Publications
236 results found
Katafiasz TJ, Iannucci L, Greenhalgh E, 2015, Hybrid Fibre Composites for De-lamination Resistance and Cost Saving, Cyclitech
Javaid A, Ho KKC, Bismarck A, et al., 2015, Carbon fibre-reinforced poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidylether based multifunctional structural supercapacitor composites for electrical energy storage applications, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol: 50, Pages: 2155-2163, ISSN: 1530-793X
Qian H, Nguyen S, Anthony DB, et al., 2015, Stiff monolithic aerogel matrices for structural fibre composites, 20th International Conference on Composite Materials, Publisher: iccm-central.org
Resorcinol-formaldehyde based aerogel precursors were infused into structural carbon fibreweaves, then gelled and carbonised to generate a continuous monolithic matrix network. Thishierarchical carbon preform was subsequently infused with polymeric resins, both multifunctional andstructural, to produce dense composites. The resulting hierarchical composites have a nanoscalereinforcement in the matrix at up to an order of magnitude higher loadings than typically available byother techniques. Compression, tension, ±45° shear and short beam tests demonstrate the potential ofsuch matrix systems to address matrix dominated failures. However, for the best structuralperformance it will be necessary to re-optimise the fibre-matrix interface, which is degraded by thecurrent processing regime.
Tsampas SA, Greenhalgh ES, 2015, Failure investigation of polymeric composite components, JEC Composites Magazine, Vol: 52, Pages: 46-49, ISSN: 1639-965X
Fractographic analysis, i.e. the examination and interpretation of fracture surfaces, provides an insight into the causes and location of failure. Previously considered as a "black art", specialists now relate fracture morphologies to failure mechanisms with confidence and provide information about the failure sequence and source of failure initiation. This technique gives great feedback and can allow better design for next-generation parts.
Asp LE, Greenhalgh ES, 2015, Multifunctional structural battery and supercapacitor composites, Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites: Challenges and New Solutions, Pages: 619-661, ISBN: 9780323264341
This chapter introduces the concept of structural power composite materials and their possible devices. Carbon fibers are used as reinforcement and electrode in polymer composites, where the polymer is ion conductive, exploiting their electrochemical and conductive capabilities in concert with their excellent mechanical properties. By this approach engineering materials with an electrical energy storing ability emerge-structural batteries and supercapacitors.First a brief overview of the state-of-the-art, highlighting achievements related to structural battery and supercapacitor devices, is presented. The research areas addressed for the two types of material devices include carbon fiber electrodes, structural separators, multifunctional matrix materials, device architectures, and material functionalization. Following this, engineering issues such as multifunctional design methods, connectivity, finishing, crashworthiness, and demonstration are discussed in detail. The chapter culminates in a detailed description of engineering challenges that call for further research.
Tsampas SA, Greenhalgh ES, Ankersen J, et al., 2015, Compressive failure of hybrid multidirectional fibre-reinforced composites, Composites Part A - Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol: 71, Pages: 40-58, ISSN: 1359-835X
In this paper, the hybridisation of multidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced composites as a means of improving the compressive performance is studied. The aim is to thoroughly investigate how hybridisation influences the laminate behaviour under different compression conditions and thus provide an explanation of the “hybrid effect”. The chosen approach was to compare the compressive performance of two monolithic carbon fibre/epoxy systems, CYTEC HTS/MTM44-1 and IMS/MTM44-1, with that of their respective hybrids. This was done by keeping the same layup throughout ((0/90/45/−45)2S) while replacing the angle plies in one case or the orthogonal plies in the other case with the second material, thus producing two hybrid systems. To investigate the compressive performance of these configurations, compact and plain compression test methods were employed which also allowed studying the sensitivity of compressive failure to specimen geometry and loading conditions. The experimental results and the subsequent fractographic analysis revealed that the hybridisation of selective ply interfaces influenced the location and severity of the failure mechanisms. Finally, in light of this knowledge, an update of the generic sequence of events, previously suggested by the authors, which lead to global fracture in multidirectional fibre-reinforced composites under compression is presented.
Greenhalgh ES, Shirshova N, Kucernak A, et al., 2015, RECENT ADVANCES IN STRUCTURAL SUPERCAPACITORS FOR TRANSPORT APPLICATIONS, 20th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM), Publisher: AALBORG UNIV PRESS
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- Citations: 1
Jollivet T, Greenhalgh E, 2015, Fractography, a powerful tool for identifying and understanding fatigue in composite materials, 6th International Conference on Fatigue Design (Fatigue Design), Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Pages: 171-178, ISSN: 1877-7058
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- Citations: 9
Abidin MSZ, Herceg TM, Greenhalgh ES, et al., 2015, HIGH PERFORMANCE HIERARCHICAL COMPOSITES, 20th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM), Publisher: AALBORG UNIV PRESS
Shirshova N, Qian H, Houlle M, et al., 2014, Multifunctional structural energy storage composite supercapacitors, Faraday Discussions, Vol: 172, Pages: 81-103, ISSN: 1359-6640
This paper addresses the challenge of producing multifunctional composites that can simultaneously carry mechanical loads whilst storing (and delivering) electrical energy. The embodiment is a structural supercapacitor built around laminated structural carbon fibre (CF) fabrics. Each cell consists of two modified structural CF fabric electrodes, separated by a structural glass fibre fabric or polymer membrane, infused with a multifunctional polymeric electrolyte. Rather than using conventional activated carbon fibres, structural carbon fibres were treated to produce a mechanically robust, high surface area material, using a variety of methods, including direct etching, carbon nanotube sizing, and carbon nanotube in situ growth. One of the most promising approaches is to integrate a porous bicontinuous monolithic carbon aerogel (CAG) throughout the matrix. This nanostructured matrix both provides a dramatic increase in active surface area of the electrodes, and has the potential to address mechanical issues associated with matrix-dominated failures. The effect of the initial reaction mixture composition is assessed for both the CAG modified carbon fibre electrodes and resulting devices. A low temperature CAG modification of carbon fibres was evaluated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to enhance the electrochemical performance. For the multifunctional structural electrolyte, simple crosslinked gels have been replaced with bicontinuous structural epoxy–ionic liquid hybrids that offer a much better balance between the conflicting demands of rigidity and molecular motion. The formation of both aerogel precursors and the multifunctional electrolyte are described, including the influence of key components, and the defining characteristics of the products. Working structural supercapacitor composite prototypes have been produced and characterised electrochemically. The effect of introducing the necessary multifunctional resin on the mechanical properties
Shirshova N, Bismarck A, Greenhalgh ES, et al., 2014, Composition as a Means To Control Morphology and Properties of Epoxy Based Dual-Phase Structural Electrolytes, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 118, Pages: 28377-28387, ISSN: 1932-7447
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- Citations: 48
Canturri C, Greenhalgh ES, Pinho ST, 2014, The relationship between mixed-mode II/III delamination and delamination migration in composite laminates, Composites Science and Technology, Vol: 105, Pages: 102-109, ISSN: 0266-3538
Predictive models have struggled to accurately simulate progressive delamination growth in composite structures, often due to the challenges associated with modelling delamination migration phenomenon. This paper presents a methodology with which to model such migration. Firstly, the interlaminar shear at a delamination front were partitioned into axial and transverse modes, the mode-mixity of which was controlled by the mismatch between this front and the ply directions. An element formulation was presented which utilised this mismatch. Consequently, delamination migration was shown to have ensued when the transverse mode exceeded a critical mode-mixity Giii/GT = 0.22. This approach was verified against experimental studies on width tapered end loaded split coupons by correlating the fracture morphology against mode-mixity. In particular, the orientation of the cusps on the delamination surface were shown to be controlled by the relative dominance of the axial and transverse modes. This methodology provides a means to accurately and robustly model progressive delamination growth processes in composite structures.
Greenhalgh ES, Ankersen J, Asp LE, et al., 2014, Mechanical, electrical and microstructural characterisation of multifunctional structural power composites, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol: 49, Pages: 1823-1834, ISSN: 1530-793X
Asp LE, Greenhalgh ES, 2014, Structural power composites, COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 101, Pages: 41-61, ISSN: 0266-3538
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- Citations: 206
Canturri Gispert C, Greenhalgh ES, Pinho ST, 2014, A methodology for realistic delamination growth prediction based on fractographic observations, American Society of Composites
Javaid A, Ho KKC, Bismarck A, et al., 2014, Multifunctional structural supercapacitors for electrical energy storage applications, JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS, Vol: 48, Pages: 1409-1416, ISSN: 0021-9983
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- Citations: 51
Nguyen SN, Greenhalgh ES, Graham JMR, et al., 2014, Runway debris impact threat maps for transport aircraft, AERONAUTICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 118, Pages: 229-266, ISSN: 0001-9240
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- Citations: 5
Herceg TM, Zainol Abidin MS, Greenhalgh ES, et al., 2014, A powder based processing route to produce nano and hierarchical composites with high nanofiller loadings
A route to manufacture hierarchical composites (HCs) based on wet powder impregnation was adapted to accommodate thermosetting matrices. The resulting carbon fibre prepregs contained as much as 13.6 vol% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the matrix and were consolidated into laminates with 50 to 55% fibre volume fraction and 6.1% CNTs by total volume. Microscopic characterisation revealed that matrix homogeneity and laminate microstructure were affected by the powder particle size and degree of tow overlap during drum winding. The interlaminar shear strength was strongly affected by the quality of the material, requiring optimization of the processing parameters to improve the laminate quality.
Taylor JM, Frenz S, Canturri C, et al., 2014, Mode I and mode II fracture behaviour of carbon/glass hybrid filament-wound resin transfer moulded composites
This paper describes the results of an investigation into the Mode I and Mode II fracture behaviour of carbon/glass hybrid filament-wound RTM composite materials. The aims of the work were to define the fracture properties of such materials for component design and to investigate the active fracture mechanisms. Mode I and Mode II fracture tests were performed using the difference in layup angle across the crack as the independent variable. The behaviour of the material was observed during the tests and subsequently characterised using optical and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that different fracture mechanisms were active compared to prepreg materials. Inspection of the fracture morphologies showed misalignment of the fibres with the crack driving forces had induced additional fracture processes as compared to those observed at unidirectional ply interfaces.
Herceg TM, Zainol Abidin MS, Shaffer MSP, et al., 2014, Hierarchical or fibre reinforced nano-composites: An opportunity to improve matrix dominated composite properties
We will briefly review the progress made in the development and processing of hierarchical, also called nanoenergineered or nanoreinforced, composites. Particular attention will be paid to the various methods to create hierarchical composites, i.e. reinforcing a nanocomposite further with conventional fibres or by attaching a nanoreinforcement to the surfaces of conventional reinforcing fibres and so avoiding all issues related to processing nanocomposites containing high aspect ratio nanoparticles. We will also review the properties of hierarchical composites and provide perspectives for future progress, which may require looking back at fibre wet impregnation by powder slurry processes.
Greenhalgh ES, Canturri C, Pinho ST, 2014, A methodology for realistic delamination growth prediction based on fractographic observations
Delamination has dominated aerostructures research for several decades but the development of robust delamination growth models is yet to be achieved. The complexity of the delamination processes from even relatively simple defects (such as from an embedded disbond) means predicting progressive damage propagation beyond initiation is very difficult. Consequently, this has hindered damage tolerant design, promoting an over-reliance on 'make and test' rather than predictive models to support certification of composite aerostructures. Recent research has highlighted that two underpinning phenomena dictate delamination processes; (i) directionality and (ii) migration. The former is the observation that delaminations tend to preferentially grow parallel to the fibers whilst the latter is a consequence of when conditions force delaminations to growth oblique to the fibers. In essence, delaminations have preferential growth directions, and will propagate through the thickness of a laminate to reach ply interfaces that are conducive to such preferential growth. The work reported here describes development of a modeling methodology based on the observed delamination phenomena. The paper first outlines detailed observations stemming from a study into delamination growth from embedded defects. Based on these, the work then utilized a bespoke width tapered end-loaded split (WTELS) test method, which provided high fidelity data from which to validate model predictions. For fractographic observations the mode II/III mixity was characterized by the relative in-plane orientation of the cusps with respect to the fibers. The relationship between mode II/III mixity (as determined using a transposed VCC formulation) and delamination migration was deduced. It was demonstrated that when a critical proportion of mode III was exceeded, delamination migration ensued. The paper concludes by presenting the implications of these observations and a revised model formulation for delamination mod
Canturri C, GREENHALGH ES, Pinho ST, et al., 2013, Delamination growth directionality and the subsequent migration processes – The key to damage tolerant design, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol: 54, Pages: 79-87
Delamination has been recognised as one of the most challenging hurdles in using laminated composites, and has been the focus of considerable research over the last three decades. The research reported in this paper investigated the influence of ply interface on the delamination propagation processes. Experimental evidence is presented which illustrates that delamination does not grow in a self-similar manner. Instead, delaminations were shown to propagate preferentially in the direction of one ply at the delaminating interface; which ply was dictated by the orientation of the principal delaminating stress at the ply interface. In conjunction with the experimental studies, an initial methodology for modelling delamination directionality is presented. The results of this study have considerable implications for tailoring stacking sequences to promote delamination migration and thus enhance damage tolerance.
Canturri C, Greenhalgh ES, Pinho ST, 2013, Dependence of interface ply orientation on delamination growth directionaliy and migration, 19th International Conference on Composite Materials
Qian H, Kucernak AR, Greenhalgh ES, et al., 2013, Multifunctional Structural Supercapacitor Composites Based on Carbon Aerogel Modified High Performance Carbon Fiber Fabric, ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, Vol: 5, Pages: 6113-6122, ISSN: 1944-8244
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- Citations: 183
Anthony D, 2013, Improved synthesis of carbon nanotube grafted carbon fibre: Towards continuous production
Grafting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto reinforcing fibre surfaces has been shown to improve composite structural performance, through improved interfacial bonding of the matrix and reinforcement. Sourcing a suitable amount of CNT-grafted fibre has currently limited test coupons geometry and development in the area. The scale-up of current synthesis procedures for grafting CNTs onto carbon fibre (CF) surfaces, using low intensity processing techniques (minimal processing of fibre substrate) compatible with industrial practices has not yet been reported. CNT growth from CF surface (CNT-g-CF) without damaging the mechanical parent fibre properties is a challenge as chemical vapour deposition (CVD) CNT growth typically results in catalyst pitting and surface defects occurring. In this thesis I attempt to address concerns detailed above; through the development of a catalyst system which is easily deposited onto CF, uses a CVD CNT-synthesis method which does not damage the original fibre properties in a potentially continuous scalable manner. I present a simple incipient wetness technique for loading a bi-catalyst precursor mixture onto CF. CF pre-deposited with bi-catalyst precursor under the application of an electric field, using CF as an electrode, in-situ during conventional thermal-CVD demonstrated significant promotion of CNT-synthesis directly from the CF surface. Electric field applied during CVD CNT-synthesis produces CNT-g-CF without apparent mechanical degradation to the parent fibre retaining original mechanical properties. When CVD CNT-synthesis is undertaken without the application of an electric field, degradation of original mechanical properties are witnessed. Batch CVD process was adapted, in an attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of continuous production of CNT-g-CF in a bespoke continuous CVD set-up. Alternative routes for CNT-g-CF including a novel silicon oxide based CNT-synthesis are also discussed.
Qian H, Diao H, Shirshova N, et al., 2013, Activation of structural carbon fibres for potential applications in multifunctional structural supercapacitors, JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, Vol: 395, Pages: 241-248, ISSN: 0021-9797
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- Citations: 72
Shirshova N, Bismarck A, Carreyette S, et al., 2013, Correlations between mechanical properties and ionic conduction of structural electrolytes with bicontinuous morphologies, Pages: 72-79
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- Citations: 3
Qian H, Kucernak AR, Greenhalgh ES, et al., 2013, Multifunctional structural power composites based on carbon aerogel modified high performance carbon fibre fabrics, Pages: 2238-2243
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- Citations: 6
Herceg TM, Zainol Abidin MS, Delfour C, et al., 2013, Scalable production of epoxy based nanocomposites and hierarchical composites with high cnt loadings, Pages: 1714-1723
Mistry M, Kucernak A, Nguyen S, et al., 2013, Addressing engineering issues for a composite structural power demonstrator, Pages: 2692-2700
Engineering issues have been addressed for a Multifunctional (MF) Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) capable of storing electrical energy and carrying mechanical load. The MF material was integrated into a technology demonstrator in the form of a car boot lid where the boot lighting was powered independently of the car main electrical system. Current collection was improved by using a thin copper mesh on the carbon electrodes while hole drilling was found to have a negligible effect on the laminate electrical performance.
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