus.DesignA double-blind, mechanistic randomised controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the mechanisms, clinical efficacy and safety of the two interventions.SettingImperial College London, King’s College London and their associated NHS trusts.ParticipantsPatients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus who were eligible for metabolic surgery.InterventionsParticipants were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to 150-cm (long limb) or 50-cm (standard limb) biliopancreatic limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with a fixed alimentary limb of 100 cm. The participants underwent meal tolerance tests to measure glucose excursions, glucagon-like peptide 1 and insulin secretion, and hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamps with stable isotopes to measure insulin sensitivity preoperatively, at 2 weeks after the surgery and at matched 20% total body weight loss. Clinical follow-up continued up to 1 year.Main outcome measuresPrimary – postprandial peak of active glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration at 2 weeks after intervention. Secondary – fasting and postprandial glucose an
Ilesanmi I, Tharakan G, Alexiadou K, et al., 2021, Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Increases Glycemic Variability and Time in Hypoglycemia in Patients With Obesity and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study, DIABETES CARE, Vol: 44, Pages: 614-617, ISSN: 0149-5992
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Miras A, Kamocka A, Pérez-Pevida B, et al., 2021, The effect of standard versus longer intestinal bypass on GLP-1 regulation and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The long-limb study, Diabetes Care, Vol: 44, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 0149-5992
ObjectiveRoux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) characteristically enhances post-prandial levels of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a mechanism that contributes to its profound glucose-lowering effects. This enhancement is thought to be triggered by bypass of food to the distal small intestine with higher densities of neuroendocrine L-cells. We hypothesised that if this is the predominant mechanism behind the enhanced secretion of GLP-1, a longer intestinal bypass would potentiate the post-prandial peak in GLP-1, translating into higher insulin secretion and thus additional improvements in glucose tolerance. To investigate this, we conducted a mechanistic study comparing two variants of RYGB that differ in the length of intestinal bypass.Research Design and MethodsFifty-three patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity were randomised to either ‘standard limb’ RYGB (50cm biliopancreatic limb) or ‘long limb’ RYGB (150cm biliopancreatic limb). They underwent measurements of GLP-1 and insulin secretion following a mixed meal and insulin sensitivity using euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamps at baseline, 2 weeks and at 20% weight loss after surgery.ResultsBoth groups exhibited enhancement in post-prandial GLP-1 secretion and improvements in glycaemia compared to baseline. There were no significant differences in post-prandial peak concentrations of GLP-1, time to peak, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. ConclusionThe findings of this study demonstrate that lengthening of the intestinal bypass in RYGB does not affect GLP-1 secretion. Thus, the characteristic enhancement of GLP-1 response after RYGB might not depend on delivery of nutrients to more distal intestinal segments.
Miras AD, le Roux CW, 2021, Metabolic surgery versus conventional therapy in type 2 diabetes, The Lancet, Vol: 397, Pages: 256-257, ISSN: 0140-6736
Ruban A, Glaysher M, Miras A, et al., 2021, SAFETY PROFILE OF THE DUODENAL-JEJUNAL BYPASS LINER (ENDOBARRIER): A MULTICENTRE RANDOMISED CONTROL TRIAL, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A170-A170, ISSN: 0017-5749
Ruban A, Glaysher M, Ashrafian H, et al., 2021, DUODENAL-JEJUNAL BYPASS LINER THERAPY (ENDOBARRIER®) CAUSES REDUCTIONS IN PLASMA TRIMETHYLAMINE-N-OXIDE IN OBESE PATIENTS WITH DIABETES, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A19-A19, ISSN: 0017-5749
Ruban A, Glaysher MA, Miras AD, et al., 2020, A duodenal sleeve bypass device added to intensive medical therapy for obesity with type 2 diabetes: a RCT, Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation, Vol: 7, Pages: 1-130, ISSN: 2050-4365
BackgroundThe EndoBarrier® (GI Dynamics Inc., Boston, MA, USA) is an endoluminal duodenal–jejunal bypass liner developed for the treatment of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Meta-analyses of its effects on glycaemia and weight have called for larger randomised controlled trials with longer follow-up.ObjectivesThe primary objective was to compare intensive medical therapy with a duodenal–jejunal bypass liner with intensive medical therapy without a duodenal–jejunal bypass liner, comparing effectiveness on the metabolic state as defined by the International Diabetes Federation as a glycated haemoglobin level reduction of ≥ 20%. The secondary objectives were to compare intensive medical therapy with a duodenal–jejunal bypass liner with intensive medical therapy without a duodenal–jejunal bypass liner, comparing effectiveness on the metabolic state as defined by the International Diabetes Federation as a glycated haemoglobin level of < 42 mmol/mol, blood pressure of < 135/85 mmHg, and the effectiveness on total body weight loss. Additional secondary outcomes were to investigate the cost-effectiveness and mechanism of action of the effect of a duodenal–jejunal bypass liner on brain reward system responses, insulin sensitivity, eating behaviour and metabonomics.DesignA multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.SettingImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust.ParticipantsPatients aged 18–65 years with a body mass index of 30–50 kg/m2 and with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus who were on oral glucose-lowering medications.InterventionsParticipants were randomised equally to receive intensive medical therapy alongside a duodenal–jejunal bypass liner device (n = 85) or intensive medical therapy alone for 12 months (n = 85), and were followed up
Hameed S, Salem V, Alessimii H, et al., 2020, Imperial Satiety Protocol: A new non-surgical weight-loss programme, delivered in a health care setting, produces improved clinical outcomes for people with obesity, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: a journal of pharmacology and therapeutics, Vol: 23, Pages: 270-275, ISSN: 1462-8902
‘Imperial Satiety Protocol’ (I-SatPro) is a new multifaceted approach to weight loss for people with obesity (PwO), encompassing dietary advice, time-restricted eating, physical activity and coaching to support behaviour change. Participants (n = 84) attended fortnightly I-SatPro group sessions for 30 weeks, with 70% of participants completing. On completion at 30 weeks, the mean weight loss was 15.2 ± 1.1 kg (13.2 ± 0.8% from baseline, P < .0001), which was maintained to 52 weeks (16.6 ± 1.5 kg, 14.1 ± 1.2%, P < .0001). Weight loss was not associated with reduced energy expenditure. In participants with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes (n = 16), glycated haemoglobin fell from 50 to 43 mmol/mol (P < .01). Systolic blood pressure fell by 12 mmHg (P < .0001). Triglycerides fell by 0.37 mmol/L (P < .01) and high-density lipoprotein rose by 0.08 mmol/L (P < .01). Short Form-36 (SF-36) functioning and wellbeing scores increased in all domains post I-SatPro intervention. For selected PwO, I-SatPro delivers clinically meaningful weight loss, and the potential for long-term health and wellbeing improvements.
Akalestou E, Lopez-Noriega L, Christakis I, et al., 2020, Bariatric surgery normalizes circulating glucocorticoid levels and lowers glucocorticoid action tissue-selectively in mice
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex are essential for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Glucocorticoid activation is catalyzed by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) and signalling is achieved through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Excess glucocorticoids are associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia. A small number of studies have investigated the effects of bariatric surgery, a gastrointestinal procedure known to improve insulin sensitivity, on glucocorticoid metabolism, but the hypothesised mechanism is assumed to be via weight loss.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim</jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effect of bariatric surgery on glucocorticoid metabolism in lean and obese mice.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Lean mice and HFD mice underwent Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) or sham surgery. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed at four and ten weeks post operatively and circulating corticosterone was measured. Liver and adipose tissues were harvested from fed mice and 11β-HSD1 and GR levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR or Western (immuno-) blotting, respectively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>VSG did not cause excess weight loss in lean mice when compared to sham operated mice. However, both lean and HFD VSG mice displayed significantly improved glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. Remarkably, VSG restores physiological corticosterone production in HFD mice and reduces11β-HSD1 levels at four and ten weeks post-surgery. Additionally, lean mice displayed significantly lowered mRNA levels of 11β-HSD1 in subcutaneo
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