Publications
35 results found
Constantin TA, Varela-Carver A, Greenland KK, et al., 2024, Correction: The CDK7 inhibitor CT7001 (Samuraciclib) targets proliferation pathways to inhibit advanced prostate cancer., Br J Cancer, Vol: 130
Constantin TA, Varela-Carver A, Greenland KK, et al., 2023, The CDK7 inhibitor CT7001 (Samuraciclib) targets proliferation pathways to inhibit advanced prostate cancer, British Journal of Cancer, Vol: 128, Pages: 2326-2337, ISSN: 0007-0920
BACKGROUND: Current strategies to inhibit androgen receptor (AR) are circumvented in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) promotes AR signalling, in addition to established roles in cell cycle and global transcription, providing a rationale for its therapeutic targeting in CRPC. METHODS: The antitumour activity of CT7001, an orally bioavailable CDK7 inhibitor, was investigated across CRPC models in vitro and in xenograft models in vivo. Cell-based assays and transcriptomic analyses of treated xenografts were employed to investigate the mechanisms driving CT7001 activity, alone and in combination with the antiandrogen enzalutamide. RESULTS: CT7001 selectively engages with CDK7 in prostate cancer cells, causing inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle arrest. Activation of p53, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of transcription mediated by full-length and constitutively active AR splice variants contribute to antitumour efficacy in vitro. Oral administration of CT7001 represses growth of CRPC xenografts and significantly augments growth inhibition achieved by enzalutamide. Transcriptome analyses of treated xenografts indicate cell cycle and AR inhibition as the mode of action of CT7001 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports CDK7 inhibition as a strategy to target deregulated cell proliferation and demonstrates CT7001 is a promising CRPC therapeutic, alone or in combination with AR-targeting compounds.
Carling D, Bevan C, Leach D, et al., 2023, AMPK activation protects against prostate cancer by inducing a catabolic cellular state, Cell Reports, Vol: 42, Pages: 1-21, ISSN: 2211-1247
Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic dysregulation drives prostate cancer (PCa) progression and metastasis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of metabolism, although its role in PCa remains unclear. Here, we show that genetic and pharmacological activation of AMPK provides a protective effect on PCa progression in vivo. We show that AMPK activation induces PGC1α expression, leading to catabolic metabolic reprogramming of PCa cells. This catabolic state is characterized by increased mitochondrial gene expression, increased fatty acid oxidation, decreased lipogenic potential, decreased cell proliferation, and decreased cell invasiveness. Together, these changes inhibit PCa disease progression. Additionally, we identify a gene network involved in cell cycle regulation that is inhibited by AMPK activation. Strikingly, we show a correlation between this gene network and PGC1α gene expression in human PCa. Taken together, our findings support the use of AMPK activators for clinical treatment of PCa to improve patient outcome.
Fletcher C, Zamarbide Losada J, Sulpice E, et al., 2023, Apoptosis-modulatory miR-361-3p as a novel treatment target in endocrine-responsive and endocrine-resistant breast cancer, Journal of Endocrinology, Vol: 256, Pages: 1-20, ISSN: 0022-0795
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. In estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease, anti-estrogens and aromatase inhibitors (AI) improve patient survival; however, many patients develop resistance. Dysregulation of apoptosis is a common resistance mechanism; thus, agents that can reinstate the activity of apoptotic pathways represent promising therapeutics for advanced drug-resistant disease. Emerging targets in this scenario include microRNAs (miRs). To identify miRs modulating apoptosis in drug-responsive and -resistant BC, a high-throughput miR inhibitor screen was performed, followed by high-content screening microscopy for apoptotic markers. Validation demonstrated that miR-361-3p inhibitor significantly increases early apoptosis and reduces proliferation of drug-responsive (MCF7), plus AI-/antiestrogen-resistant derivatives (LTED, TamR, FulvR), and ER- cells (MDA-MB-231). Importantly, proliferation-inhibitory effects were observed in vivo in a xenograft model, indicating the potential clinical application of miR-361-3p inhibition. RNA-seq of tumour xenografts identified FANCA as a direct miR-361-3p target, and validation suggested miR-361-3p inhibitor effects might be mediated in part through FANCA modulation. Moreover, miR-361-3p inhibition resulted in p53-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest through activation of p21 and reduced BC invasion. Analysis of publicly available datasets showed miR-361-3p expression is significantly higher in primary breast tumours vspaired normal tissue and is associated with decreased overall survival. In addition, miR-361-3p inhibitor treatment of BC patient explants decreased levels of miR-361-3p and proliferation marker, Ki67. Finally, miR-361-3p inhibitor showed synergistic effects on BC growth when combined with PARP inhibitor, Olaparib. Together, these studies identify miR-361-3p inhibitor as a potential new treatment for drug-responsive and -resistant advanced BC.
Buxton AK, Abbasova S, Bevan CL, et al., 2022, Liver Microenvironment Response to Prostate Cancer Metastasis and Hormonal Therapy, CANCERS, Vol: 14
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Ma KC, Hale JE, Grad YH, et al., 2022, Trends in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Seroprevalence in Massachusetts Estimated from Newborn Screening Specimens, CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Vol: 75, Pages: E105-E113, ISSN: 1058-4838
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Fletcher C, Deng L, Orafidiya F, et al., 2022, A non-coding RNA balancing act: miR-346-induced DNA damage is limited by the long non-coding RNA NORAD in prostate cancer, Molecular Cancer, Vol: 21, ISSN: 1476-4598
Background: miR‑346 was identified as an activator of Androgen Receptor (AR) signalling that associates with DNA damage response (DDR)‑linked transcripts in prostate cancer (PC). We sought to delineate the impact of miR‑346 on DNA damage, and its potential as a therapeutic agent.Methods: RNA‑IP, RNA‑seq, RNA‑ISH, DNA fibre assays, in vivo xenograft studies and bioinformatics approaches were used alongside a novel method for amplification‑free, single nucleotide‑resolution genome‑wide mapping of DNA breaks (INDUCE‑seq).Results: miR‑346 induces rapid and extensive DNA damage in PC cells ‑ the first report of microRNA‑induced DNA damage. Mechanistically, this is achieved through transcriptional hyperactivation, R‑loop formation and replication stress, leading to checkpoint activation and cell cycle arrest. miR‑346 also interacts with genome‑protective lncRNA NORAD to disrupt its interaction with PUM2, leading to PUM2 stabilisation and its increased turnover of DNA damage response (DDR) transcripts. Confirming clinical relevance, NORAD expression and activity strongly correlate with poorPC clinical outcomes and increased DDR in biopsy RNA‑seq studies. In contrast, miR‑346 is associated with improved PC survival.INDUCE‑seq reveals that miR‑346‑induced DSBs occur preferentially at binding sites of the most highly‑transcriptionally active transcription factors in PC cells, including c‑Myc, FOXA1, HOXB13, NKX3.1, and importantly, AR, resulting in target transcript downregulation. Further, RNA‑seq reveals widespread miR‑346 and shNORAD dysregulation of DNAdamage, replication and cell cycle processes.NORAD drives target‑directed miR decay (TDMD) of miR‑346 as a novel genome protection mechanism: NORAD silencing increases mature miR‑346 levels by several thousand‑fold, and WT but not TDMD‑mutant NORAD rescues miR‑346‑induced DNA damage. Importantly, miR‑346 sensitises PC cells to DNA‑damaging drugs including PARP inhibitor and chemotherapy, and induces tumour regression as a m
Leach DA, Fernandes RC, Bevan CL, 2022, Cellular specificity of androgen receptor, coregulators, and pioneer factors in prostate cancer., Endocr Oncol, Vol: 2, Pages: R112-R131
Androgen signalling, through the transcription factor androgen receptor (AR), is vital to all stages of prostate development and most prostate cancer progression. AR signalling controls differentiation, morphogenesis, and function of the prostate. It also drives proliferation and survival in prostate cancer cells as the tumour progresses; given this importance, it is the main therapeutic target for disseminated disease. AR is also essential in the surrounding stroma, for the embryonic development of the prostate and controlling epithelial glandular development. Stromal AR is also important in cancer initiation, regulating paracrine factors that excite cancer cell proliferation, but lower stromal AR expression correlates with shorter time to progression/worse outcomes. The profile of AR target genes is different between benign and cancerous epithelial cells, between castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells and treatment-naïve cancer cells, between metastatic and primary cancer cells, and between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. This is also true of AR DNA-binding profiles. Potentially regulating the cellular specificity of AR binding and action are pioneer factors and coregulators, which control and influence the ability of AR to bind to chromatin and regulate gene expression. The expression of these factors differs between benign and cancerous cells, as well as throughout disease progression. The expression profile is also different between fibroblast and mesenchymal cell types. The functional importance of coregulators and pioneer factors in androgen signalling makes them attractive therapeutic targets, but given the contextual expression of these factors, it is essential to understand their roles in different cancerous and cell-lineage states.
Fernandes RC, Leach DA, Bevan CL, 2022, Epigenetic Coregulation of Androgen Receptor Signaling, NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE, Vol: 1390, Pages: 277-293, ISSN: 0065-2598
Leach DA, Brooke GN, Bevan CL, 2021, Roles of steroid receptors in the lung and COVID-19, Essays in Biochemistry, Vol: 65, Pages: 1025-1038, ISSN: 0071-1365
COVID-19 symptoms and mortality are largely due to its devastating effects in the lungs. The disease is caused by the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)-CoV-2 coronavirus, which requires host cell proteins such as ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine protease 2) for infection of lung epithelia. The expression and function of the steroid hormone receptor family is important in many aspects that impact on COVID-19 effects in the lung – notably lung development and function, the immune system, and expression of TMPRSS2 and ACE2. This review provides a brief summary of current knowledge on the roles of the steroid hormone receptors [androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), progesterone receptor (PR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and oestrogen receptor (ER)] in the lung, their effects on host cell proteins that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 uptake, and provides a snapshot of current clinical trials investigating the use of steroid receptor (SR) ligands to treat COVID-19.
Leach DA, Mohr A, Giotis ES, et al., 2021, The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells, Nature Communications, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-12, ISSN: 2041-1723
SARS-CoV-2 attacks various organs, most destructively the lung, and cellular entry requires two host cell surface proteins: ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Downregulation of one or both of these is thus a potential therapeutic approach for COVID-19. TMPRSS2 is a known target of the androgen receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor; androgen receptor activation increases TMPRSS2 levels in various tissues, most notably prostate. We show here that treatment with the antiandrogen enzalutamide – a well-tolerated drug widely used in advanced prostate cancer – reduces TMPRSS2 levels in human lung cells and in mouse lung. Importantly, antiandrogens significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection in lung cells. In support of this experimental data, analysis of existing datasets shows striking co-expression of AR and TMPRSS2, including in specific lung cell types targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Together, the data presented provides strong evidence to support clinical trials to assess the efficacy of antiandrogens as a treatment option for COVID-19.
Leach DA, Mohr A, Giotis ES, et al., 2021, Enzalutamide, a prostate cancer therapeutic, downregulates TMPRSS2 in lung and reduces cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, attacks various organs but most destructively the lung. It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 entry into lung cells requires two host cell surface proteins: ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Downregulation of one or both of these is thus a potential therapeutic approach for COVID-19. TMPRSS2 is a known target of the androgen receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor; activation of the androgen receptor increases TMPRSS2 levels in various tissues, most notably the prostate. We show here that treatment with the antiandrogen enzalutamide – a well-tolerated drug widely used in advanced prostate cancer – reduces TMPRSS2 levels in human lung cells. Further, enzalutamide treatment of mice dramatically decreased Tmprss2 levels in the lung. To determine therapeutic potential, we assessed uptake of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein pseudotyped lentivirus and live SARS-CoV-2 into human lung cells and saw a significant reduction in viral entry and infection upon treatment with the antiandrogens enzalutamide and bicalutamide. In support of this new experimental data, analysis of existing datasets shows striking co-expression of AR and TMPRSS2, including in specific lung cell types that are targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Together, the data presented provides strong evidence to support clinical trials to assess the efficacy of antiandrogens as a treatment option for COVID-19.</jats:p>
Siddappa M, Wani SA, Long MD, et al., 2020, Identification of transcription factor co-regulators that drive prostate cancer progression, Scientific Reports, Vol: 10, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 2045-2322
In prostate cancer (PCa), and many other hormone-dependent cancers, there is clear evidence for distorted transcriptional control as disease driver mechanisms. Defining which transcription factor (TF) and coregulators are altered and combine to become oncogenic drivers remains a challenge, in part because of the multitude of TFs and coregulators and the diverse genomic space on which they function. The current study was undertaken to identify which TFs and coregulators are commonly altered in PCa. We generated unique lists of TFs (n = 2662), coactivators (COA; n = 766); corepressors (COR; n = 599); mixed function coregulators (MIXED; n = 511), and to address the challenge of defining how these genes are altered we tested how expression, copy number alterations and mutation status varied across seven prostate cancer (PCa) cohorts (three of localized and four advanced disease). Testing of significant changes was undertaken by bootstrapping approaches and the most significant changes were identified. For one commonly and significantly altered gene were stably knocked-down expression and undertook cell biology experiments and RNA-Seq to identify differentially altered gene networks and their association with PCa progression risks. COAS, CORS, MIXED and TFs all displayed significant down-regulated expression (q.value < 0.1) and correlated with protein expression (r 0.4–0.55). In localized PCa, stringent expression filtering identified commonly altered TFs and coregulator genes, including well-established (e.g. ERG) and underexplored (e.g. PPARGC1A, encodes PGC1α). Reduced PPARGC1A expression significantly associated with worse disease-free survival in two cohorts of localized PCa. Stable PGC1α knockdown in LNCaP cells increased growth rates and invasiveness and RNA-Seq revealed a profound basal impact on gene expression (~ 2300 genes; FDR < 0.05, logFC&thins
Leach DA, Isac A-M, Bevan CL, et al., 2020, TMPRSS2, required for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is downregulated in lung cells by enzalutamide, a prostate cancer therapeutic
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, attacks various organs but most destructively the lung. It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 entry into lung cells requires two host cell surface proteins: ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Downregulation of one or both of these is thus a potential therapeutic approach for COVID-19. TMPRSS2 is a known target of the androgen receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor; activation of the androgen receptor increases TMPRSS2 levels in various tissues, most notably the prostate. We show here that treatment with the antiandrogen enzalutamide – a well-tolerated drug widely used in advanced prostate cancer – reduces TMPRSS2 levels in human lung cells. Further, enzalutamide treatment of mice dramatically decreased Tmprss2 levels in the lung. In support of this new experimental data, analysis of existing datasets shows striking co- expression of AR and TMPRSS2, including in specific lung cell types that are targeted by SARS- CoV-2. Together, the data presented provides strong evidence to support clinical trials to assess the efficacy of antiandrogens as a treatment option for COVID-19.</jats:p>
Siddappa M, Wani SA, Long MD, et al., 2020, Genome-wide analyses of transcription factors and co-regulators across seven cohorts identified reduced PPARGC1A expression as a driver of prostate cancer progression
<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>Defining altered transcription factor (TF) and coregulators that are oncogenic drivers remains a challenge, in part because of the multitude of TFs and coregulators. We addressed this challenge by using bootstrap approaches to test how expression, copy number alterations or mutation of TFs (n = 2662), coactivators (COA; n= 766); corepressor (COR; n = 599); mixed function coregulators (MIXED; n = 511) varied across seven prostate cancer (PCa) cohorts (three of localized and four advanced disease). COAS, CORS, MIXED and TFs all displayed significant down-regulated expression (q.value < 0.1) and correlated with protein expression (ρ 0.4 to 0.55). Stringent expression filtering identified commonly altered TFs and coregulators including well-established (e.g. ERG) and underexplored (e.g.<jats:italic>PPARGC1A</jats:italic>, encodes PGC1α) in localized PCa. Reduced<jats:italic>PPARGC1A</jats:italic>expression significantly associated with worse disease-free survival in two cohorts of localized PCa. Stable PGC1α knockdown in LNCaP cells increased growth rates and invasiveness and RNA-Seq revealed a profound basal impact on gene expression (~2300 genes; FDR < 0.05, logFC > 1.5), but only modestly impacted PPARγ responses. GSEA analyses of the PGC1α transcriptome revealed that it significantly altered the AR-dependent transcriptome, and was enriched for epigenetic modifiers. PGC1α-dependent genes were overlapped with PGC1α-ChIP-Seq genes and significantly associated in TCGA with higher grade tumors and worse disease-free survival. Together these data demonstrate an approach to identify cancer-driver coregulators in cancer and that PGC1α expression is clinically significant yet underexplored coregulator in aggressive early stage PCa.</jats:p>
Fletcher C, Sulpice E, Combe S, et al., 2019, Androgen receptor-modulatory microRNAs provide insight into therapy resistance and therapeutic targets in advanced prostate cancer, Oncogene, Vol: 38, Pages: 5700-5724, ISSN: 0950-9232
Androgen receptor (AR) signalling is a key prostate cancer (PC) driver, even inadvanced ‘castrate-resistant’ disease (CRPC). To systematically identify microRNAs (miRs) modulating AR activity in lethal disease, hormone-responsive and -resistant PC cells expressing a luciferase-based AR reporter were transfected with a miR inhibitor library; 78 inhibitors significantly altered AR activity. Upon validation, miR-346, miR-361-3p and miR-197 inhibitors dramatically reduced AR transcriptional activity, mRNA and protein levels, increased apoptosis, reduced proliferation, repressed EMT, inhibited PC migration and invasion, demonstrating additive effects with AR inhibition. Corresponding miRs increased AR activity through a novel and anti-dogmatic mechanism of direct association with AR 6.9kb 3’UTR and transcript stabilisation. In addition, miR-346 and miR-361-3p modulation altered levels of constitutively-active AR variants, and inhibited variant-driven PC cell proliferation, so may contribute to persistent AR signalling in CRPC in the absence of circulating androgens. Pathway analysis of AGO-PAR-CLIP-identified miR targets revealed roles in DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, signal transduction and immune function. Silencing these targets, including tumour suppressors ARHGDIA and TAGLN2, phenocopied miR effects, demonstrating physiological relevance. MiR-346 additionally upregulated the oncogene, YWHAZ, which correlated with grade, biochemical relapse and metastasis in patients. These AR-modulatory miRs and targets correlated with AR activity in patient biopsies, and were elevated in response to long-term enzalutamide treatment of patient-derived CRPC xenografts. In summary, we identified miRs that modulate AR activity in PC and CRPC, via novel mechanisms, and may represent novel PC the
Leach DA, Buchanan G, 2018, Protocols for Studies on Stromal Cells in Prostate Cancer., Methods Mol Biol, Vol: 1786, Pages: 207-218
Interactions between tumor cells and fibroblasts play a pivotal role in cancer development and progression. Indeed, the paracrine communication between these two cell types is known to have physiological effects that alter carcinogenic and metastatic potential. An often overlooked player in these interactions is the involvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The network of ECM proteins secreted from fibroblasts is reportedly altered with cancer initiation and progression, and in several cases has been associated with patient outcome. The androgen receptor (AR) is one such example and has been shown to be a dynamic and inducible regulator of ECM production. Contemporary assessment of dynamic multicellular interactions leading to cancer initiation and progression necessitates 3D in vitro modeling to better mimic the in vivo environment. In the current chapter, we describe some simple approaches to generate 3D models of fibroblast-produced ECM, how hormone manipulation of fibroblasts can lead to production of different ECMs, and how these ECM models can be used to test processes implicated in cancer progression and metastasis.
Palethorpe HM, Leach DA, Need EF, et al., 2018, Myofibroblast androgen receptor expression determines cell survival in co-cultures of myofibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in vitro., Oncotarget, Vol: 9, Pages: 19100-19114, ISSN: 1949-2553
Fibroblasts express androgen receptor (AR) in the normal prostate and during prostate cancer development. We have reported that loss of AR expression in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts is a poor prognostic indicator. Here we report outcomes of direct and indirect co-cultures of immortalised AR-positive (PShTert-AR) or AR-negative (PShTert) myofibroblasts with prostate cancer cells. In the initial co-cultures the AR-negative PC3 cell line was used so AR expression and signalling were restricted to the myofibroblasts. In both direct and indirect co-culture with PShTert-AR myofibroblasts, paracrine signalling to the PC3 cells slowed proliferation and induced apoptosis. In contrast, PC3 cells proliferated with PShTert myofibroblasts irrespective of the co-culture method. In direct co-culture PC3 cells induced apoptosis in and destroyed PShTerts by direct signalling. Similar results were seen in direct co-cultures with AR-negative DU145 and AR-positive LNCaP and C4-2B prostate cancer cell lines. The AR ligand 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibited the proliferation of the PShTert-AR myofibroblasts, thereby reducing the extent of their inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth. These results suggest loss of stromal AR would favour prostate cancer cell growth in vivo, providing an explanation for the clinical observation that reduced stromal AR is associated with a poorer outcome.
Periyasamy M, Singh A, Gemma C, et al., 2017, p53 controls expression of the DNA deaminase APOBEC3B to limit its potential mutagenic activity in cancer cells, Nucleic Acids Research, Vol: 45, Pages: 11056-11069, ISSN: 1362-4962
Cancer genome sequencing has implicated the cytosine deaminase activity of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) genes as an important source of mutations in diverse cancers, with APOBEC3B (A3B) expression especially correlated with such cancer mutations. To better understand the processes directing A3B over-expression in cancer, and possible therapeutic avenues for targeting A3B, we have investigated the regulation of A3B gene expression. Here, we show that A3B expression is inversely related to p53 status in different cancer types and demonstrate that this is due to a direct and pivotal role for p53 in repressing A3B expression. This occurs through the induction of p21 (CDKN1A) and the recruitment of the repressive DREAM complex to the A3B gene promoter, such that loss of p53 through mutation, or human papilloma virus-mediated inhibition, prevents recruitment of the complex, thereby causing elevated A3B expression and cytosine deaminase activity in cancer cells. As p53 is frequently mutated in cancer, our findings provide a mechanism by which p53 loss can promote cancer mutagenesis.
Panagopoulos V, Leach DA, Zinonos I, et al., 2017, Inflammatory peroxidases promote breast cancer progression in mice via regulation of the tumour microenvironment, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY, Vol: 50, Pages: 1191-1200, ISSN: 1019-6439
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Leach DA, Trotta AP, Need EF, et al., 2017, The Prognostic Value of Stromal FK506-Binding Protein 1 and Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Outcome, PROSTATE, Vol: 77, Pages: 185-195, ISSN: 0270-4137
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- Citations: 6
Panagopoulos V, Liapis V, Zinonos I, et al., 2017, Peroxidase enzymes inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY, Vol: 440, Pages: 8-15, ISSN: 0303-7207
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- Citations: 15
Leach DA, Buchanan G, 2017, Stromal Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Development and Progression, CANCERS, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2072-6694
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- Citations: 41
Leach DA, Powell SM, Bevan C, 2016, New roles for nuclear receptors in prostate cancer, Endocrine-Related Cancer, Vol: 23, Pages: T85-T108, ISSN: 1479-6821
Prostate cancer has, for decades, been treated by inhibiting androgen signalling. This is effective in the majority of patients, but inevitably resistance develops and patients progress to life-threatening metastatic disease - hence the quest for new effective therapies for "castrate-resistant" prostate cancer (CRPC). Studies into what pathways can drive tumour recurrence under these conditions has identified several other nuclear receptor signalling pathways as potential drivers or modulators of CRPC. The nuclear receptors constitute a large (48 members) superfamily of transcription factors sharing a common modular functional structure. Many of them are activated by the binding of small lipophilic molecules, making them potentially druggable. Even those for which no ligand exists or has yet been identified may be tractable to activity modulation by small molecules. Moreover, genomic studies have shown that in models of CRPC other nuclear receptors can potentially drive similar transcriptional responses to the androgen receptor, while analysis of expression and sequencing databases shows disproportionately high mutation and copy number variation rates among the superfamily. Hence the nuclear receptor superfamily is of intense interest in the drive to understand how prostate cancer recurs and how we may best treat such recurrent disease. This reviews aims to provide a snapshot of current knowledge of the roles of different nuclear receptors in prostate cancer, a rapidly-evolving field of research.
Leach DA, Panagopoulos V, Nash C, et al., 2016, Cell-lineage specificity and role of AP-1 in the prostate fibroblast androgen receptor cistrome., Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Vol: 439, Pages: 261-272, ISSN: 1872-8057
Androgen receptor (AR) signalling in fibroblasts is important in prostate development and carcinogenesis, and is inversely related to prostate cancer mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms of AR action in fibroblasts and other non-epithelial cell types are largely unknown. The genome-wide DNA binding profile of AR in human prostate fibroblasts was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), and found to be common to other fibroblast lines but disparate from AR cistromes of prostate cancer cells and tissue. Although AR binding sites specific to fibroblasts were less well conserved evolutionarily than those shared with cancer epithelia, they were likewise correlated with androgen regulation of fibroblast gene expression. Whereas FOXA1 is the key pioneer factor of AR in cancer epithelia, our data indicated that AP-1 likely plays a more important role in the AR cistrome in fibroblasts. The specificity of AP-1 and FOXA1 to binding in these cells is demonstrated using immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Importantly, we find the fibroblast cistrome is represented in whole tissue/in vivo ChIP-seq studies at both genomic and resulting protein levels, highlighting the importance of the stroma in whole tissue -omic studies. This is the first nuclear receptor ChIP-seq study in prostatic fibroblasts, and provides novel insight into the action of fibroblast AR in prostate cancer.
Smith E, Palethorpe HM, Ruszkiewicz AR, et al., 2016, Androgen Receptor and Androgen-Responsive Gene FKBP5 Are Independent Prognostic Indicators for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES, Vol: 61, Pages: 433-443, ISSN: 0163-2116
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Leach DA, Need EF, Toivanen R, et al., 2015, Stromal androgen receptor regulates the composition of the microenvironment to influence prostate cancer outcome (vol 6, pg 16135, 2015), ONCOTARGET, Vol: 6, Pages: 36923-36923
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Panagopoulos V, Zinonos I, Leach DA, et al., 2015, Uncovering a new role for peroxidase enzymes as drivers of angiogenesis, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY, Vol: 68, Pages: 128-138, ISSN: 1357-2725
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- Citations: 23
Need EF, Selth LA, Trotta AP, et al., 2015, The unique transcriptional response produced by concurrent estrogen and progesterone treatment in breast cancer cells results in upregulation of growth factor pathways and switching from a Luminal A to a Basal-like subtype, BMC CANCER, Vol: 15
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Tan C, Shard C, Ranieri E, et al., 2015, Mutations of protocadherin 19 in female epilepsy (PCDH19-FE) lead to allopregnanolone deficiency, HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS, Vol: 24, Pages: 5250-5259, ISSN: 0964-6906
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- Citations: 54
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