Publications
355 results found
Sio J, Izzuddin BA, 2024, Enhanced rational horizontal tying force method for practical robustness design of building structures, Engineering Structures, Vol: 301, ISSN: 0141-0296
Under the backdrop of the rational horizontal tying force method recently developed at Imperial College London, which focuses on the tying resistance of floor systems based on constant tying forces and its planar interaction with the surrounding structure alone, this paper presents relevant enhancements to the original method. These enhancements involve simplified mechanics-based models quantifying i) the residual flexural resistance arising from the curtailed reinforcement in tying via beams, ii) the additional flexural resistance from transverse beam in one-way tying via floor systems and iii) the planar restraint stiffness from the surrounding structure, including the influence of the compressive ring mobilised within the affected floor system under tensile membrane action. Following a detailed exposition of the formulation of the models, the paper presents several studies which demonstrate the effectiveness of the enhanced tying force method. Importantly, the method addresses resistance and stiffness mechanisms not covered in the current prescriptive tying requirements within a practical application framework that is still comparable in simplicity to such requirements, thereby further promoting the rational horizontal tying force method as a potential replacement for the prescriptive tying requirements in the next generation of robustness design codes.
Sio J, Khalid H, Izzuddin BA, 2024, Objective modelling of reinforced concrete planar frame sub-systems under extreme loading, Structures, Vol: 60
This paper proposes a novel numerical modelling approach for the practical assessment of reinforced concrete planar frame sub-systems subject to extreme loading and robustness scenarios such as sudden column loss. The proposed approach utilises reinforced concrete and steel fibre beam-column elements formulated with the following features: i) explicit modelling of nonlinear bond-slip behaviour along the whole length of the reinforced concrete member, where the bond behaviour is encapsulated within a layer of the steel beam-column element; ii) compared to other published explicit bond-modelling approaches, the present approach reduces the number of nodes required in the definition of models and avoids the use of link elements for modelling bond-slip; and iii) practical representation of reinforced concrete planar frame sub-systems with sophisticated reinforcement detailing, including reinforcement curtailments and lap splices, under which each reinforcement bar can be modelled individually. A steel material model with tensile softening and a strain-dependent bond-slip model are also developed such that the proposed modelling approach is made readily available to predict the fracture of reinforcement and the influence of yield penetration. Following a detailed exposition of the element and material model formulations, several numerical and validation studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modelling approach.
Riedel K, Vollum R, Izzuddin B, et al., 2024, Robustness assessment of precast concrete connections using component-based modelling, Structures, Vol: 59, ISSN: 2352-0124
Employing highly optimised precast concrete product-based building solutions increases on-site productivity through elimination of formwork and reduction in propping as well as reducing waste, accidents and embodied carbon. The construction related benefits of precast concrete product-based building solutions are maximised by eliminating structural topping and designing connections between members for ease of assembly. A key challenge in the design of precast concrete buildings is the achievement of robustness under accidental loading. In this paper, sudden column removal is used to assess the robustness of a precast-concrete building system without structural topping. In this case, the development of an alternative load path under sudden column removal relies on the joint response. Joint behaviour is replicated using a component-based design procedure which captures localised failure modes. Robustness is evaluated using a ductility-centred approach and quantified in terms of the pseudo-static resistance. Two types of connection are considered for the provision of continuity at a critical half-lapped joint. The first is a plated connection which was designed initially to meet the tying requirements outlined in Eurocode 2. Under sudden column removal the plated connection’s deformational capacity is limited, which in turn reduces the pseudo-static resistance. An alternative bracketed coupler connection is proposed in which the ductility supply is controlled through debonding of reinforcement. The design concept for the bracketed connection is validated with test results from two full scale sub-assemblies. The experimental results are used to validate a component-based numerical model which is subsequently used to investigate the influence of boundary conditions, and debonding length on the pseudo-static resistance following sudden column loss. The paper shows that the pseudo-static resistance can be significantly enhanced by flexure and compressive membrane act
Chen Y, Izzuddin BA, 2023, A simplified finite strain plasticity model for metallic applications, Engineering with Computers: an international journal for simulation-based engineering, Vol: 39, Pages: 3955-3972, ISSN: 0177-0667
In this work, a finite strain elastoplastic model is proposed within a total Lagrangian framework based on multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, with several simplifications aimed at facilitating more concise code implementation and enhancing computational efficiency. Pre- and post-processors are utilised for conversion between different stress and strain measures, sandwiching the core plastic flow algorithm which preserves the small strain form. Simplifications focus on the pre- and post-processor components by substituting certain arithmetic operations associated with high computational demands with simpler ones without compromising accuracy. These modifications are based on assumptions, which are valid for most metals, that the elastic strains are small compared to plastic strains, and that the incremental plastic deformations are small for each step. In addition, the consistent tangent modulus matrix is derived in a reduced form, both for the general full model and the new simplified model, facilitating more straightforward computations in both cases. The models are verified against two classical numerical examples where favourable comparisons are achieved. Overall, the simplified model is shown to provide a significant reduction in computational demand for the two considered numerical problems, with negligible deviation in the results compared to the full model, subject to fulfilling the underlying assumptions with the adoption of a sufficiently small step size.
Lou T, Wang W, Izzuddin BA, 2023, A framework for performance-based assessment in post-earthquake fire: Methodology and case study, ENGINEERING STRUCTURES, Vol: 294, ISSN: 0141-0296
Grosman S, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2023, Parametric nonlinear modelling of 3D masonry arch bridges, Advances in Engineering Software, Vol: 185, Pages: 1-12, ISSN: 0965-9978
Detailed modelling of masonry arch bridges and viaducts presents unique computational challenges. Not only do such structures exhibit complex nonlinear behaviour, but they are also difficult to describe within a consistent computational framework for high-fidelity simulations, due to the range of interactive components with varying geometric characteristics. This paper presents a novel parametric model design tool for the generation of detailed 3D FE meshes of realistic masonry arch bridges and viaducts. This tool has been developed according to a modular description as an add-on component within the Rhino – Grasshopper environment. It allows for modular complex bridge assemblages with independent definition of the key viaduct parts, including arch barrels, spandrel walls, piers as well as multi-layered fill. Moreover, new parts can be seamlessly introduced into the framework due to its modular nature. Notably, as all components are geometrically addressable, it is possible to further enhance the model generation tool by adding non-standard routines to create more complex geometry than that allowed by the current parametric definition. Importantly, the developed strategy enables variable fidelity model generation, where different segments of an analysed viaduct can be represented by meso‑ and/or macro-scale masonry descriptions at different levels of detail. This approach further enables the consideration of initial damage in the brick/blockwork, which is a very common feature of many existing masonry bridges and viaducts.
Lesiv H, Izzuddin BA, 2023, Consistency and misconceptions in co-rotational 3D continuum finite elements: A zero-macrospin approach, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES, Vol: 281, ISSN: 0020-7683
Wang J, Mo YL, Izzuddin B, et al., 2023, Exact Dirichlet boundary Physics-informed Neural Network EPINN for solid mechanics, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol: 414, ISSN: 0045-7825
Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have been rapidly developed for solving partial differential equations. The Exact Dirichlet boundary condition Physics-informed Neural Network (EPINN) is proposed to achieve efficient simulation of solid mechanics problems based on the principle of least work with notably reduced training time. There are five major building features in the EPINN framework. First, for the 1D solid mechanics problem, the neural networks are formulated to exactly replicate the shape function of linear or quadratic truss elements. Second, for 2D and 3D problems, the tensor decomposition was adopted to build the solution field without the need of generating the finite element mesh of complicated structures to reduce the number of trainable weights in the PINN framework. Third, the principle of least work was adopted to formulate the loss function. Fourth, the exact Dirichlet boundary condition (i.e., displacement boundary condition) was implemented. Finally, the meshless finite difference (MFD) was adopted to calculate gradient information efficiently. By minimizing the total energy of the system, the loss function is selected to be the same as the total work of the system, which is the total strain energy minus the external work done on the Neumann boundary conditions (i.e., force boundary conditions). The exact Dirichlet boundary condition was implemented as a hard constraint compared to the soft constraint (i.e., added as additional terms in the loss function), which exactly meets the requirement of the principle of least work. The EPINN framework is implemented in the Nvidia Modulus platform and GPU-based supercomputer and has achieved notably reduced training time compared to the conventional PINN framework for solid mechanics problems. Typical numerical examples are presented. The convergence of EPINN is reported and the training time of EPINN is compared to conventional PINN architecture and finite element solvers. Compared to conventional
El Khoury K, Ridley I, Vollum R, et al., 2023, Experimental assessment of crack prediction methods in international design codes for edge restrained walls, Structures, Vol: 55, Pages: 1447-1459, ISSN: 2352-0124
Through cracking resulting from external restraint of early-age thermal and long-term shrinkage strain is a significant issue in the construction industry as it causes leakage in water retaining and resisting structures. Concerningly, a recent field study found restraint induced crack widths to frequently exceed crack widths calculated in accordance with UK design practice (BS EN 1992-3 and CIRIA C766). Due to a lack of pertinent data, the reasons for this are uncertain. This paper compares measured and predicted crack widths in a series of 12 full-scale edge restrained walls constructed in the laboratory. The tests examine the influence on cracking of key parameters including concrete mix design, wall reinforcement ratio, wall aspect ratio and relative wall to base cross-sectional area. The measured and calculated crack widths are compared at first cracking and at the end of monitoring. Two types of behaviour were noted in the tests, dependent on when the first cracks formed. Cracking either occurred at early age, within 24 h of stripping the formwork, or later due to restraint of combined early age thermal contraction and shrinkage. The final crack widths were greatest, by a considerable margin, in walls where cracks formed at early age, despite the initial cracks being very narrow. BS EN 1992-3 gives the best estimates of crack width in the two walls that cracked at early age. Crack widths in these walls were significantly underestimated by C766. In the other 10 walls, which cracked later, C766 tends to give the best estimate of crack width.
Shehzad MK, Forth JP, Nikitas N, et al., 2023, Predicting the influence of restraint on reinforced concrete panels using finite element models developed from experimental data, MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, ISSN: 1537-6494
Lou T, Wang W, Izzuddin BA, 2023, System-level analysis of a self-centring moment-resisting frame under post-earthquake fire, Engineering Structures, Vol: 289, Pages: 1-17, ISSN: 0141-0296
Post-earthquake fire is a multi-hazard combination with cascading effects, of which catastrophic consequences are not only caused by the earthquake but exacerbated by the triggered fire. Only a few studies focused on the system-level structural analysis in earthquake-fire sequence, mostly on the conventional moment-resisting frame. Despite the self-centring system being a novel structure with excellent seismic performance, its post-earthquake fire response is still unclear due to limited research. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the system-level behaviour of a self-centring system under post-earthquake fire. A numerical model of the six-storey prototype frame is established, and a two-stage bilinear material model is proposed to reflect the combined effects of pre-induced damage and temperature on material properties. A total of 11 ground motions (DBE and MCE levels) followed by 3 fires on different storeys compose the post-earthquake fire scenarios. A welded moment-resisting frame with reduced beam sections (WR-MRF) is selected for comparison, with the DBE response designed the same as the self-centring frame (SC-MRF). Results show that the SC-MRF exhibits smaller responses to the preceding earthquake and subsequent fire than the WR-MRF. Post-earthquake fire mainly affects two inter-storey drift ratios in each scenario, while it has a negligible effect on others which remain unchanged from the residual status after the earthquake. An obvious increase in structural responses can be found from fire-only (FO) to post-MCE fire (P-MCE-F) scenarios, and deformation is slightly larger in multi-floor fires than in single-floor ones. The findings unveil the post-earthquake fire responses of a seismic-resilient system with self-centring mechanism and provide a comparative assessment against the conventional structure. The methodology, including the proposed material model, can be further extended for analysis on other systems to understand and enhance the compreh
Mohamed S EA, Grosman S, Macorini L, et al., 2023, Numerical investigation of 3D response characteristics of masonry bridges by detailed mesoscale masonry models, IALCCE 2023, Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group, Pages: 1352-1359
This paper adopts a detailed 3D mesoscale modelling strategy to tackle the pressing challenge of assessment for masonry arch bridges. Most of these structures have undergone severe deterioration during their service-life under both increasing traffic loads and environmental actions. However, they still represent a major portion of existing infrastructure for roadway and railway traffic in Europe. The development of reliable assessment methods for such structures is urgently required. However, this is clearly hindered by their complex behaviour. In the adopted modelling strategy, the heterogeneous nature of masonry arch bridges is addressed by adopting a discrete mesoscale modelling for masonry components in conjunction with a continuous modelling for backfill. In addition, the interaction between the different bridge parts is accounted for using nonlinear interface elements at the physical interfaces, where a mesh tying approach is employed to connect non-conforming meshes. The computational effort associated with such detailed models is efficiently optimised using a domain partitioning technique, where the bridge is subdivided into smaller partitions allowing for an efficient parallel computation. This modelling strategy aims at capturing the overall behaviour of masonry arch bridges, which is dominantly three-dimensional mainly due to the asymmetry of typical traffic loads and the complex geometry in the case of skew bridges. In the paper, the response of realistic 3D bridge samples with various loading and geometric configurations is investigated leading to an improved understanding of their typical 3D behaviour to collapse.
Chisari C, Macorini L, Izzuddin B, 2023, An anisotropic plastic‐damage model for 3D nonlinear simulation of masonry structures, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol: 124, Pages: 1253-1279, ISSN: 0029-5981
Predicting the structural response of masonry structures with acceptable accuracy is paramount to safeguard the historical heritage and build new constructions with safety margins adequate to modern standards. However, due to the heterogeneous nature and anisotropic response of masonry, such prediction is still difficult to achieve, where most current masonry representations are based upon homogeneous isotropic material models or even more simplified masonry macro-elements. In this article, a novel anisotropic constitutive model to be used in detailed 3D continuum FE representations is described. This is based upon the application of the transformed-tensor method to an isotropic uncoupled plastic-damage model, which is further enhanced by additional novel features enabling the proper definition of the shear behavior both in terms of yielding surface and damage evolution while increasing local computational robustness. Illustrative examples at different scales are presented, highlighting the characteristics and potential of the developed masonry material model. Focus is placed on the mechanical behavior under uniaxial and biaxial stress states considering pure compression on wallets with varying inclination of the material principal axes and the out-of-plane response of wall components. The numerical results confirm the ability of the proposed constitutive model to predict typical masonry anisotropic response characteristics, which cannot be accurately represented by standard isotropic representations commonly used in professional practice and research.
Martinelli P, Izzuddin BA, 2023, Validation and application of rational tying method for robustness design of post-and-beam timber buildings, WOOD MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING, Vol: 18, Pages: 363-378, ISSN: 1748-0272
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 2
Grosman S, Fang Q, Macorini L, et al., 2023, Multi-fidelity modelling of masonry arch bridges under traffic loading, Pages: 1368-1375
Masonry arch bridges are part of the historical heritage from the Industrial Age in the UK and Europe. To preserve this infrastructure, robust assessment methodologies are required to adequately account for the effects of evolving loading and material degradation. This work presents 3D multi-fidelity modelling strategies for masonry viaducts which can be used for accurate assessment. The masonry components of the bridge structure are modelled using high-fidelity mesoscale models or efficient macroscale models. Filling materials are represented using elasto-plastic models considering their cohesive and frictional nature. The interaction between the different parts is taken into account by adopting nonlinear interface elements allowing for sliding and separation. The results of numerical investigations on a realistic viaduct under traffic loading, which were conducted by performing nonlinear simulations under transient loading, showcase the potential of accurate 3D modelling comparing the results from mesoscale and macroscale models.
Grosman S, Fang Q, Macorini L, et al., 2023, Computational strategy for the design of monitoring for masonry arch bridges using DIC procedures, Pages: 1530-1537
Masonry arch bridges are old structures characterised by a complex behaviour. Detailed monitoring is essential to improve the understanding of the response under different loading conditions, to identify damaged structures, and to validate numerical models for accurate structural assessment. Generally, standard monitoring techniques necessitate direct access and contact to the analysed structure, which can be problematic in many cases. The use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) overcomes these critical limitations offering an improved potential for detailed and streamlined monitoring. This work focuses on the development of advanced computational tools to support the practical application of DIC monitoring in field conditions. The proposed procedure utilises results from 3D numerical models to generate synthetic video files representing the bridge response under traffic loading, which can be subsequently employed to calibrate camera setups for DIC monitoring.
Shehzad MK, Forth JP, Nikitas N, et al., 2023, Investigation of the influence of external edge restraint on reinforced concrete walls, Pages: 622-633, ISSN: 2474-3941
Externally restraining volume changes of concrete, i.e., thermal effects and shrinkage, may result in tensile stresses and eventually cracking. Such cracking risk is controlled / mitigated by the provision of steel reinforcement, which presumes correct understanding of the cracking patterns under different types of restraint conditions. Reinforced concrete (RC) members may be restrained at their edges or end, or in many cases a combination of the two. Existing guidance on the subject is mostly based on end restrained members, however it is applied to predict the behaviour under edge restraint too. Researchers have identified that the mechanisms of cracking associated to edge and end restraints are quite different. To this purpose, findings from an experimental investigation aiming to understand the behaviour of edge restrained RC walls were utilized to validate a finite element (FE) model. Subsequently, this FE model was used to study the edge restrained walls having different aspect ratios. Cracking patterns, widths and extent appeared to greatly depend on the wall aspect ratio. The study provides clear evidence on why similar studies related to all forms of restraint are needed to support engineers in designing against cracking due to restraints.
Soyemi AE, Izzuddin BA, 2022, Material damage integration approach for efficient modelling of high cycle fatigue, International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol: 262-263, Pages: 1-22, ISSN: 0020-7683
The recognition of the risk of fatigue failure and its study, particularly fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviour of engineering materials, is not neoteric, and the majority of approaches for investigating the problem are empirical and dated. With recent computational advances, the cohesive zone modelling (CZM) approach for FCG analysis has become popular especially amongst researchers owing to its flexibility of use particularly within the finite element framework. However, the use of the CZM for explicit cycle-by-cycle high cycle FCG analysis of real structural components is still largely computationally prohibitive. Thus, this study presents a novel material integration (MI) approach to accelerate fatigue crack propagation within the cyclic cohesive zone modelling (CCZM) framework. Using a bilinear cohesive law, the proposed technique is compared with the Linear Extrapolation (LE) technique and assessed for three models of different bulk-interface element discretisation and deformations. The results show that the MI technique offers a more consistent approximation to the accelerated fatigue damage computation and, more importantly, better convergence characteristics for the different models under tension, mixed mode and bending deformations. These outcomes underline the computational benefits of the proposed MI technique in assessing the FCG behaviour of real structural components within the CCZM framework.
Pantò B, Grosman S, Macorini L, et al., 2022, A macro-modelling continuum approach with embedded discontinuities for the assessment of masonry arch bridges under earthquake loading, Engineering Structures, Vol: 269, Pages: 1-21, ISSN: 0141-0296
The paper presents a novel effective macro-modelling approach for masonry arches and bridges under cyclic loading, including dynamic actions induced by earthquakes. It utilises an anisotropic material model with embedded discontinuities to represent masonry nonlinearities. Realistic numerical simulations of masonry arch bridges under static and dynamic loading require accurate models representing the anisotropic nature of masonry and material nonlinearity due to opening and closure of tensile cracks and shear sliding along mortar joints. The proposed 3D modelling approach allows for masonry bond via simple calibration, and enables the representation of tensile cracking, crushing and shear damage in the brickwork. A two-scale representation is adopted, where 3D continuum elements at the structural scale are linked to embedded nonlinear interfaces representing the meso-structure of the material. The potential and accuracy of the proposed approach are shown in numerical examples and comparisons against physical experiments on masonry arches and bridges under cyclic static and dynamic loading.
Santos L, Izzuddin BA, Macorini L, 2022, Gradient-based optimisation of rectangular honeycomb core sandwich panels, STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION, Vol: 65, ISSN: 1615-147X
Liang Y, Izzuddin BA, 2022, Locking-free 6-noded triangular shell elements based on hierarchic optimisation, FINITE ELEMENTS IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, Vol: 204, ISSN: 0168-874X
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 2
El Ashri M, Grosman S, Macorini L, et al., 2022, Numerical Investigation of the 3D Response of Masonry Skew Arches and Bridges, Fourteenth International Conference on Computational Structures Technology, ISSN: 2753-3239
Soyemi A, Grosman S, Macorini L, et al., 2022, Numerical Modelling of Brick-mortar Masonry Structures under Fatigue Loading, Fourteenth International Conference on Computational Structures Technology, ISSN: 2753-3239
Pantò B, Chisari C, Macorini L, et al., 2022, A hybrid macro-modelling strategy with multi-objective calibration for accurate simulation of multi-ring masonry arches and bridges, Computers & Structures, Vol: 265, ISSN: 0045-7949
This paper presents an efficient hybrid continuum-discrete macro-modelling strategy with an enhanced multiscale calibration procedure for realistic simulations of brick/block-masonry bridges. The response of these structures is affected by the intrinsic nonlinearity of the masonry material, which in turn depends upon the mechanical properties of units and mortar joints and the bond characteristics. Finite element approaches based upon homogenised representations are widely employed to assess the nonlinear behaviour up to collapse, as they are generally associated with a limited computational demand. However, such models require an accurate calibration of model material parameters to properly allow for masonry bond. According to the proposed approach, the macroscale material parameters are determined by an advanced multi-objective strategy with genetic algorithms from the results of mesoscale “virtual” tests through the minimisation of appropriate functionals of the scale transition error. The developed continuum-discrete finite element macroscale description and the calibration procedure are applied to simulate the nonlinear behaviour up to collapse of multi-ring arch-bridge specimens focusing on the 2D planar response. The results obtained are compared to those achieved using detailed mesoscale models confirming the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach for realistic nonlinear simulations of masonry arch bridges.
Elwakeel A, Shehzad M, El Khoury K, et al., 2022, Assessment of cracking performance in edge restrained RC walls, STRUCTURAL CONCRETE, Vol: 23, Pages: 1333-1352, ISSN: 1464-4177
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 3
Elwakeel A, Shehzad M, El Khoury K, et al., 2022, INDUCED CRACKING IN EDGE RESTRAINED WALLS – FEA PARAMETRIC STUDY, fib International Congress 2022
Riedel K, Vollum R, Vella JP, et al., 2022, Experimental testing of a novel D-Frame connection under sudden column removal, fib International Congress 2022 Oslo
Ridley I, Shehzad M, Forth J, et al., 2022, Experimental assessment of crack width estimations in international design codes, SEMC 2022 International Conference: http://www.semc.uct.ac.za
Riedel K, Vollum R, Izzuddin B, et al., 2022, Design of precast concrete framing systems against disproportionate collapse using component-based methods, SEMC 2022 International Conference: http://www.semc.uct.ac.za
Panto B, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2022, A two-level macroscale continuum description with embedded discontinuities for nonlinear analysis of brick/block masonry, Computational Mechanics, Vol: 69, Pages: 865-890, ISSN: 0178-7675
A great proportion of the existing architectural heritage, including historical and monumental constructions, is made of brick/block masonry. This material shows a strong anisotropic behaviour resulting from the specific arrangement of units and mortar joints, which renders the accurate imulation of the masonry response a complex task. In general, mesoscale modelling approaches provide realistic predictions due to the explicit representation of the masonry bond characteristics. However, these detailed models are very computationally demanding and mostly unsuitable for practical assessment of large structures. Macroscale models are more efficient, but they require complex calibration procedures to evaluate model material parameters. This paper presents an advanced continuum macroscale model based on a two-scale nonlinear description for masonry material which requires only simple calibration at structural scale. A continuum strain field is considered at the macroscale level, while a 3D distribution of embedded internal layers allows for the anisotropic mesoscale features at the local level. A damage-plasticity constitutive model is employed to mechanically characterise each internal layer using different material properties along the two main directions on the plane of the masonry panel and along its thickness. The accuracy of the proposed acroscale model is assessed considering the response of structural walls previously tested under in-plane and out-of-plane loading and modelled using the more refined mesoscale strategy. The results achieved confirm the significant potential and the ability of the proposed macroscale description for brick/block masonry to provide accurate and efficient response predictions under different monotonic and cyclic loading conditions.
This data is extracted from the Web of Science and reproduced under a licence from Thomson Reuters. You may not copy or re-distribute this data in whole or in part without the written consent of the Science business of Thomson Reuters.