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@article{Blunt:2021:10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.152,
author = {Blunt, MJ and Alhosani, A and Lin, Q and Scanziani, A and Bijeljic, B},
doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.152},
journal = {Journal of Colloid and Interface Science},
pages = {283--290},
title = {Determination of contact angles for three-phase flow in porous media using an energy balance},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.152},
volume = {582},
year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - HYPOTHESIS: We define contact angles, θ, during displacement of three fluid phases in a porous medium using energy balance, extending previous work on two-phase flow. We test if this theory can be applied to quantify the three contact angles and wettability order in pore-scale images of three-phase displacement. THEORY: For three phases labelled 1, 2 and 3, and solid, s, using conservation of energy ignoring viscous dissipation (Δa1scosθ12-Δa12-κ12ΔS1)σ12=(Δa3scosθ23+Δa23-κ23ΔS3)σ23+Δa13σ13, where  is the porosity, σ is the interfacial tension, a is the specific interfacial area, S is the saturation, and κ is the fluid-fluid interfacial curvature. Δ represents the change during a displacement. The third contact angle, θ13 can be found using the Bartell-Osterhof relationship. The energy balance is also extended to an arbitrary number of phases. FINDINGS: X-ray imaging of porous media and the fluids within them, at pore-scale resolution, allows the difference terms in the energy balance equation to be measured. This enables wettability, the contact angles, to be determined for complex displacements, to characterize the behaviour, and for input into pore-scale models. Two synchrotron imaging datasets are used to illustrate the approach, comparing the flow of oil, water and gas in a water-wet and an altered-wettability limestone rock sample. We show that in the water-wet case, as expected, water (phase 1) is the most wetting phase, oil (phase 2) is intermediate wet, while gas (phase 3) is most non-wetting with effective contact angles of θ12≈48° and θ13≈44°, while θ23=0 since oil is always present in spreading layers. In contrast, for the altered-wettability case, oil is most wetting, gas is intermediate-wet, while water is most non-wetting with contact angles of θ12=134°±~10°,θ13=119°&p
AU  - Blunt,MJ
AU  - Alhosani,A
AU  - Lin,Q
AU  - Scanziani,A
AU  - Bijeljic,B
DO  - 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.152
EP  - 290
PY  - 2021///
SN  - 0021-9797
SP  - 283
TI  - Determination of contact angles for three-phase flow in porous media using an energy balance
T2  - Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.152
UR  - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32823129
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/82167
VL  - 582
ER  -

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