Publications
379 results found
Pollock KM, Cheeseman HM, Szubert AJ, et al., 2022, Safety and immunogenicity of a self-amplifying RNA vaccine against COVID-19: COVAC1, a phase I, dose-ranging trial, EClinicalMedicine, Vol: 44, ISSN: 2589-5370
Background: Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a novel technology formulated as a low dose vaccine against COVID-19. Methods: A phase I first-in-human dose-ranging trial of a saRNA COVID-19 vaccine candidate LNP-nCoVsaRNA, was conducted at Imperial Clinical Research Facility, and participating centres in London, UK, between 19th June to 28th October 2020. Participants received two intramuscular (IM) injections of LNP-nCoVsaRNA at six different dose levels, 0.1-10.0μg, given four weeks apart. An open-label dose escalation was followed by a dose evaluation. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were collected for one week from enrolment, with follow-up at regular intervals (1-8 weeks). The binding and neutralisation capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody raised in participant sera was measured by means of an anti-Spike (S) IgG ELISA, immunoblot, SARS-CoV-2 pseudoneutralisation and wild type neutralisation assays. (The trial is registered: ISRCTN17072692, EudraCT 2020-001646-20). Findings: 192 healthy individuals with no history or serological evidence of COVID-19, aged 18-45 years were enrolled. The vaccine was well tolerated with no serious adverse events related to vaccination. Seroconversion at week six whether measured by ELISA or immunoblot was related to dose (both p<0.001), ranging from 8% (3/39; 0.1μg) to 61% (14/23; 10.0μg) in ELISA and 46% (18/39; 0.3μg) to 87% (20/23; 5.0μg and 10.0μg) in a post-hoc immunoblot assay. Geometric mean (GM) anti-S IgG concentrations ranged from 74 (95% CI, 45-119) at 0.1μg to 1023 (468-2236) ng/mL at 5.0μg (p<0.001) and was not higher at 10.0μg. Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 by participant sera was measurable in 15% (6/39; 0.1μg) to 48% (11/23; 5.0μg) depending on dose level received. Interpretation: Encapsulated saRNA is safe for clinical development, is immunogenic at low dose levels but failed to induce 100% seroconversion. Modifications to optimis
Alagaratnam J, De Francesco D, Zetterberg H, et al., 2022, Correlation between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma neurofilament light protein in treated HIV infection: results from the COBRA study, JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY, Vol: 28, Pages: 54-63, ISSN: 1355-0284
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 7
Arenas-Pinto A, Judd A, Melvin D, et al., 2022, Learning and memory function in young people with and without perinatal HIV in England., PLoS One, Vol: 17
Learning and memory are important for successful education and career progression. We assess these functions in young people (YP) with perinatal HIV (PHIV) (with or without a previous AIDS-defining illness) and a comparable group of HIV-negative YP. 234 PHIV and 68 HIV-negative YP completed 9 tests; 5 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox tests (2 executive function, 1 speed of information processing, 2 memory); 2 Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised (HVLT-R) (learning (L), delayed recall (R)), and 2 verbal application measures. Z-scores for each test were calculated using normative data and averaged by domain where appropriate. The effect of predictors on test scores in the three domains with the lowest z-scores were analysed using linear regression. 139(59%) and 48(71%) PHIV and HIV-negative YP were female, 202(86%) and 52(76%) Black, and median age was 19 [17, 21] and 18 [16, 21] years respectively. 55(24%) PHIV had a previous Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) class C AIDS-defining diagnosis (PHIV/C). For HVLT-R, there was a trend towards PHIV/C YP having the lowest mean z-scores (L -1.5 (95% CI -1.8,-1.2), R -1.7 (-2.0,-1.4)) followed by PHIV without a CDC C diagnosis (L -1.3 (-1.4,-1.1), R -1.4 (-1.5,-1.2)) and then the HIV-negative group (L -1.0 (-1.3,-0.7), R -1.1 (-1.3,-0.8)); all were greater than 1 SD below the reference mean. The same trend was seen for verbal application measures; however, z-scores were within 1 SD below the reference mean. NIH Toolbox tests were similar for all groups. In multivariable analyses PHIV/C and Black ethnicity predicted lower HVLT-R scores. Black ethnicity also predicted lower executive function scores, however each year increase in age predicted higher scores. In conclusion, cognitive performance in verbal learning and recall fell below population normative scores, and was more pronounced in PHIV/C, supporting wider findings that earlier antiretroviral therapy initiation, before the occurrence of AIDS-def
Mora-Peris B, Keegan MR, Penchala SD, et al., 2021, Cerebral function parameters in people with HIV switching integrase inhibitors: a randomized controlled trial, HIV RESEARCH & CLINICAL PRACTICE, Vol: 22, Pages: 151-159, ISSN: 2578-7489
Thakrar J, Rae C, Cercignani M, et al., 2021, Brain connectivity and patient-reported outcomes in people with human immunodeficiency virus with symptoms of insomnia, switching integrase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy, 34th European-College-of-Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress on Early Career Scientists in Europe, Publisher: ELSEVIER, Pages: S160-S161, ISSN: 0924-977X
Chan TY-H, De Zan V, Gregg A, et al., 2021, The symptomatology of cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA escape: a large case-series, AIDS, Vol: 35, Pages: 2341-2346, ISSN: 0269-9370
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 8
Morphett K, Puljevic C, Boyd M, et al., 2021, A PRAGMATIC RANDOMISED PARTIAL CROSSOVER CLINICAL TRIAL OF NICOTINE VAPORISERS ADDED TO STANDARD CARE FOR SMOKING CESSATION AND RELAPSE PREVENTION AMONG PRIORITY POPULATIONS WITH COMORBIDITIES, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: S15-S15, ISSN: 0959-5236
De Francesco D, Underwood J, Anderson J, et al., 2021, Correlation between computerised and standard cognitive testing in people with HIV and HIV-negative individuals, AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV, Vol: 33, Pages: 1296-1307, ISSN: 0954-0121
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 3
Campbell L, Barbini B, Burling K, et al., 2021, Safety of Tenofovir Alafenamide in People With HIV Who Experienced Proximal Renal Tubulopathy on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES, Vol: 88, Pages: 214-219, ISSN: 1525-4135
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 2
Okhai H, Winston A, Post F, et al., 2021, Onset of depressive symptoms over time amongst people living with HIV in the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People Over Fifty (POPPY) study, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 137-139, ISSN: 1464-2662
Nightingale S, Dreyer AJ, Saylor D, et al., 2021, Moving on From HAND: Why We Need New Criteria for Cognitive Impairment in Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and a Proposed Way Forward, CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Vol: 73, Pages: 1113-1118, ISSN: 1058-4838
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 27
Asad H, Collins IJ, Goodall RL, et al., 2021, Mortality and AIDS-defining events among young people following transition from paediatric to adult HIV care in the UK, HIV Medicine, Vol: 22, Pages: 631-640, ISSN: 1464-2662
OBJECTIVES: To investigate risk of AIDS and mortality after transition from paediatric to adult care in a UK cohort of young people with perinatally acquired HIV. METHODS: Records of people aged ≥ 13 years on 31 December 2015 in the UK paediatric HIV cohort (Collaborative HIV Paediatric Study) were linked to those of adults in the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) cohort. We calculated time from transition to a new AIDS event/death, with follow-up censored at the last visit or 31 December 2015, whichever was the earliest. Cumulative incidence of and risk factors for AIDS/mortality were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. RESULTS: At the final paediatric visit, the 474 participants [51% female, 80% black, 60% born outside the UK, median (interquartile range) age at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation = 9 (5-13) years] had a median age of 18 (17-19) years and CD4 count of 471 (280-663) cell/μL; 89% were prescribed ART and 60% overall had a viral load ≤ 400 copies/mL. Over median follow-up in adult care of 3 (2-6) years, 35 (8%) experienced a new AIDS event (n = 25) or death (n = 14) (incidence = 1.8/100 person-years). In multivariable analyses, lower CD4 count at the last paediatric visit [adjusted hazard ratio = 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 0.7-1.0)/100 cells/μL increment] and AIDS diagnosis in paediatric care [2.7 (1.4-5.5)] were associated with a new AIDS event/mortality in adult care. CONCLUSIONS: Young people with perinatally acquired HIV transitioning to adult care with markers of disease progression in paediatric care experienced poorer outcomes in adult care. Increased investment in multidisciplinary specialized services is required to support this population at high risk of morbidity and mortality.
Alagaratnam J, Stohr W, Toombs J, et al., 2021, No evidence of neuronal damage as measured by neurofilament light chain in a HIV cure study utilising a kick-and-kill approach, JOURNAL OF VIRUS ERADICATION, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2055-6640
Pasternak AO, Vroom J, Kootstra NA, et al., 2021, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with lower cell- associated HIV RNA and DNA levels compared to protease inhibitor-based therapy, eLife, Vol: 10, Pages: 1-21, ISSN: 2050-084X
Background:It remains unclear whether combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens differ in their ability to fully suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Here, we report the results of two cross-sectional studies that compared levels of cell-associated (CA) HIV markers between individuals receiving suppressive ART containing either a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a protease inhibitor (PI).Methods:CA HIV unspliced RNA and total HIV DNA were quantified in two cohorts (n = 100, n = 124) of individuals treated with triple ART regimens consisting of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus either an NNRTI or a PI. To compare CA HIV RNA and DNA levels between the regimens, we built multivariable models adjusting for age, gender, current and nadir CD4+ count, plasma viral load zenith, duration of virological suppression, NRTI backbone composition, low-level plasma HIV RNA detectability, and electronically measured adherence to ART.Results:In both cohorts, levels of CA HIV RNA and DNA strongly correlated (rho = 0.70 and rho = 0.54) and both markers were lower in NNRTI-treated than in PI-treated individuals. In the multivariable analysis, CA RNA in both cohorts remained significantly reduced in NNRTI-treated individuals (padj = 0.02 in both cohorts), with a similar but weaker association between the ART regimen and total HIV DNA (padj = 0.048 and padj = 0.10). No differences in CA HIV RNA or DNA levels were observed between individual NNRTIs or individual PIs, but CA HIV RNA was lower in individuals treated with either nevirapine or efavirenz, compared to PI-treated individuals.Conclusions:All current classes of antiretroviral drugs only prevent infection of new cells but do not inhibit HIV RNA transcription in long-lived reservoir cells. Therefore, these differences in CA HIV RNA and DNA levels by treatment regimen suggest that NNRTIs are more potent in suppressing HIV residual replication than PIs, whi
Caby F, 2021, CD4/CD8 Ratio and the Risk of Kaposi Sarcoma or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Context of Efficiently Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: A Collaborative Analysis of 20 European Cohort Studies (vol 73, pg 50, 2021), CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Vol: 73, Pages: 563-563, ISSN: 1058-4838
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 5
Frater J, Ewer KJ, Ogbe A, et al., 2021, Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV infection: a single-arm substudy of a phase 2/3 clinical trial, The Lancet HIV, Vol: 8, Pages: e474-e485, ISSN: 2352-3018
BackgroundData on vaccine immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 are needed for the 40 million people globally living with HIV who might have less functional immunity and more associated comorbidities than the general population. We aimed to explore safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in people with HIV.MethodsIn this single-arm open-label vaccination substudy within the protocol of the larger phase 2/3 trial COV002, adults aged 18–55 years with HIV were enrolled at two HIV clinics in London, UK. Eligible participants were required to be on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with undetectable plasma HIV viral loads (<50 copies per mL), and CD4 counts of more than 350 cells per μL. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, with two doses was given 4–6 weeks apart. The primary outcomes for this substudy were safety and reactogenicity of the vaccine, as determined by serious adverse events and solicited local and systemic reactions. Humoral responses were measured by anti-spike IgG ELISA and antibody-mediated live virus neutralisation. Cell-mediated immune responses were measured by ex-vivo IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot) and T-cell proliferation. All outcomes were compared with an HIV-uninfected group from the main COV002 study within the same age group and dosing strategy and are reported until day 56 after prime vaccination. Outcomes were analysed in all participants who received both doses and with available samples. The COV002 study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04400838, and is ongoing.FindingsBetween Nov 5 and Nov 24, 2020, 54 participants with HIV (all male, median age 42·5 years [IQR 37·2–49·8]) were enrolled and received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Median CD4 count at enrolment was 694·0 cells per μL (IQR 573·5–859·5). No serious adverse events occurred. Local and systemic reactions occurring during the first 7 days after prime va
Hunt M, Khosla R, Sabin C, et al., 2021, Mito-Flow: a novel assay for T-cell mitochondrial dysfunction in ageing and HIV, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 4-4, ISSN: 1464-2662
De Francesco D, Sabin CA, Winston A, et al., 2021, Sleep health and cognitive function among people with and without HIV: the use of different machine learning approaches, SLEEP, Vol: 44, ISSN: 0161-8105
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 6
De Francesco D, Wang X, Dickinson L, et al., 2021, Associations between plasma nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors concentrations and cognitive function in people with HIV, PLoS One, Vol: 16, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 1932-6203
ObjectivesTo investigate the associations of plasma lamivudine (3TC), abacavir (ABC), emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir (TFV) concentrations with cognitive function in a cohort of treated people with HIV (PWH).MethodsPharmacokinetics (PK) and cognitive function (Cogstate, six domains) data were obtained from PWH recruited in the POPPY study on either 3TC/ABC or FTC/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-containing regimens. Association between PK parameters (AUC0-24: area under the concentration-time curve over 24 hours, Cmax: maximum concentration and Ctrough: trough concentration) and cognitive scores (standardized into z-scores) were evaluated using rank regression adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsMedian (IQR) global cognitive z-scores in the 83 PWH on 3TC/ABC and 471 PWH on FTC/TDF were 0.14 (-0.27, 0.38) and 0.09 (-0.28, 0.42), respectively. Higher 3TC AUC0-24 and Ctrough were associated with better global z-scores [rho = 0.29 (p = 0.02) and 0.27 (p = 0.04), respectively], whereas higher 3TC Cmax was associated with poorer z-scores [rho = -0.31 (p<0.01)], independently of ABC concentrations. Associations of ABC PK parameters with global and domain z-scores were non-significant after adjustment for confounders and 3TC concentrations (all p’s>0.05). None of the FTC and TFV PK parameters were associated with global or domain cognitive scores.ConclusionsWhilst we found no evidence of either detrimental or beneficial effects of ABC, FTC and TFV plasma exposure on cognitive function of PWH, higher plasma 3TC exposures were generally associated with better cognitive performance although higher peak concentrations were associated with poorer performance.
Alagaratnam J, von Widekind S, De Francesco D, et al., 2021, Correlation between CSF and blood neurofilament light chain protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ Open Neurology, Vol: 3, ISSN: 2632-6140
Objective To assess the overall pooled correlation coefficient estimate between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood neurofilament light (NfL) protein.Methods We searched Medline, Embase and Web of Science for published articles, from their inception to 9 July 2019, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Studies reporting the correlation between CSF and blood NfL in humans were included. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate the overall pooled correlation coefficient estimate, accounting for correlation technique and assay used. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic test. In sensitivity analyses, we calculated the pooled correlation coefficient estimate according to blood NfL assay: single-molecule array digital immunoassay (Simoa), electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay or ELISA.Results Data were extracted from 36 articles, including 3961 paired CSF and blood NfL samples. Overall, 26/36 studies measured blood NfL using Simoa, 8/36 ECL, 1/36 ELISA and 1 study reported all three assay results. The overall meta-analysis demonstrated that the pooled correlation coefficient estimate for CSF and blood NfL was r=0.72. Heterogeneity was significant: I2=83%, p<0.01. In sensitivity analyses, the pooled correlation coefficient was similar for studies measuring blood NfL using Simoa and ECL (r=0.69 and r=0.68, respectively) but weaker for ELISA (r=0.35).Conclusion Moderate correlations are demonstrated between CSF and blood NfL, especially when blood NfL was measured using Simoa and ECL. Given its high analytical sensitivity, Simoa is the preferred assay for measuring NfL, especially at low or physiological concentrations, and this meta-analysis supports its use as the current most advanced surrogate measure of CSF NfL.PROSPERO registration number CRD42019140469
De Francesco D, Sabin CA, Winston A, et al., 2021, Agreement between self-reported and objective measures of sleep in people with HIV and lifestyle-similar HIV-negative individuals, AIDS, Vol: 35, Pages: 1051-1060, ISSN: 0269-9370
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 5
Nightingale S, Dreyer AJ, Gisslen M, et al., 2021, Response to: Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment is a risk for symptomatic decline over a 3-year study period, AIDS, Vol: 35, Pages: 1152-1153, ISSN: 0269-9370
Nelson M, Winston A, Hill A, et al., 2021, Efficacy, safety and central nervous system effects after switch from efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine to doravirine/tenofovir/lamivudine, AIDS, Vol: 35, Pages: 759-767, ISSN: 0269-9370
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 4
Beanland A, Alagaratnam J, Goffe C, et al., 2021, Objective and subjective rapid frailty screening tools in people with HIV, HIV Medicine, Vol: 22, Pages: 146-150, ISSN: 1464-2662
OBJECTIVES: As people with HIV (PWH) age, the prevalence of frailty increases. Rapid screening tests to identify frailty within HIV outpatient settings are required to identify at-risk individuals. We undertook a service evaluation to assess three short frailty assessments in PWH. METHODS: We assessed two objective [gait speed (GS), timed-up-and-go test (TUGT)] and one subjective [the self-reported health questionnaire (SRH)] frailty screening tools in PWH aged > 40 years attending a single HIV outpatient department. Factors associated with positive frailty screening tests (defined as GS < 0.8 m/s, TUGT ≥ 10 s and SRH score < 6) were assessed using logistic regression models. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This was a service evaluation and was approved as a service evaluation by the Imperial College Healthcare NHS trust HIV clinical research committee (February 2020). All participants were given verbal information and were able to terminate the screening tests at any time. RESULTS: Of 84 PWH approached, 80 individuals completed all screening tests (median age = 56 years, range: 40-80) with a positive frailty screening prevalence in 19%, 33% and 20% for GS, TUGT and SRH, respectively. All tests were considered acceptable to participants. Factors statistically significantly associated with frailty included age (GS and TUGT), detectable HIV RNA (TUGT), number of comorbidities (GS and TUGT), presence of polypharmacy (GS and TUGT) and total number of concomitant medication (GS and SRH). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of positive screening tests for frailty are dependent on screening tool used, with all three tools being acceptable to participants. Objective measures of frailty screening (GS and TUGT) are more closely associated with clinical parameters than is a subjective measure of frailty screening (SRH).
Kunisaki KM, De Francesco D, Sabin CA, et al., 2021, Sleep disorders in human immunodeficiency virus: a substudy of the pharmacokinetics and clinical observations in people over fifty (POPPY) study, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Vol: 8, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 2328-8957
BackgroundSelf-reported sleep quality is poor in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), but prior studies commonly used nonspecific questionnaires, investigated only single sleep disorders, or lacked human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative controls. We addressed these limitations in the Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Observations in People Over Fifty (POPPY) Sleep Substudy by assessing PWH and HIV-negative controls for insomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and sleep apnea (SA).MethodsPreviously enrolled POPPY participants coenrolled in this substudy without regard to sleep symptoms. Participants completed validated sleep assessments including the Insomnia Severity Index questionnaire, International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group questionnaire, and in-home, wrist-worn overnight oximetry. They also completed health-related quality of life questionnaires including 36-item Short Form (SF-36) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep questionnaires.ResultsWe enrolled 357 PWH (246 >50 years of age; 111 between 18 and 50 years) and 126 HIV-negative controls >50 years of age. Among PWH, criteria were met by 21% for insomnia, 13% for RLS, and 6% for SA. Compared with HIV-negative controls, PWH had a higher risk of insomnia (adjusted odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2–12.9) but not RLS or SA. Compared with PWH without insomnia, those with insomnia reported significantly worse scores on all SF-36 and PROMIS components; fewer than 30% reported previous diagnosis or treatment for insomnia.ConclusionsInsomnia was more common in PWH, associated with worse health-related quality of life, and frequently undiagnosed. Further research should focus on the pathogenesis of insomnia in PWH and the development of effective screening and intervention strategies for this unique population.
Sabin CA, Kunisaki KM, Bagkeris E, et al., 2021, Respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis in people with and without HIV infection, HIV MEDICINE, Vol: 22, Pages: 11-21, ISSN: 1464-2662
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 7
Sabin CA, Harding R, Bagkeris E, et al., 2020, The predictors of pain extent in people living with HIV, AIDS, Vol: 34, Pages: 2071-2079, ISSN: 0269-9370
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 7
Ryom L, Cotter A, De Miguel R, et al., 2020, 2019 update of the European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines for treatment of people living with HIV version 10.0, HIV Medicine, Vol: 21, Pages: 617-624, ISSN: 1464-2662
BACKGROUND: The European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Guidelines cover key aspects of HIV management with major updates every two years. GUIDELINE HIGHLIGHTS: The 2019 Guidelines were extended with a new section focusing on drug-drug interactions and other prescribing issues in people living with HIV (PLWH). The recommendations for treatment-naïve PLWH were updated with four preferred regimens favouring unboosted integrase inhibitors. A two-drug regimen with dolutegravir and lamivudine, and a three-drug regimen including doravirine were also added to the recommended initial regimens. Lower thresholds for hypertension were expanded to all PLWH and for cardiovascular disease prevention, the 10-year predicted risk threshold for consideration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) modification was lowered from 20% to 10%. Frailty and obesity were added as new topics. It was specified to use urine albumin to creatinine ratio to screen for glomerular disease and urine protein to creatinine ratio for tubular diseases, and thresholds were streamlined with the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) recommendations. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment recommendations were split into preferred and alternative treatment options. The algorithm for management of recently acquired HCV infection was updated and includes recommendations for early chronic infection management. Treatment of resistant tuberculosis (TB) was streamlined with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, and new tables on immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, on when to start ART in the presence of opportunistic infections and on TB drug dosing were included. CONCLUSIONS: The EACS Guidelines underwent major revisions of all sections in 2019. They are available in four different formats including a new interactive web-based version and are translated into Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish.
Underwood J, DeFrancesco D, Kootstra N, et al., 2020, Plasma anti-CMV IgG concentrations are not associated with short- term progressive brain injury in virally suppressed people with HIV, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 50-50, ISSN: 1464-2662
Sabin C, Kunisaki K, Bagkeris E, et al., 2020, Respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis in people with HIV and demographically similar HIV-negative controls: prevalence and risk factors, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 8-8, ISSN: 1464-2662
This data is extracted from the Web of Science and reproduced under a licence from Thomson Reuters. You may not copy or re-distribute this data in whole or in part without the written consent of the Science business of Thomson Reuters.