Publications
178 results found
Patel BA, 2023, Being Efficient: What Are Acceptable Timeframes for Completing Basic Laboratory Practical Procedures?, Journal of Chemical Education, ISSN: 0021-9584
Shergill RS, Patel BA, 2023, Preprinting Saponification of Carbon Thermoplastic Filaments Provides Ready-to-Use Electrochemical Sensors, ACS Applied Electronic Materials, ISSN: 2637-6113
Badrie R, MacDonnell J, Patel BA, 2023, Barriers to pursing postgraduate research study among final year undergraduate minority ethnic students at a post-1992 UK university, Equity in Education & Society, Vol: 2, Pages: 206-222, ISSN: 2752-6461
<jats:p> Minority ethnic students are well represented in undergraduate and postgraduate taught study, but over a sustained period, representation in postgraduate research (PGR) study has been significantly lower. Various barriers to participation in PGR study have been suggested, however, it is not clear if these barriers are similar across different hierarchies of higher education institution within the UK. Our study explored specifically the perceived barriers that may exist towards PGR study for minority ethnic students at a post-1992 university. Our findings showed that one third of minority ethnic students did not learn about PGR study. To gain more insight into PGR study, minority ethnic students would approach academic staff. The perceived key barriers to participation in PGR study were associated with understanding the application process and feeling if they would not be selected by a research-intensive university. To address these barriers, the solutions that were proposed where to have PGR role models which can provide mentorship on the application process and highlight the career benefits of conducting PGR study. Our findings provide vital insight into key challenges faced by minority ethnic students at a post-1992 university and help identify approaches which can be implemented to address these barriers. </jats:p>
Tough IR, Lund ML, Patel BA, et al., 2023, Paracrine relationship between incretin hormones and endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine in the small and large intestine., Neurogastroenterol Motil, Vol: 35
BACKGROUND: Enterochromaffin (EC) cell-derived 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a mediator of toxin-induced reflexes, initiating emesis via vagal and central 5-HT3 receptors. The amine is also involved in gastrointestinal (GI) reflexes that are prosecretory and promotile, and recently 5-HT's roles in chemosensation in the distal bowel have been described. We set out to establish the efficacy of 5-HT signaling, local 5-HT levels and pharmacology in discrete regions of the mouse small and large intestine. We also investigated the inter-relationships between incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and endogenous 5-HT in mucosal and motility assays. METHODS: Adult mouse GI mucosae were mounted in Ussing chambers and area-specific studies were performed to establish the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 pharmacology, the sidedness of responses, and the inter-relationships between incretins and endogenous 5-HT. Natural fecal pellet transit in vitro and full-length GI transit in vivo were also measured. KEY RESULTS: We observed the greatest level of tonic and exogenous 5-HT-induced ion transport and highest levels of 5-HT in ascending colon mucosa. Here both 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors were involved but elsewhere in the GI tract epithelial basolateral 5-HT4 receptors mediate 5-HT's prosecretory effect. Exendin-4 and GIP induced 5-HT release in the ascending colon, while L cell-derived PYY also contributed to GIP mucosal effects in the descending colon. Both peptides slowed colonic transit. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: We provide functional evidence for paracrine interplay between 5-HT, GLP-1 and GIP, particularly in the colonic mucosal region. Basolateral epithelial 5-HT4 receptors mediated both 5-HT and incretin mucosal responses in healthy colon.
Hussain KK, Shergill RS, Hamzah HH, et al., 2023, Exploring Different Carbon Allotrope Thermoplastic Composites for Electrochemical Sensing, ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Vol: 5, Pages: 4136-4145
Composite electrodes are an effective and cheap way to utilize a wide range of carbon materials to make electrodes. More recently, thermoplastics have been widely used as the binder to make carbon composite electrodes, as varying fabrication approaches, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, can make highly reproducible electrodes. However, there is a clear need to understand how the electrochemical performance of different carbon allotrope materials varies when made into sensors. We accessed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) thermoplastic filaments containing carbon black, graphite, graphene, multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and carbon fiber using various electrochemical techniques. Graphite/PLA and graphene/PLA electrodes showed the best electron transfer kinetics. Graphene/PLA electrodes had the greatest sensitivity and lowest limit of detection for the measurement of serotonin. CB/PLA was least prone to electrode fouling from oxidative by-product generated from the oxidation of serotonin. 3D printing was used to make various carbon allotrope materials into complex shapes to evaluate the batch uniformity of the printed parts. Of all the materials explored, CB/PLA had the best resolution and batch uniformity when compared with PLA. Overall, our study highlights that the type of carbon allotrope has as much influence as the amount of carbon on the electrochemical performance of carbon thermoplastic electrodes. These findings will provide significant guidance on the appropriate choice of carbon thermoplastic composite materials when designing electrodes for a wide range of applications.
Slate AJ, Clarke OE, Kerio M, et al., 2023, Infection responsive coatings to reduce biofilm formation and encrustation of urinary catheters., J Appl Microbiol, Vol: 134
AIMS: The care of patients undergoing long-term urethral catheterization is frequently complicated by Proteus mirabilis infection. This organism forms dense, crystalline biofilms, which block catheters leading to serious clinical conditions. However, there are currently no truly effective approaches to control this problem. Here, we describe the development of a novel theranostic catheter coating, to simultaneously provide early warning of blockage, and actively delay crystalline biofilm formation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The coating comprises of a pH sensitive upper polymer layer (poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid); Eudragit S 100®) and a hydrogel base layer of poly(vinyl alcohol), which is loaded with therapeutic agents (acetohydroxamic acid or ciprofloxacin hydrochloride) and a fluorescent dye, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF). The elevation of urinary pH due to P. mirabilis urease activity results in the dissolution of the upper layer and release of cargo agents contained in the base layer. Experiments using in vitro models, which were representative of P. mirabilis catheter-associated urinary tract infections, demonstrated that these coatings significantly delay time taken for catheters to block. Coatings containing both CF dye and ciprofloxacin HCl were able to provide an average of ca. 79 h advanced warning of blockage and extend catheter lifespan ca. 3.40-fold. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated the potential for theranostic, infection-responsive coatings to form a promising approach to combat catheter encrustation and actively delay blockage.
Brooks EL, Hussain KK, Kotecha K, et al., 2023, Three-Dimensional-Printed Electrochemical Multiwell Plates for Monitoring Food Intolerance from Intestinal Organoids., ACS Sens, Vol: 8, Pages: 712-720
Common symptoms of food intolerance are caused by chemical components within food that have a pharmacological activity to alter the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Food intolerance is difficult to diagnose as it requires a long-term process of eliminating foods that are responsible for gastrointestinal symptoms. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are key intestinal epithelium cells that respond to luminal chemical stimulants by releasing 5-HT. Changes in 5-HT levels have been shown to directly alter the motility of the intestinal tract. Therefore, a rapid approach for monitoring the impact of chemicals in food components on 5-HT levels can provide a personalized insight into food intolerance and help stratify diets. Within this study, we developed a three-dimensional (3D)-printed electrochemical multiwell plate to determine changes in 5-HT levels from intestinal organoids that were exposed to varying chemical components found in food. The carbon black/poly-lactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes had a linear range in physiological concentrations of 5-HT (0.1-2 μM) with a limit of detection of 0.07 μM. The electrodes were stable for monitoring 5-HT overflow from intestinal organoids. Using the electrochemical multiwell plate containing intestinal organoids, increases in 5-HT were observed in the presence of 0.1 mM cinnamaldehyde and 10 mM quercetin but reduction in 5-HT levels was observed in 1 mM sorbitol when compared to control. These changes in the presence of chemicals commonly found in food were verified with ex vivo ileum tissue measurements using chromatography and amperometry with boron-doped diamond electrodes. Overall, our 3D electrochemical multiwell plate measurements with intestinal organoids highlight an approach that can be a high-throughput platform technology for rapid screening of food intolerance to provide personalized nutritional diet.
Perez F, Kotecha N, Lavoie B, et al., 2023, Monitoring Gut Epithelium Serotonin and Melatonin Overflow Provides Spatial Mapping of Inflammation, CHEMBIOCHEM, Vol: 24, ISSN: 1439-4227
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- Citations: 1
Shergill RS, Miller CL, Patel BA, 2023, Influence of instrument parameters on the electrochemical activity of 3D printed carbon thermoplastic electrodes., Sci Rep, Vol: 13
3D printing provides a reliable approach for the manufacture of carbon thermoplastic composite electrochemical sensors. Many studies have explored the impact of printing parameters on the electrochemical activity of carbon thermoplastic electrodes but limited is known about the influence of instrument parameters, which have been shown to alter the structure and mechanical strength of 3D printed thermoplastics. We explored the impact of extruder temperature, nozzle diameter and heated bed temperature on the electrochemical activity of carbon black/poly-lactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted using standard redox probes. The electrode surface and cross-section of the electrode was visualised using scanning electron microscopy. We found that using extruder temperatures of 230 °C and 240 °C improved the electrochemical activity of CB/PLA electrodes, due to an increase in surface roughness and a reduction in the number of voids in-between print layers. Nozzle diameter, heated bed temperature of different 3D printers did not impact the electrochemical activity of CB/PLA electrodes. However high-end printers provide improved batch reproducibility of electrodes. These findings highlight the key instrument parameters that need to be considered when manufacturing carbon thermoplastic composite electrochemical sensors when using 3D printing.
Aydogdu O, Perez F, Rataj J, et al., 2022, Treatment with the soluble guanylate cyclase activator BAY 60-2770 restores in vitro bladder contractile responses in a rat model of chronic prostatitis, Continence, Vol: 4, Pages: 100520-100520, ISSN: 2772-9737
Brooks E, Hussain K, Kotecha K, et al., 2022, 3D Printed Electrochemical Multiwell Plate for Monitoring Food Intolerance from Intestinal Organoids
<jats:p>Common symptoms of food intolerance are caused by chemical components within food that have a pharmacological activity to alter the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Food intolerance is difficult to diagnose as it requires a long-term process of eliminating foods that are responsible for gastrointestinal symptoms. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are key intestinal epithelium cells that respond to luminal chemical stimulants by releasing 5-HT. Changes in 5-HT levels have been shown to directly alter the motility of the intestinal tract. Therefore, a rapid approach for monitoring the impact of chemicals in food components on 5-HT levels can provide a personalised insight into food intolerance and help stratify diets. Within this study we developed a 3D printed electrochemical multiwell plate to determine changes in 5-HT levels from intestinal organoids that were exposed to varying chemical components found in food. The carbon black/poly-lactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes had a linear range in physiological concentrations of 5-HT (0.1 – 2µM) with a limit of detection of 0.07 µM. The electrodes were stable for monitoring 5-HT overflow from intestinal organoids. Using the electrochemical multiwell plate containing intestinal organoids, increases in 5-HT were observed in the presence of 0.1 mM cinnamaldehyde and 10 mM quercetin but reduction in 5-HT levels was observed in 1 mM sorbitol when compared to control. These changes in the presence of chemicals commonly found in food were verified with ex vivo ileum tissue measurements using chromatography and amperometry with boron-doped diamond electrodes. Overall, our 3D electrochemical multiwell plate measurements with intestinal organoids highlight an approach that can be a high-throughput platform technology for rapid screening of food intolerance to provide personalised nutritional diet.</jats:p>
Patel BA, 2022, A Chemical Analysis Laboratory Class Solely Assessed on the Accuracy and Precision of Student Data, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, Vol: 99, Pages: 3585-3589, ISSN: 0021-9584
Shergill RS, Patel BA, 2022, The Effects of Material Extrusion Printing Speed on the Electrochemical Activity of Carbon Black/Polylactic Acid Electrodes, CHEMELECTROCHEM, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2196-0216
Aydogdu O, Perez F, Aronsson P, et al., 2022, Treatment with the soluble guanylate cyclase activator BAY 60-2770 normalizes bladder function in an in vivo rat model of chronic prostatitis, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Vol: 927, ISSN: 0014-2999
Shergill R, Patel B, 2022, The effects of material extrusion printing speed on the conductivity of carbon black/polylactic acid electrodes
<jats:p>Material extrusion printing process can make electrodes and electronic components at any geometry and has provided a reproducible approach towards the fabrication of conductive carbon thermoplastic composite parts. Printing parameters can have a significant influence on the conductivity of the printed part, however limited studies have focused on understanding the impact of printing parameters. Our study explored the influence of printing speed on the conductivity of 3D printed carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes. We made CB/PLA at print speeds ranging from 20 to 100 mm/s and evaluated the performance of these electrodes using inner and outer sphere redox probes and through imaging. Electrodes made using 60 mm/s printing speed had the greatest electrochemical activity. Electrodes made using higher and lower printing speeds were more resistive. This study is the first to demonstrate the significant impact that printing speed can have on the conductivity of 3D printed CB/PLA electrodes. The implications of this study are important when defining the 3D printing manufacturing process of electrodes and electronic components.</jats:p>
Patel BA, 2022, Threading career skills into classrooms, NATURE REVIEWS CHEMISTRY, Vol: 6, Pages: 237-238
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- Citations: 1
Shergill RS, Farlow A, Perez F, et al., 2022, 3D-printed electrochemical pestle and mortar for identification of falsified pharmaceutical tablets, MICROCHIMICA ACTA, Vol: 189, ISSN: 0026-3672
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- Citations: 2
Shergill RS, Perez F, Abdalla A, et al., 2022, Comparing electrochemical pre-treated 3D printed native and mechanically polished electrode surfaces for analytical sensing, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, Vol: 905, ISSN: 1572-6657
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- Citations: 3
Ponikwer F, Dunskute U, Rafique R, et al., 2022, How do different communities of pharmacy students in the United Kingdom approach study and personal support?, PHARMACY EDUCATION, Vol: 22, Pages: 584-594, ISSN: 1560-2214
Miller CL, Kristova P, Patel BA, 2021, Detection of vitamin C in various falsified oral formulations using voltammetry, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, Vol: 904, ISSN: 1572-6657
Wang Y, Gu C, Patel BA, et al., 2021, Nano‐analysis Reveals High Fraction of Serotonin Release during Exocytosis from a Gut Epithelium Model Cell, Angewandte Chemie, Vol: 133, Pages: 23744-23748, ISSN: 0044-8249
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Electrochemical methods were used to explore the exocytotic nature of serotonin (5‐HT) release in human carcinoid BON cells, an in vitro human enterochromaffin cell model, to understand the mechanisms operating the release of gut‐derived 5‐HT in the intestinal mucosal epithelium. We show that the fractional vesicular 5‐HT release in BON cells is 80 % compared to previous work in pancreatic beta cells (34 %). The fractional release increased from 80 % in control BON cells to 87 % with 5‐HT preincubation and nearly 100 % with the combination of 5‐HT and the 5‐HT<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> autoreceptor agonist, cisapride. Thus, partial release is the primary mechanism of exocytosis in BON cells, resulting in a variable amount of the vesicular content being released. Factors that control secretion of 5‐HT from enterochromaffin cells or BON cells are important as partial release provides a mechanism for development of effective therapeutic strategies to treat gastrointestinal diseases.</jats:p>
Shergill RS, Kristova P, Patel BA, 2021, Detection of falsified clopidogrel in the presence of excipients using voltammetry, ANALYTICAL METHODS, Vol: 13, Pages: 5335-5342, ISSN: 1759-9660
Abdalla A, Jones W, Flint MS, et al., 2021, Bicomponent composite electrochemical sensors for sustained monitoring of hydrogen peroxide in breast cancer cells, ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, Vol: 398, ISSN: 0013-4686
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- Citations: 5
Wang Y, Gu C, Patel BA, et al., 2021, Nano-analysis Reveals High Fraction of Serotonin Release during Exocytosis from a Gut Epithelium Model Cell, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, Vol: 60, Pages: 23552-23556, ISSN: 1433-7851
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- Citations: 9
Abdalla A, Perez F, Canadas AT, et al., 2021, How normalisation factors influence the interpretations of 3D-printed sensors for electroanalysis, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, Vol: 881, ISSN: 1572-6657
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- Citations: 3
Ponikwer F, Patel BA, 2021, Work-Integrated Learning: A Game-Based Learning Activity That Enhances Student Employability, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, Vol: 98, Pages: 888-895, ISSN: 0021-9584
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- Citations: 2
Patel BA, 2021, Experimental design - Challenges in conducting electrochemical measurements for bioanalysis, Electrochemistry for Bioanalysis, Pages: 99-124, ISBN: 9780128212035
This chapter provides a key transition within the book. In chapters 1-5 we have learnt about the main techniques and tools that have been utilized in electroanalytical measurements. However, the key variables that need to be considered in conducting bioanalytical measurements when utilizing electrochemistry have not yet been examined. This chapter will highlight the key variables that can influence the accuracy of measurements conducted in biological environments, and that thus needs to be considered prior to conducting measurements. The chapter will explore three different areas: the electrode and instrumentation; experimental conditions and biological variables. Each of these factors will be explained in detail with strategies that can be used to enhance the accuracy and robustness of measurements.
Hamzah HH, Saleh NH, Patel BA, et al., 2021, Recycling Chocolate Aluminum Wrapping Foil as to Create Electrochemical Metal Strip Electrodes, MOLECULES, Vol: 26
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- Citations: 4
Patel BA, 2021, Amperometry and potential step techniques, Electrochemistry for Bioanalysis, Pages: 9-26, ISBN: 9780128212035
This chapter will introduce the reader to the waveforms of varying amperometric approaches where fixed voltages are applied over time. These include single and multiple potential steps as well as chronoamperometry and pulsed amperometric detection. In the context of bioanalysis, the strengths and limitations of each of these approaches are discussed. Finally, there are some examples of how such approaches have been utilized for detection of important chemical analytes in biological environments.
Patel BA, 2021, Measurement of reactive chemical species, Electrochemistry for Bioanalysis, Pages: 247-266, ISBN: 9780128212035
This chapter will focus on the measurement of one specific type of analyte that plays a significant role in biology but poses a major challenge for electroanalytical measurement. Reactive species can be protective and destructive to biological systems and therefore, monitoring the accurate concentration that they are present in is critical. However, such molecules have significantly short half-lives and are highly reactive as the name suggests. This chapter will explain the role these general molecules play in biological systems, how these reactive species are formed, and the challenges associated with measurement of these molecules. Following this, there will be some insight into the varying strategies utilized for monitoring these molecules with some examples of studies conducted.
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