Publications
166 results found
Alaghband P, Galvis E, Ramirez A, et al., 2019, The Effect of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Patients with Glaucoma, OPHTHALMOLOGY GLAUCOMA, Vol: 3, Pages: 122-129, ISSN: 2589-4234
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- Citations: 3
Alaghband P, Baneke AJ, Galvis E, et al., 2019, Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Uveitic Eyes, American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol: 208, Pages: 347-355, ISSN: 0002-9394
PURPOSE: To investigate aqueous humor dynamics in uveitic eyes DESIGN: A cross-sectional study PARTICIPANTS: Patients with recurrent(≥3 attacks) anterior uveitis(now quiescent) and being treated for glaucoma or OHT(group-1), previous recurrent anterior uveitis(≥3 attacks) without glaucoma or OHT(group-2), and normal subjects with no ocular problems and IOP<21mmHg at screening, formed the control group(group-3). METHODS: Patients had one-off measurements. Group-1 patients who were on anti-hypertensives, were washed out for a 4-week period, prior to their study measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Tonographic outflow facility, aqueous flow rate and uveoscleral outflow. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients were screened between February 2014 and February 2017. Nine patients did not meet the inclusion criteria. Groups-1 and-3 each included 30 patients, and group-2 included 32 patients. The mean IOP was higher in the group-1 compared to the others(25±10.2(group-1) vs 16±2.7(group-2) vs 16±2.2mmHg(group-3), p<0.001). The tonographic outflow facility was lower in group-1 compared to the others(0.18±0.1(group-1) vs 0.25±0.1(group-2) vs 0.27±0.1μl/min/mmHg(group-3), p=0.005). However, aqueous flow rate was not statistically different(2.47±0.9(group-1) vs 2.13±0.9(group-2) vs 2.25±0.7μl/min(group-3), p=0.3). There was also no significant difference in calculated uveoscleral outflow. CONCLUSION: This is the first aqueous humor dynamic study in patients with uveitic glaucoma/OHT and recurrent anterior uveitis compared with age-matched controls. We have demonstrated that the elevated IOP seen in the uveitic glaucoma/OHT eyes (3-6 attacks), was due to reduced tonographic outflow facility. The aqueous humor flow rate was not detectibly different nor did the calculated uveoscleral outflow demonstrated any discernible difference. However, the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated.
Sherwood JM, Boazak EM, Feola AJ, et al., 2019, Measurement of ocular compliance using iPerfusion, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol: 7, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 2296-4185
The pressure-volume relationship of the eye is determined by the biomechanical properties of the corneoscleral shell and is classically characterised by Friedenwald's coefficient of ocular rigidity or, alternatively, by the ocular compliance (OC), defined as dV/dP. OC is important in any situation where the volume (V) or pressure (P) of the eye is perturbed, as occurs during several physiological and pathological processes. However, accurately measuring OC is challenging, particularly in rodents. We measured OC in 24 untreated enucleated eyes from 12 C57BL/6 mice using the iPerfusion system to apply controlled pressure steps, whilst measuring the time-varying flow rate into the eye. Pressure and flow data were analysed by a “Discrete Volume” (integrating the flow trace) and “Step Response” method (fitting an analytical solution to the pressure trace). OC evaluated at 13 mmHg was similar between the two methods (Step Response, 41 [37, 46] vs. Discrete Volume, 42 [37, 48] nl/mmHg; mean [95% CI]), although the Step Response Method yielded tighter confidence bounds on individual eyes. OC was tightly correlated between contralateral eyes (R2 = 0.75, p = 0.0003). Following treatment with the cross-linking agent genipin, OC decreased by 40 [33, 47]% (p = 0.0001; N = 6, Step Response Method). Measuring OC provides a powerful tool to assess corneoscleral biomechanics in mice and other species.
Koudouna E, Young RD, Overby DR, et al., 2019, Ultrastructural variability of the juxtacanalicular tissue along the inner wall of Schlemm's canal., Molecular Vision, Vol: 25, Pages: 517-526, ISSN: 1090-0535
Purpose: Increased resistance of aqueous humor drainage from the eye through Schlemm's canal (SC) is the basis for elevated intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Experimental evidence suggests that the bulk of outflow resistance lies in the vicinity of the inner wall endothelial lining of SC and the adjacent juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT). However, there is little understanding of how this resistance is generated, and a detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship of the outflow pathway has not been established yet. In the present study, regional variations in the ultrastructure of the JCT and the inner wall of SC were investigated in three dimensions. Methods: With the use of serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), the volume occupied by the electron lucent spaces of the JCT compared to that occupied by the cellular and extracellular matrix was investigated and quantified. The distribution of giant vacuoles (GVs) and pores in the inner wall endothelium of SC was further examined. Results: With increasing distance from the inner wall of SC, the volume of the electron lucent spaces increased above 30%. In contrast, the volume of these spaces in immediate contact with the inner wall endothelium was minimal (<10%). Circumferential variability in the type and distribution of GVs was observed, and the percentage of GVs with pores varied between 3% and 27%. Conclusions: These studies provide a detailed quantitative analysis of the ultrastructure of JCT and the distribution of GVs along the circumference of SC in three dimensions, supporting the non-uniform or segmental aqueous outflow.
Reina-Torres E, Bertrand JA, O'Callaghan J, et al., 2019, Reduced humidity experienced by mice in vivo coincides with reduced outflow facility measured ex vivo, Experimental Eye Research, Vol: 186, Pages: 1-5, ISSN: 0014-4835
Mice are routinely used to study aqueous humour dynamics. However, physical factors such as temperature and hydration affect outflow facility in enucleated eyes. This retrospective study examined whether differences in temperature and relative humidity experienced by living mice within their housing environment in vivo coincide with differences in outflow facility measured ex vivo. Facility data and environmental records were collected for one enucleated eye from 116 mice (C57BL/6J males, 9–15 weeks old) at two institutions. Outflow facility was reduced when relative humidity was below the lower limit of 45% recommended by the UK Code of Practice, but there was no detectable effect of temperature on outflow facility. Even when accounting for effects of humidity, there were differences in outflow facility measured between institutions and between individual researchers at the same institution. These data indicate that humidity, as well as additional environmental factors experienced by living mice within their housing environment, may significantly affect outflow facility measured ex vivo.
Bertrand JA, Sherwood JM, Schicht M, et al., 2019, Blockade of the BK-<i>a</i>/β4 potassium ion channel reduces outflow facility in mice, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Torres ER, Sherwood JM, Overby DR, 2019, Aqueous humour outflow requires active cellular metabolism, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
McDonnell F, Perkumas KM, Ashpole NE, et al., 2019, Elevated IOP increases Shear Stress in Schlemm's Canal, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Overby DR, Spenlehauer A, Cairoli A, et al., 2019, Actomyosin contractility and the vimentin cytoskeleton influence giant vacuole life-cycle in Schlemm's canal endothelial cells, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Wu P-J, Masouleh MI, Paterson C, et al., 2019, Detection of proteoglycan loss from articular cartilage using Brillouin microscopy, with applications to osteoarthritis, Biomedical Optics Express, Vol: 10, Pages: 2457-2466, ISSN: 2156-7085
The degeneration of articular cartilage (AC) occurs in osteoarthritis (OA), which is a leading cause of pain and disability in middle-aged and older people. The early disease-related changes in cartilage extra-cellular matrix (ECM) start with depletion of proteoglycan (PG), leading to an increase in tissue hydration and permeability. These early compositional changes are small (<10%) and hence difficult to register with conventional non-invasive imaging technologies (magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging). Here we apply Brillouin microscopy for detecting changes in the mechanical properties and composition of porcine AC. OA-like degradation is mimicked by enzymatic tissue digestion, and we compare Brillouin microscopy measurements against histological staining of PG depletion over varying digestion times and enzyme concentrations. The non-destructive nature of Brillouin imaging technology opens new avenues for creating minimally invasive arthroscopic devices for OA diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring.
Madekurozwa M, 2019, Aqueous Humour Outflow Dynamics in Mice
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The major risk factor of glaucoma is sustained elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), and lowering IOP is the only proven method for halting the progression of glaucomatous blindness. IOP is determined by the balance between aqueous humour (AH) production and drainage through pressure-dependent and pressure-independent outflow pathways. Elevated IOP is caused by increased hydraulic resistance through the pressure-dependent outflow pathway. Most glaucoma therapies aimed at lowering IOP do not effectively target pressure-dependent outflow due to an incomplete understanding of its regulation. We aim to use mice to study outflow regulation in the context of glaucoma.Mice are commonly used to study IOP regulation due to their resemblance to human ocular anatomy, genetics and pharmacology. However, while the bulk of AH drainage passes through the pressure-dependent pathway in humans, it has been reported to predominantly flow through the pressure-independent pathway in mice, which if true would invalidate the mouse as a model for studying outflow as occurs in humans. Here we present the first direct measurement of pressure-independent outflow in mice, showing it to be indistinguishable from zero which supports the mouse being a good model for pressure-dependent outflow as occurs in humans.We also investigated the role of the ocular pulse in outflow facility regulation, which arises due to cardiac pulsations in ocular blood volume. To do this we designed an apparatus to apply a sinusoidal pressure waveform superimposed onto a steady pressure whilst simultaneously measuring outflow resistance. We show that the ocular pulse leads to immediate decrease in outflow resistance in mice, and the effect was partly mediated through nitric oxide synthase.Finally, we developed a new apparatus and method to measure outflow resistance in living mice accounting for the influence of anaesthesia that introduces time-depen
Sherwood JM, Stamer WD, Overby DR, 2019, A model of the oscillatory mechanical forces in the conventional outflow pathway, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, Vol: 16, ISSN: 1742-5662
Intraocular pressure is regulated by mechanosensitive cells within the conventional outflow pathway, the primary route of aqueous humour drainage from the eye. However, the characteristics of the forces acting on those cells are poorly understood. We develop a model that describes flow through the conventional outflow pathway, including the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm’s canal (SC). Accounting for the ocular pulse, we estimate the time-varying shear stress on SC endothelium and strain on the TM. We consider a range of outflow resistances spanning normotensive to hypertensive conditions. Over this range, the SC shear stress increases significantly and becomes highly oscillatory. TM strain also increases, but with negligible oscillations. Interestingly, TM strain responds more to changes in outflow resistance around physiological values, while SC shear stress responds more to elevated levels of resistance. A modest increase in TM stiffness, as observed in glaucoma, suppresses TM strain and practically eliminates the influence of outflow resistance on SC shear stress. As SC and TM cells respond to mechanical stimulation by secreting factors that modulate outflow resistance, our model provides insight regarding the potential role of SC shear and TM strain as mechanosensory cues for homeostatic regulation of outflow resistance and hence intraocular pressure.
Alaghband P, Beltran-Agulló L, Galvis EA, et al., 2018, Effect of phacoemulsification on facility of outflow, British Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol: 102, Pages: 1520-1526, ISSN: 0007-1161
PURPOSE: Phacoemulsification has been shown to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP). The mechanism of action is thought to be via increased trabecular outflow facility. However, studies on the relationship between phacoemulsification and outflow facility have been inconsistent. This study intended to examine the change in electronic Schiotz tonographic outflow facility (TOF) and IOP measurements following phacoemulsification. METHODS: Patients who were due to undergo a standard clear corneal incision phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, at St Thomas' Hospital, were invited to participate in this study. IOP was measured using Goldmann's applanation tonometer, and TOF was measured by electronic Schiotz tonography at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were recruited. Tonography data for 27 patients were reliable and available at all time points. Eleven cases had primary open angle glaucoma and cataract, while 16 patients had cataract only. Mean IOP reduced at every time point postoperatively significantly compared with baseline. TOF improved significantly after cataract extraction at all time points (baseline of 0.14±0.06 vs 0.18±0.09 at 3 months, P=0.02 and 0.20±0.09 at 6 months, P=0.003, 0.17±0.07 µL/min mmHg at 12 months, P=0.04). Five contralateral eyes of patients with cataracts only who did not have any intraocular surgery during the follow-up period were used as comparison. Their IOP and TOF did not change significantly at any postoperative visits. CONCLUSION: This is the first study using electronic Schiotz tonography with documented anterior chamber depth and gonioscopy after modern cataract surgery (CS) with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. We demonstrated that phacoemulsification increases TOF and this fully accounts for the IOP reduction following CS. ISTCRN REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN04247738.
Wu P-J, Kabovka I, Ruberti J, et al., 2018, Water content, not stiffness, dominates Brillouin spectroscopy measurements in hydrated materials, Nature Methods, Vol: 15, Pages: 561-562, ISSN: 1548-7091
McDonnell F, Dismuke WM, Overby DR, et al., 2018, Pharmacological regulation of outflow resistance distal to Schlemm’s canal, American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, Vol: 315, Pages: C44-C51, ISSN: 0363-6143
The trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) are responsible for generating the majority of outflow resistance, however the distal regions of the conventional outflow pathway appear to account for 25-50% of total. Sections of these distal vessels are surrounded by α-smooth muscle actin containing cells, indicating that they may be vasoregulated. This study examined the effect of a potent vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO) and its physiological antagonist endothelin-1 (ET-1) on the regulation of outflow resistance in the distal regions of the conventional outflow pathway. Using a physiological model of the conventional outflow pathway, human and porcine anterior segments were perfused in organ culture under constant flow conditions, while intrachamber pressure was continually monitored. For porcine anterior segments, a stable baseline outflow facility with TM intact was first achieved before anterior segments were removed and a trabeculotomy performed. For human anterior segments, a trabeculotomy was immediately performed. In human anterior segments, 100 nM ET-1 significantly decreased distal outflow facility from 0.49{plus minus}0.26 to 0.31{plus minus}0.18 (mean{plus minus}SD) µl/min/mmHg, p<0.01, a decrease of 38{plus minus}16%. Perfusion with 100µM DETA-NO in the presence of 1 nM ET-1 immediately reversed ET-1 effects, significantly increasing distal outflow facility to 0.54{plus minus}0.35 µl/min/mmHg, p=0.01, an escalation of 175{plus minus}49%. Similar results were obtained in porcine anterior segment experiments. In conclusion, data show a dynamic range of resistance generation by distal vessels in both the human and porcine conventional outflow pathways. Interestingly, maximal contraction of vessels in the distal outflow tract generated resistance very near physiological levels for both species.
Overby DR, Madekurozwa M, Stamer WD, et al., 2018, Modulation of outflow facility by the ocular pulse, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
O'Callaghan J, Cassidy PS, Reina-Torres E, et al., 2018, INDUCIBLE MMP-3 EXPRESSION IN A STEROID-INDUCED MURINE MODEL OF GLAUCOMA, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Feola A, Sherwood J, Overby DR, et al., 2018, Impact of Estrogen Deficiency on Outflow Facility and Ocular Biomechanics in Rats, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Alaghband P, Galvis EAP, Madekurozwa M, et al., 2018, The effect of Ultrasound cycloplasty (UCP) using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HiFU) on aqueous humor dynamics, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
McDonnell F, Dismuke WM, Overby DR, et al., 2018, DISTAL OUTFLOW RESISTANCE CAN BE REGULATED PHARMACOLOGICALLY, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Keller KE, Bhattacharya SK, Borras T, et al., 2018, Consensus recommendations for trabecular meshwork cell isolation, characterization and culture, EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH, Vol: 171, Pages: 164-173, ISSN: 0014-4835
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Overby DR, 2018, The Mechanobiology of Aqueous Humor Transport across Schlemm’s Canal Endothelium, Mechanobiology Handbook: Second Edition, Pages: 469-492, ISBN: 9781498779463
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is controlled by the turnover of aqueous humor, a clear fluid that fills the anterior segment of the eye and serves to nourish the avascular tissues of the cornea, lens, and trabecular meshwork (Figure 21.1). Aqueous humor is secreted into the posterior chamber by the ciliary processes, enters the anterior chamber through the pupil, and drains through one of two outflow pathways. The conventional or trabecular outflow pathway carries the majority of outflow and includes the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm’s canal, and downstream collecting vessels that lead to the episcleral veins. The secondary uveoscleral outflow pathway appears to account for only 3%-35% of total outflow in the human eye (as surveyed by Nilsson [1]) and likely contributes little toward IOP regulation, although uveoscleral outflow does become important for glaucoma therapies involving prostaglandins and its analogues.
arora H, nila A, Vitharana K, et al., 2017, Microstructural consequences of blast lung injury characterised with digital volume correlation, Frontiers in Materials, Vol: 4, ISSN: 2296-8016
This study focuses on microstructural changes that occur within the mammalian lung when subject to blast and how these changes influence strain distributions within the tissue. Shock tube experiments were performed to generate the blast injured specimens (cadaveric Sprague-Dawley rats). Blast overpressures of 100 and 180 kPa were studied. Synchrotron tomography imaging was used to capture volumetric image data of lungs. Specimens were ventilated using a custom-built system to study multiple inflation pressures during each tomography scan. These data enabled the first digital volume correlation (DVC) measurements in lung tissue to be performed. Quantitative analysis was performed to describe the damaged architecture of the lung. No clear changes in the microstructure of the tissue morphology were observed due to controlled low- to moderate-level blast exposure. However, significant focal sites of injury were observed using DVC, which allowed the detection of bias and concentration in the patterns of strain level. Morphological analysis corroborated the findings, illustrating that the focal damage caused by a blast can give rise to diffuse influence across the tissue. It is important to characterize the non-instantly fatal doses of blast, given the transient nature of blast lung in the clinical setting. This research has highlighted the need for better understanding of focal injury and its zone of influence (alveolar interdependency and neighboring tissue burden as a result of focal injury). DVC techniques show great promise as a tool to advance this endeavor, providing a new perspective on lung mechanics after blast.
Campbell IC, Sherwood JM, Overby DR, et al., 2017, Quantification of Scleral Biomechanics and Collagen Fiber Alignment., Glaucoma. Methods in Molecular Biology., Editors: Jakobs, Publisher: Humana Press, Pages: 135-159
The stiffness of the sclera is important in several ocular disorders, and there is hence a need to quantify the biomechanical properties of this tissue. Here, we present two methods for measuring the stiffness of scleral ocular tissues: ocular compliance testing and digital image correlation strain mapping. In tandem with these approaches, we provide two methods to spatially quantify the anisotropic alignment of collagen fibers making up the sclera, using second harmonic generation microscopy and small-angle light scattering. Together, these approaches allow specimen-specific measurement of tissue stiffness and collagen alignment, which are key factors in determining how the eye responds to mechanical loads.
Roy Chowdhury U, Rinkoski TA, Bahler CK, et al., 2017, Effect of Cromakalim Prodrug 1 (CKLP1) on Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Feasibility of Combination Therapy With Existing Ocular Hypotensive Agents., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol: 58, Pages: 5731-5742, ISSN: 1552-5783
Purpose: Cromakalim prodrug 1 (CKLP1) is a water-soluble ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener that has shown ocular hypotensive properties in ex vivo and in vivo experimental models. To determine its mechanism of action, we assessed the effect of CKLP1 on aqueous humor dynamics and in combination therapy with existing ocular hypotensive agents. Methods: Outflow facility was assessed in C57BL/6 mice by ex vivo eye perfusions and by in vivo constant flow infusion following CKLP1 treatment. Human anterior segments with no trabecular meshwork were evaluated for effect on pressure following CKLP1 treatment. CKLP1 alone and in combination with latanoprost, timolol, and Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 were evaluated for effect on intraocular pressure in C57BL/6 mice and Dutch-belted pigmented rabbits. Results: CKLP1 lowered episcleral venous pressure (control: 8.9 ± 0.1 mm Hg versus treated: 6.2 ± 0.1 mm Hg, P < 0.0001) but had no detectable effect on outflow facility, aqueous humor flow rate, or uveoscleral outflow. Treatment with CKLP1 in human anterior segments without the trabecular meshwork resulted in a 50% ± 9% decrease in pressure, suggesting an effect on the distal portion of the conventional outflow pathway. CKLP1 worked additively with latanoprost, timolol, and Y27632 to lower IOP, presumably owing to combined effects on different aspects of aqueous humor dynamics. Conclusions: CKLP1 lowered intraocular pressure by reducing episcleral venous pressure and lowering distal outflow resistance in the conventional outflow pathway. Owing to this unique mechanism of action, CKLP1 works in an additive manner to lower intraocular pressure with latanoprost, timolol, and Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632.
Madekurozwa M, Reina-Torres E, Overby DR, et al., 2017, Direct measurement of pressure-independent aqueous humour flow using iPerfusion, Experimental Eye Research, Vol: 162, Pages: 129-138, ISSN: 0014-4835
Reduction of intraocular pressure is the sole therapeutic target for glaucoma. Intraocular pressure is determined by the dynamics of aqueous humour secretion and outflow, which comprise several pressure-dependent and pressure-independent mechanisms. Accurately quantifying the components of aqueous humour dynamics is essential in understanding the pathology of glaucoma and the development of new treatments. To better characterise aqueous humour dynamics, we propose a method to directly measure pressure-independent aqueous humour flow. Using the iPerfusion system, we directly measure the flow into the eye when the pressure drop across the pressure-dependent pathways is eliminated. Using this approach we address i) the magnitude of pressure-independent flow in ex vivo eyes, ii) whether we can accurately measure an artificially imposed pressure-independent flow, and iii) whether the presence of a pressure-independent flow affects our ability to measure outflow facility. These studies are conducted in mice, which are a common animal model for aqueous humour dynamics. In eyes perfused with a single cannula, the average pressure-independent flow was 1 [-3, 5] nl/min (mean [95% confidence interval]) (N = 6). Paired ex vivo eyes were then cannulated with two needles, connecting the eye to both iPerfusion and a syringe pump, which was used to impose a known pressure-independent flow of 120 nl/min into the experimental eye only. The measured pressure-independent flow was then 121 [117, 125] nl/min (N = 7), indicating that the method could measure pressure-independent flow with high accuracy. Finally, we showed that the artificially imposed pressure-independent flow did not affect our ability to measure facility, provided that the pressure-dependence of facility and the true pressure-independent flow were accounted for. The present study provides a robust method for measurement of pressure-independent flow, and demonstrates the importance of accurately quantifying this paramete
Read AT, Overby DR, Ethier CR, 2017, A Method to Expose the Inner Wall of Schlemm's Canal in Mice, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO) - Imaging in the Eye, Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Alaghband P, Baneke A, Galvis E, et al., 2017, Aqueous humor dynamics in uveitis: a comparative study in hypertensive uveitis, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO), Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Madekurozwa M, Feola A, Ethier CR, et al., 2017, Comparison of Pressure-Dependent Facility in Rodent Eyes, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO) - Imaging in the Eye, Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
Sherwood JM, Starner WD, Overby DR, 2017, Factors affecting oscillatory shear stress in Schlemm's canal, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO) - Imaging in the Eye, Publisher: ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, ISSN: 0146-0404
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