Publications
165 results found
Yeddula SR, Morgans AS, 2021, A semi-analytical solution for acoustic wave propagation in varying area ducts with mean flow, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol: 492, Pages: 115770-115770, ISSN: 0022-460X
A semi-analytical solution is developed for the propagation of plane acoustic waves in a varying area duct, sustaining a 1-D mean flow with a temperature gradient. The mean flow can be non-isentropic, such that the axial variation of the flow area and temperature can be prescribed independently. The case of an isentropic mean flow, for which the flow area and mean temperature variation are linked, is discussed. A second order differential equation (ODE) for acoustic pressure is derived from the linearised Euler equations in the frequency domain, neglecting the communication between acoustic and entropy disturbances. This ODE has axially varying coefficients and is solved using an iterative WKB approximation method. The obtained wave-like solution is expressed as the superposition of downstream and upstream propagating plane wave amplitudes. The solution thus obtained is, at any location, a function of upstream thermodynamic and mean-flow properties and wave-number, and can be applied to ducts with arbitrarily varying area and temperature profiles. For validation of the model, two shapes of area variation with linear temperature gradient are considered, and the solution is further simplified to depend only on local spatial coordinate and inlet conditions. The semi-analytical solutions are valid at “high” frequencies, thus the frequencies considered must be both low enough for a predominantly one-dimensional acoustic field, and large enough for validity of the solutions. For each geometry, the analytical solution is presented along with the frequency range of its validity. The analytical predictions are compared to numerical solutions of the linearised Euler equations (LEEs), which can either account for or neglect the acoustic - entropy wave coupling; this further allows the coupling effect to be evaluated. Within the frequency ranges of their validity, the simplified semi-analytical solutions perform well up to flow Mach-numbers around 0.3. For inlet tem
MacLaren A, Morgans AS, Gaudron R, 2021, Oscilos brass - An open-source acoustic solver for brass instruments, ISSN: 2329-3675
The characteristic sound quality of brass wind instruments is determined by the frequency and amplitude distribution of their resonant modes. Each instrument has a unique spectral fingerprint, which depends primarily on the geometry of the bore cavity. The ability to predict accurately the modal frequencies of a given bore geometry is an essential component of ongoing brass-wind acoustics research, and of commercial instrument design and optimisation, but remains a nontrivial task. In this work, an existing thermoacoustic solver, OSCILOS, is repurposed to predict the modal frequencies of brass instruments. OSCILOS_brass incorporates new user-configurable boundary conditions from existing musical-acoustical models, and a powerful framework for describing bore geometry, both analytically and from measurements. Modal inharmonicity is determined from Equivalent Fundamental Pitch deviation. Close agreement with both measured input impedance spectra, and those calculated by existing techniques, is demonstrated for four bore profiles from published work. The code is open-source, lightweight, user-friendly, and written in MATLAB R2020a. Extensive documentation is provided by the accompanying technical report and user guide.
Yeddula SR, Morgans AS, 2021, The two-dimensional acoustic field in an annular duct with axially varying area, sustaining an isentropic mean flow, ISSN: 2329-3675
This paper develops an analytical solution for the two-dimensional (both axial and azimuthal variations of the perturbed flow) acoustic field in an annular duct whose cross-sectional area varies axially. The duct sustains an isentropic axial and azimuthal mean flow. For the first time, the effects of axial variations in both the mean radius and the width of the annular duct are accounted for. The mean flow is numerically resolved from the conservation equations for a perfect, inviscid gas in both the meridional and azimuthal directions of the annular duct. Mean flow variations in the radial direction are neglected. For linear flow perturbations in the axial and azimuthal directions, the linearized Euler equations are recast into a first-order system of differential equations and solved using the Magnus expansion. The analytical predictions are validated against numerical simulations of the linearized Euler equations. The model can capture the acoustic field accurately at low frequencies, at both low and high flow Mach numbers, even when the Magnus expansion is truncated to a limited number of terms.
Yang D, Guzman-Inigo J, Morgans AS, 2020, Sound generation by entropy perturbations passing through a sudden flow expansion, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol: 905, ISSN: 0022-1120
Entropy perturbations generate sound when accelerated/decelerated by a non-uniform flow. Current analytical models provide a good prediction of this entropy noise when the flow cross-sectional area changes are gradual, as is the case for nozzle flows. However, they typically rely on quasi-1-D and isentropic assumptions, and their predictions differ significantly from experimental measurements when sudden area increases are involved. This work uses a theoretical approach to quantitatively identify the main mechanisms responsible for the mismatch. A new form of the acoustic analogy is derived in which the entropy-related source terms are systematically identified for the first time. The theory includes three-dimensional and non-isentropic effects. The approach is applied to the flow through a sudden area expansion, for which the large-scale flow separation creates a recirculation zone. The derived acoustic analogy is simplified for low Mach numbers and frequencies, and solved using a Green's function method. The results provide the first quantitative evidence that the presence and spatial extent of the recirculation zone, rather than the flow non-isentropicity, is the dominant factor causing deviation from predictions from quasi-1-D, isentropic theory.
Han X, Laera D, Yang D, et al., 2020, Flame interactions in a stratified swirl burner: Flame stabilization, combustion instabilities and beating oscillations, Combustion and Flame, Vol: 212, Pages: 500-509, ISSN: 0010-2180
The present article investigates the interactions between the pilot and main flames in a novel stratified swirl burner using both experimental and numerical methods. Experiments are conducted in a test rig operating at atmospheric conditions. The system is equipped with the BASIS (Beihang Axial Swirler Independently-Stratified) burner fuelled with premixed methane-air mixtures. To illustrate the interactions between the pilot and main flames, three operating modes are studied, where the burner works with: (i) only the pilot flame, (ii) only the main flame, and (iii) the stratified flame (with both the pilot and main flames). We found that: (1) in the pilot flame mode, the flame changes from V-shape to M-shape when the main stage is switched from closed to supplying a pure air stream. Strong oscillations in the M-shape flame are found due to the dilution of the main air to the pilot methane flame. (2) In the main flame mode, the main flame is lifted off from the burner if the pilot stage is supplied with air. The temperature of the primary recirculation zone drops substantially and the unsteady heat release is intensified. (3) In the stratified flame mode, unique beating oscillations exhibiting dual closely-spaced frequencies in the pressure spectrum is found. This is observed within over narrow window of equivalence ratio combinations between the pilot and main stages. Detailed analysis of the experimental data shows that flame dynamics and thermoacoustic couplings at these two frequencies are similar to those of the unstable pilot flame and the attached main flame cases, respectively. Large Eddy Simulations (LESs) are carried out with OpenFOAM to understand the mechanisms of the time-averaged flame shapes in different operating modes. Finally, a simple acoustic analysis is proposed to understand the acoustic mode nature of the beating oscillations.
Li J, Morgans AS, Yang L, 2020, The three-dimensional acoustic field in cylindrical and annular ducts with an axially varying mean temperature, Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol: 99, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 1270-9638
This paper presents analytical solutions for the three dimensional acoustic field in cylindrical and annular ducts with dependence of mean temperature on axial position. A wave equation for the pressure perturbation is constructed in cylindrical coordinates, applying a zero mean flow condition. Separation of variables is used to express the pressure perturbation as a product of functions which vary only axially, radially and circumferentially. The axial dependence of the mean temperature means that a general analytical solution for the axial second order ordinary differential equation (ODE) cannot be obtained. Variable transformation is applied, yielding a standard second order ODE with known solutions for linear and quadratic axial mean temperature dependence. The acoustic field and resonant frequencies for an annular duct with linear/quadratic axial mean temperature variation predicted using these solutions match perfectly with those calculated using the linearised Euler equations. The analytical solution for the linear mean temperature profile is applied to more complicated profiles in a piecewise linear manner, axially segmenting the temperature profile into regions that can be approximated as linear. The acoustic field and resonant frequency are predicted very accurately even when very few axial segments are used.
Gaudron R, Yang D, Morgans AS, 2020, Acoustic energy balance during the onset, growth and saturation of thermoacoustic instabilities
Thermoacoustic instabilities can occur in a wide range of combustors and are prejudicial since they can lead to increased mechanical fatigue or even catastrophic failure. A well-established formalism to predict the onset, growth and saturation of such instabilities is based on acoustic network models. This approach has been successfully employed to predict the frequency and amplitude of limit cycle oscillations in a variety of combustors. However, it does not provide any physical insight in terms of the acoustic energy balance of the system. On the other hand, Rayleigh’s criterion may be used to quantify the losses, sources and transfers of acoustic energy within and at the boundaries of a combustor. However, this approach is cumbersome for most applications because it requires computing volume and surface integrals and averaging over an oscillation cycle. In this work, a new methodology for studying the acoustic energy balance of a combustor during the onset, growth and saturation of thermoacoustic instabilities is proposed. The two cornerstones of this new framework are the acoustic absorption coefficient ∆ and the cycle-to-cycle acoustic energy ratio λ, both of which do not require computing integrals. Used along with a suitable acoustic network model, where the flame frequency response is described using the weakly nonlinear Flame Describing Function (FDF) formalism, these two dimensionless numbers are shown to characterize: 1) the variation of acoustic energy stored within the combustor between two consecutive cycles, 2) the acoustic energy transfers occurring at the combustor’s boundaries and 3) the sources and sinks of acoustic energy located within the combustor. The acoustic energy balance of the well-documented Palies burner is then analyzed during the onset, growth and saturation of thermoacoustic instabilities using this new methodology. It is demonstrated that this new approach allows a deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms
Han X, Laera D, Morgans AS, et al., 2019, Inlet temperature driven supercritical bifurcation of combustion instabilities in a lean premixed prevaporized combustor, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol: 109, ISSN: 0894-1777
The present article reports experimental observation and analyses of a supercritical bifurcation of combustion instabilities triggered by the air inlet temperature (). The studies are performed with a pressurised kerosene fuelled Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP) combustor operated under elevated temperature. Unlike some previous studies, starting from an unstable condition of the system, the amplitude of combustion instabilities suddenly decrease when exceeds a critical value of = 570 K. When the temperature is lowered back the system returns to being unstable without featuring any hysteresis behaviour, as expected in case of a supercritical bifurcation. The unstable flames feature a periodic axial motion of lift-off and re-ignition, characterized as Helmholtz mode. The phase difference between chemiluminescence and pressure signals is found to increase with , exceeding 90 degrees (out of phase) for temperatures higher than 570 K. A low order network framework is conducted, illustrating that when is increased a stability shift of this mode is predicted at near 570 K, in good agreement with the experimental observations. The impact of on the spray characteristics is also examined, finding that higher promotes fuel evaporation and reduces equivalence ratio fluctuation at the exit of the swirler.
Guzmán-Iñigo J, Yang D, Johnson HG, et al., 2019, Sensitivity of the acoustics of short circular holes with bias flow to inlet edge geometries, AIAA Journal, Vol: 57, Pages: 4835-4844, ISSN: 0001-1452
Short circular holes with a mean bias flow passing through them can absorb or generate acoustic energy depending on frequency. A recently proposed semi-analytical model (Yang and Morgans, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 384, 2016 pp. 294–311) based on the Green’s function method successfully captured this acoustic absorption and generation. The model pointed to the importance of accurately capturing the path followed by the unsteady vorticity shed from the hole inlet edge. In the present work, the effect of the path of the shed vorticity on the hole acoustics is systematically studied. The above model is combined with computational fluid dynamics tools for capturing how the path of the shed vorticity varies for small modifications in the hole inlet edge shape. A chamfered edge, a rounded edge, and two elliptical edge cases are considered to show that a very small change to the shape of the hole inlet edge can give rise to significant differences in the hole acoustic response.
Sogaro FM, Schmid PJ, Morgans AS, 2019, Thermoacoustic interplay between intrinsic thermoacoustic and acoustic modes: non-normality and high sensitivities, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol: 878, Pages: 190-220, ISSN: 0022-1120
This study analyses the interplay between classical acoustic modes and intrinsic thermoacoustic (ITA) modes in a simple thermoacoustic system. The analysis is performed using a frequency-domain low-order network model as well as a time-domain spatially discretised model. Anti-correlated modal sensitivities are found to arise due to a pairwise interplay between acoustic and ITA modes. The magnitude of the sensitivities increases as the interplay between the modes grows stronger. The results show a global behaviour of the modes linked to the presence of exceptional points in the spectrum. The time-domain analysis results in a delay-differential equation and allows the investigation of non-normal behaviour and its consequences. Pseudospectral analysis reveals that energy amplification is crucially linked to an interplay between acoustic and ITA modes. While higher non-orthogonality between two modes is correlated with peaks in modal sensitivity, transient energy growth does not necessarily involve the most sensitive modes. In particular, growth estimates based on the Kreiss constant demonstrate that transient amplification relies critically on the proximity of the non-normal modes to the imaginary axis. The time scale for transient amplification is identified as the flame time delay, which is further corroborated by determining the optimal initial conditions responsible for the bulk of the non-modal energy growth. The flame is identified as an active and dominant contributor to energy gain. The frequency of the optimal perturbation matches the acoustic time scale, once more confirming an interplay between acoustic and ITA structures. Flame-based amplification factors of two to five are found, which are significant when feeding into the acoustic dynamics and eventually triggering nonlinear limit-cycle behaviour.
Yang D, Laera D, Morgans AS, 2019, A systematic study of nonlinear coupling of thermoacoustic modes in annular combustors, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol: 456, Pages: 137-161, ISSN: 0022-460X
Thermoacoustic instabilities in annular gas turbine combustors often involve modes which vary in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions. Recent experimental studies show that during limit cycle oscillations, different thermoacoustic modes may be uncoupled, as is the case in purely longitudinal or circumferential spinning modes. They may also be coupled, for example two counter-rotating circumferential modes combining to give standing or mixed modes, and coupling between circumferential and longitudinal modes giving rise to the slanted mode. Accurately predicting such modal couplings and the resulting spatial pattern of limit cycle oscillations remains an open challenge. This work uses a 2-D low-order network model based on modal expansions, validated against a full 3-D Helmholtz solver, to systematically investigate these couplings. For the first time, low-order network modelling is shown to capture limit cycle oscillations exhibiting both uncoupled and nonlinearly coupled modes, the latter including coupling between counter-rotating circumferential modes and between longitudinal and circumferential modes. It is shown that limit cycle solutions with totally different mode patterns (longitudinal, circumferential spinning, circumferential standing and slanted) can all exist in a given thermoacoustic system, with switches between modal patterns arising from slight changes in parameters such as the flame time delay.
Yang D, GUZMÁN-IÑIGO J, Morgans A, 2019, Sound generation by entropy perturbations passing through short circular holes, The 23rd International Congress on Acoustics
Xia Y, Laera D, Jones WP, et al., 2019, Numerical prediction of the Flame Describing Function and thermoacoustic limit cycle for a pressurised gas turbine combustor, Combustion Science and Technology, Vol: 191, Pages: 979-1002, ISSN: 0010-2202
The forced flame responses in a pressurized gas turbine combustor are predicted using numerical reacting flow simulations. Two incompressible1 large eddy simulation solvers are used, applying two combustion models and two reaction schemes (4-step and 15-step) at two operating pressures (3 and 6 bar). Although the combustor flow field is little affected by these factors, the flame length and heat release rate are found to depend on combustion model, reaction scheme, and combustor pressure. The flame responses to an upstream velocity perturbation are used to construct the flame describing functions (FDFs). The FDFs exhibit smaller dependence on the combustion model and reaction chemistry than the flame shape and mean heat release rate. The FDFs are validated by predicting combustor thermoacoustic stability at 3 and 6 bar and, for the unstable 6 bar case, also by predicting the frequency and oscillation amplitude of the resulting limit cycle oscillation. All of these numerical predictions are in very good agreement with experimental measurements.
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- Citations: 39
Gaudron R, Morgans AS, 2019, The acoustic absorption coefficient of short circular holes sustaining a high Reynolds number bias flow, 23rd International Congress on Acoustics (ICA 2019)
Guzman Inigo J, Baddoo PJ, Ayton LJ, et al., 2019, Noise generated by entropic and compositional inhomogeneities interacting with a cascade of airfoils, 25th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Dalla Longa L, Evstafyeva O, Morgans A, 2019, Simulations of the bi-modal wake past three-dimensional blunt bluff bodies, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol: 866, Pages: 791-809, ISSN: 0022-1120
The bi-modal behaviour of the turbulent flow past three-dimensional blunt bluff bodies is simulated using wall-resolved large eddy simulations. Bi-modality (also called bi-stability) is a phenomenon that occurs in the wakes of three-dimensional bluff bodies. It manifests as a random displacement of the wake between preferred off-centre locations. Two bluff bodies are considered in this work: a conventional square-back Ahmed body representative of road cars, and a simplified lorry, which is taller than it is wide, with its aspect ratio corresponding to a 15 % European lorry scale model. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the asymmetric bi-modal switching behaviour of the wake, observed experimentally, has been captured in simulations. The resulting unsteady flow fields are then analysed, revealing instantaneous topological changes in the wake experiencing bi-modal switching. The best-resolved case, the simplified lorry geometry, is then studied in greater detail using modal decomposition to gain insights into the energy content and the dominant frequencies of the wake flow structures associated with the asymmetric states. High-frequency snapshots of the switching sequence allow us to propose that large hairpin vortices are responsible for the triggering of the switching.
Yang D, Sogaro FM, Morgans AS, et al., 2019, Optimising the acoustic damping of multiple Helmholtz resonators attached to a thin annular duct, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol: 444, Pages: 69-84, ISSN: 0022-460X
Helmholtz resonators (HRs) are widely used to damp acoustic oscillations, including in the combustors of aero-engines and power gas turbines where they damp thermoacoustic oscillations. The geometries of such combustors are often annular in shape, which means that low frequency acoustic modes exhibit both longitudinal and circumferential modeshapes, the latter across different circumferential wave numbers. For linear acoustic disturbances downstream of the flame, the presence of HRs leads to modal coupling and mode shape shifts, which makes design and placement of multiple HRs very complicated. A procedure which ensures that the design and placement of the HRs can be optimised for good acoustic damping performance would be very valuable, and such a procedure is presented in this work. A simplified linear, low-dimensional model for the acoustic behaviour in a hot annular duct sustaining a mean flow is extended to account for the attachment of multiple HRs. The HRs are assumed to sustain a cooling mean bias flow through them, towards the combustor, such that they can be modelled using linear, lumped element Rayleigh conductivity models. An optimisation method based on the gradient derived from adjoint sensitivity analysis is then applied to the low order network acoustic modelling framework for hot annular ducts incorporating HR models, for the first time. It is used to optimise over multiple HR geometry and placement parameters, to obtain optimum acoustic damping over all acoustic modes in a given frequency range. These optimisation procedures are validated via multi-dimensional parameter sweep results. Thus a novel and efficient tool for HR optimisation for thin annular ducts is presented.
Gaudron R, Morgans AS, 2019, Acoustic absorption in a subsonic mean flow at a sudden cross section area change, 26th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV26)
Yeddula SR, Morgans AS, 2019, A semi-analytical solution for acoustic wave propagation in varying area ducts with mean flow, Pages: 5633-5640, ISSN: 2226-7808
A semi-analytical solution for the propagation of plane acoustic waves in a varying area duct, sustaining a mean isentropic flow with axial gas property gradients, is developed. A second order differential equation (ODE) for acoustic pressure is derived from the linearised Euler equations in the frequency domain, by neglecting the communication between acoustic and entropy disturbances. This ODE has axially varying coefficients and is solved using an adaptive WKB approximation method, so that the obtained wave-like solution consists of separate amplitude and phase factors, expressed as the superposition of downstream and upstream propagating wave components. This solution is valid at sufficiently large frequencies, meaning the frequencies considered must be low enough to ensure a predominantly one-dimensional acoustic field with negligible diffusive effects, but large enough for WKB method validity. A test case representing a typical industrial gas turbine combustor outlet converging section with a high mean-flow acceleration is considered for validation. Analytical results are compared to numerical solutions of linearised Euler equations neglecting acoustic-entropy coupling (2LEE). When the limiting frequency criteria are satisfied, the semi-analytical solution agrees well with the 2LEE results at even flow Mach-numbers around 0.5.
Surendran A, Boakes C, Yang D, et al., 2019, Thermoacoustic response of heat exchanger tubes in future aero-propulsion engines
Cylindrical heat exchanger tubes can act as active or passive acoustic elements that influence the thermoacoustic stability of combustion systems. They can act as both unsteady heat sinks and acoustic dampers. The present work is motivated by heat exchangers in future aero-propulsion engines. One significant difference to heat exchanger tubes in domestic boiler systems is that rather than being tightly spaced, their spacing is likely to be of the same order as their diameter. The heat transfer behaviour can change depending on the tube spacing. The contributions of this work are twofold. Firstly, to build acoustic scattering models for heat sinks and simple area jump conditions, and secondly, to include them in 1D network models to study the influence of the spatial positioning of these models within the network. Preliminary results indicate that there is significant variation in the thermoacoustic behaviour if one were to consider an approximated model with a heat sink followed by an area jump, as compared to the one where an area jump is followed by a heat sink
Gaudron R, Morgans AS, 2019, Acoustic absorption in a subsonic mean flow at a sudden cross section area change
Acoustic waves propagating within a duct containing a subsonic mean flow are of interest in many practical applications such as aeroengines or gas turbines. In these systems, sudden cross section area increases where flow separation occurs are widespread and the acoustic energy balance is known to be affected for such conditions. On the other hand, sudden cross section area decreases are usually assumed to be isentropic and the acoustic energy balance is unaffected. The objective of this work is to determine the acoustic absorption coefficient for various models of sudden cross section area increase and decrease commonly implemented in low order network tools used for thermoacoustic stability prediction. Analytical expressions in the low Mach number limit are also provided and compared with numerical predictions. It is shown that for a sudden cross section area increase with flow separation, the acoustic absorption coefficient depends on the upstream Mach number, cross section area ratio and boundary acoustic reflection coefficient only. For certain values of these parameters, all of the acoustic energy is damped across the area change. On the other hand, the acoustic energy is amplified across the area change for other values of these parameters
Na W, Boij S, Surendran A, et al., 2019, Prediction of acoustic response on tube-rows with bias-flow using linearized Navier-Stokes equations in frequency domain, Pages: 2134-2141, ISSN: 2226-7808
Heat exchangers are widely used in industries where heat needs to be transferred from one fluid to another fluid. For example, there are plate-fin heat exchangers in gas turbine engines, shell and tube heat exchangers in oil refineries and tube bundle heat exchangers in domestic boilers. Among the different types of exchangers, tube bundle exchangers are the most commonly used heat exchange equipments. In this paper, heat exchanger with the structure of tube rows with bias flow and possible acoustic interaction at the tube row is studied for the acoustic reflection and transmission. The numerical methodology solving the linearized Navier-Stokes equation in the frequency domain is used. It has the advantage of taking into account the flow effects, viscous losses as well as thermal losses in the acoustic propagation. The simplified geometry for the heat exchanger investigated in this paper is a two-dimensional rectangular duct with two half cylinders with a bias flow going through the gap between the cylinders. In the current study, the acoustic response is predicted numerically with the cold flow only and compared to the experimental data, as a preparation for the next study with the hot flow.
Boakes C, Surendran A, Yang D, et al., 2019, Acoustic scattering in arrays of orifices, slits and tube rows with mean flow: A comparison, Pages: 2126-2133, ISSN: 2226-7808
Thermoacoustic oscillations result from positive feedback between acoustic fluctuations and unsteady heat transfer into or out of the system. The thermoacoustic response of combustion system heat exchangers in cross flow is assumed to be dominated by two effects: acoustic scattering at the heat exchanger tube row and unsteady heat transfer from the tube row. While the latter causes a significant reduction in the net energy of the oscillations, the influence of both the effects on the acoustic fluctuations needs to be addressed carefully to predict the thermoacoustic response of the heat exchanger. To this end, we adopt a sequential approach where the acoustic scattering and the heat transfer are assumed to be independent of each other. In the present work, we focus on the acoustic scattering behaviour of heat exchanger tubes (only) by comparing existing acoustic models for orifices, slits and tube rows and identifying those operating regimes where the different models are valid and overlap. This will enable us to formulate appropriate acoustic models for the various operating regimes of the heat exchanger tube rows.
Surendran A, Boakes C, Yang D, et al., 2019, Thermoacoustic response of heat exchanger tubes in future aero-propulsion engines
© Proceedings of the 26th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, ICSV 2019. All rights reserved. Cylindrical heat exchanger tubes can act as active or passive acoustic elements that influence the thermoacoustic stability of combustion systems. They can act as both unsteady heat sinks and acoustic dampers. The present work is motivated by heat exchangers in future aero-propulsion engines. One significant difference to heat exchanger tubes in domestic boiler systems is that rather than being tightly spaced, their spacing is likely to be of the same order as their diameter. The heat transfer behaviour can change depending on the tube spacing. The contributions of this work are twofold. Firstly, to build acoustic scattering models for heat sinks and simple area jump conditions, and secondly, to include them in 1D network models to study the influence of the spatial positioning of these models within the network. Preliminary results indicate that there is significant variation in the thermoacoustic behaviour if one were to consider an approximated model with a heat sink followed by an area jump, as compared to the one where an area jump is followed by a heat sink
Han X, Laera D, Morgans AS, et al., 2018, The Effect of Stratification Ratio on the Macrostructure of Stratified Swirl Flames: Experimental and Numerical Study, JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, Vol: 140, ISSN: 0742-4795
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Li J, Yang D, Morgans A, 2018, The effect of an axial mean temperature gradient on communication between one-dimensional acoustic and entropy waves, International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics, Vol: 10, Pages: 131-153, ISSN: 1756-8277
This work performs a theoretical and numerical analysis of the communication between one-dimensional acoustic and entropy waves in a duct with a mean temperature gradient. Such a situation is highly relevant to combustor flows where the mean temperature drops axially due to heat losses. A duct containing a compact heating element followed by an axial temperature gradient and choked end is considered. The proposed jump conditions linking acoustic and entropy waves on either side of the flame show that the generated entropy wave is generally proportional to the mean temperature ratio across the flame and the ratio (F-1), where F is the flame transfer function. It is inversely proportional to the Mach number immediately downstream of the flame M2. The acoustic and entropy fields in the region of axial mean temperature gradient are calculated using four approaches: (1) using the full three linearised Euler equations as the reference; (2) using two linearised Euler equations in which the acoustic and entropy waves are assumed independent (thus allowing the extent of communication between the acoustic and entropy wave to be evaluated); (3) using a Helmholtz solver which neglects mean flow effects and (4) using a recently developed analytical solution. It is found that the communication between the acoustic and entropy waves is small at low Mach numbers; it rises with increasing Mach number and cannot be neglected when the mean Mach number downstream of the heating element exceeds 0.1. Predictions from the analytical method generally match those from the full three linearised Euler equations, and the Helmholtz solver accurately determines the acoustic field when M2≤0.1.
Yang D, Morgans A, 2018, LOW-ORDER NETWORK MODELING FOR ANNULAR COMBUSTORS EXHIBITING LONGITUDINAL AND CIRCUMFERENTIAL MODES, ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition
Han X, Laera D, Morgans A, et al., 2018, Flame macrostructures and thermoacoustic instabilities in strati fied swirling flames, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol: 37, Pages: 5377-5384, ISSN: 1540-7489
The present article investigates the correlation between flame macrostructures and thermoacoustic combustion instabilities in stratified swirling flames. Experiments are carried out in a laboratory scale longitudinal test rig equipped with the Beihang Axial Swirler Independently-Stratified (BASIS) burner, a novel double-swirled combustion system developed by adapting an industrial lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustor. At first, the flame macrostructures are investigated and discussed for various total equivalence ratios (ϕtotal) and stratification ratios (SRs). Depending on operating conditions, three different flame types are stabilized in the combustor: two attached flames comprising a stratified flame and a V-shaped flame (V-flame), as well as a lifted flame. Thermoacoustic instabilities are then investigated. The amplitude of the oscillations is found to be more sensitive to SR than the ϕtotal. Large amplitude limit cycles are found for low and high values of SR, for which the V-flame and the lifted flame are observed in the combustor, respectively. The flame dynamics are also investigated using local Rayleigh index maps. It is found that for both the lifted flame and V-flame, the major driving force comes from the flame-to-wall impingement region. Coherent structures associated with flame wrinkling are found along the flame brushes of the V-flame. On the contrary, the stratified flame is found to be more thermo-acoustically stable. Finally, incompressible Large Eddy Simulations is used to obtain the flame responses to forcing at 300 Hz, which is very close to the frequencies at which limit cycle oscillations occur. The results show that the global heat release rate response of the stratified flame exhibits a significant phase shift compared to the responses of the other two flame types, and this is the most likely cause of thermoacoustic stabilization.
Yang D, Guzman J, Johnson H, et al., 2018, On the sensitivity of the acoustics of short circular holes to inletedge geometries, AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Publisher: AIAA
Short circular holes with a low Mach number mean bias flow passing through them can absorb or generate acoustics. A recent semi-analytical model (Yang & Morgans, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 384 (2016) pp. 294-311 & 393 (2017) pp. 41-61) based on the Green’s function method has been shown to be able to capture both the acoustic absorption and gen-eration. The model indicates the importance of accurately capturing the path of the shedvorticity from the hole inlet edge. In the present work, the effect of this vorticity path on thehole acoustics is first studied systematically using the semi-analytical model. As the vorticitypath is sensitive to the sharpness of the hole inlet edge, CFD tools are then used to obtain thevortex sheet shape after slightly changing the hole inlet edge shape. The acoustic responses ofthese modified holes are obtained using the semi-analytical model. A slightly chamfered edge case and a small ellipse edge case are considered to show that a very small change to the shape of the hole inlet edge can give a significant difference in the hole acoustic response.
Xia Y, Laera D, Morgans AS, et al., 2018, Thermoacoustic limit cycle predictions of a pressurised longitudinal industrial gas turbine combustor, ASME Turbo Expo 2018, Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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