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@article{Hamilton:2020:10.1186/s12882-020-02034-x,
author = {Hamilton, SA and Nakanga, WP and Prynn, JE and Crampin, AC and Fecht, D and Vineis, P and Caplin, B and Pearce, N and Nyirenda, MJ},
doi = {10.1186/s12882-020-02034-x},
journal = {BMC Nephrology},
pages = {1--12},
title = {Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in Malawi: a cross-sectional analysis in a rural and urban population},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02034-x},
volume = {21},
year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - BackgroundAn epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) is occurring in rural communities in tropical regions of low-and middle-income countries in South America and India. Little information is available from Southern African countries which have similar climatic and occupational characteristics to CKDu-endemic countries. We investigated whether CKDu is prevalent in Malawi and identified its potential risk factors in this setting.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study from January–August 2018 collecting bio samples and anthropometric data in two Malawian populations. The sample comprised adults > 18 years (n = 821) without diabetes, hypertension, and proteinuria. Estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated using the CKD-EPI equation. Linear and logistic regression models were applied with potential risk factors, to estimate risk of reduced eGFR.ResultsThe mean eGFR was 117.1 ± 16.0 ml/min per 1.73m2 and the mean participant age was 33.5 ± 12.7 years. The prevalence of eGFR< 60 was 0.2% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.1, 0.9); the prevalence of eGFR< 90 was 5% (95% CI =3.2, 6.3). We observed a higher prevalence in the rural population (5% (3.6, 7.8)), versus urban (3% (1.4, 6.7)). Age and BMI were associated with reduced eGFR< 90 [Odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) =3.59 (2.58, 5.21) per ten-year increment]; [OR (95%CI) =2.01 (1.27, 3.43) per 5 kg/m2 increment] respectively. No increased risk of eGFR < 90 was observed for rural participants [OR (95%CI) =1.75 (0.50, 6.30)].ConclusionsReduced kidney function consistent with the definition of CKDu is not common in the areas of Malawi sampled, compared to that observed in other tropical or sub-tropical countries in Central America and South Asia. Reduced eGFR< 90 was related to age, BMI, and was more common in rural areas. These findings are impor
AU  - Hamilton,SA
AU  - Nakanga,WP
AU  - Prynn,JE
AU  - Crampin,AC
AU  - Fecht,D
AU  - Vineis,P
AU  - Caplin,B
AU  - Pearce,N
AU  - Nyirenda,MJ
DO  - 10.1186/s12882-020-02034-x
EP  - 12
PY  - 2020///
SN  - 1471-2369
SP  - 1
TI  - Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in Malawi: a cross-sectional analysis in a rural and urban population
T2  - BMC Nephrology
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02034-x
UR  - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000570968000001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
UR  - https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-020-02034-x
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/83264
VL  - 21
ER  -

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