Publications
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Han Y, Chen W, Chatzidiakou L, et al., 2020, Effects of AIR pollution on cardiopuLmonary disEaSe in urban and peri-urban reSidents in Beijing: protocol for the AIRLESS study, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 20, Pages: 15775-15792, ISSN: 1680-7316
Beijing, as a representative megacity in China, is experiencing some of the most severe air pollution episodes in the world, and its fast urbanization has led to substantial urban and peri-urban disparities in both health status and air quality. Uncertainties remain regarding the possible causal links between individual air pollutants and health outcomes, with spatial comparative investigations of these links lacking, particularly in developing megacities. In light of this challenge, Effects of AIR pollution on cardiopuLmonary disEaSe in urban and peri-urban reSidents in Beijing (AIRLESS) was initiated, with the aim of addressing the complex issue of relating multi-pollutant exposure to cardiopulmonary outcomes. This paper presents the novel methodological framework employed in the project, namely (1) the deployment of two panel studies from established cohorts in urban and peri-urban Beijing, with different exposure settings regarding pollution levels and diverse sources; (2) the collection of detailed measurements and biomarkers of participants from a nested case (hypertensive) and control (healthy) study setting; (3) the assessment of indoor and personal exposure to multiple gaseous pollutants and particulate matter at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution with validated novel sensor technologies; (4) the assessment of ambient air pollution levels in a large-scale field campaign, particularly the chemical composition of particulate matter. Preliminary results showed that there is a large difference between ambient and personal air pollution levels, and the differences varied between seasons and locations. These large differences were reflected on the different health responses between the two panels.
Lee M, Carter E, Yan L, et al., 2020, Determinants of personal exposure to PM2.5 and black carbon in Chinese adults: a 1 repeated-measures study in villages using solid fuel energy, Environment International, Vol: 146, ISSN: 0160-4120
Exposure to air pollution is a leading health risk factor. The variance components and contributions of indoor versus outdoor source determinants of personal exposure to air pollution are poorly understood, especially in settings of household solid fuel use. We conducted a panel study with up to 4 days of repeated measures of integrated gravimetric personal exposure to PM2.5 and black carbon in 787 men and women (ages 40-79) living in peri-urban villages in northern (Beijing and Shanxi) and southern (Guangxi) China. We simultaneously measured outdoor PM2.5 and collected questionnaire data on sociodemographic characteristics and indoor pollution sources including tobacco smoking and solid fuel stove use. We obtained over 2000 days of personal exposure monitoring which showed higher exposures in the heating season (geometric mean (GM): 108 versus 65 μg/m3 in the non-heating season for PM2.5) and among northern participants (GM: 90 versus 59 μg/m3 in southern China in the non-heating season for PM2.5). We used mixed-effects models to estimate within- and between-participant variance components and to assess the determinants of exposures. Within-participant variance in exposure dominated the total variability (68-95%). Outdoor PM2.5 was the dominant variable for explaining within-participant variance in exposure to PM2.5 (16%). Household fuel use (PM2.5: 8%; black carbon: 10%) and smoking status (PM2.5: 27%; black carbon: 5%) explained the most between-participant variance. Indoor sources (solid fuel stoves, tobacco smoking) were associated with 13-30% higher exposures to air pollution and each 10 μg/m3 increase in outdoor PM2.5 was associated with 6-8% higher exposure. Our findings indicate that repeated measurements of daily exposure are likely needed to capture longer-term exposures in settings of household solid fuel use, even within a single season, and that reducing air pollution from both outdoor and indoor sources is likely needed to achieve measurable
Zitouni K, Steyn MRCP, Lyka E, et al., 2020, Derepression of glomerular filtration, renal blood flow and antioxidant defence in patients with type 2 diabetes at high-risk of cardiorenal disease, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol: 161, Pages: 283-289, ISSN: 0891-5849
BackgroundThe role of antioxidant status on microvascular blood flow and glomerular filtration (eGFR) in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension whose risk of progressive renal disease varies by ethnicity is unknown.MethodsAdult, non-Caucasian (n = 101) and Caucasian (n = 69) patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and/or microalbuminuria and an eGFR > 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 were randomised to receive 400 IU vitamin E and/or 20 μg selenium daily or matching placebo. eGFR (CKD-EPI) was measured at baseline, 3,6 and 12 months and renal blood flow by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in a sub-group (n = 9) at baseline and 3 months by assessing the area under the time intensity curve (TIC). Circulating glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx-3) activity was measured as a biomarker of oxidative defence status.ResultsThe time to change in eGFR was shortest with combined vitamin E and selenium than usual care (5.6 [4.0–7.0] vs 8.9 [6.8–10.9 months]; p = 0.006). Area under the TIC was reduced compared to baseline (38.52 [22.41–90.49] vs 123 [86.98–367.03]dB.s; P ≤ 0.05 and 347 [175.88–654.92] vs 928.03 [448.45–1683]dB.s; P ≤ 0.05, respectively] at 3 months suggesting an increase in rate of perfusion. The proportional change in eGFR at 12 months was greater in the group whose GPx-3 activity was above, compared with those below the cohort median (360 U/L) in the non-Caucasian and the Caucasian groups (19.1(12.5–25.7] % vs 6.5[-3.5 to 16.5] % and 12.8 [0.7 to 24] % vs 0.2 [-6.1 to 6.5] %).ConclusionIn these patients with type 2 diabetes and early CKD, antioxidant treatment derepresses renal blood flow and a rise in eGFR correlated directly with GPx-3 activity.SignificanceDiabetes mellitus is the world's leading cause of end-stage renal disease which has a predilection for black and minor ethnic groups compared with Caucasians. The differences in risk despite the benefits of conventional care may be related to oxidative stress.
Trechera P, Moreno T, Cordoba P, et al., 2020, Mineralogy, geochemistry and toxicity of size-segregated respirable deposited dust in underground coal mines, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol: 399, ISSN: 0304-3894
We focus on a comparison of the geochemistry and mineralogy patterns found in coal, deposited dust (DD), respirable deposited dust (RDD) and inhalable suspended dust (PM10) from a number of underground mines located in China, with an emphasis on potential occupational health relevance. After obtaining the RDD from DD, a toxicological analysis (oxidative potential, OP) was carried out and compared with their geochemical patterns. The results demonstrate: i) a dependence of RDD/DD on the moisture content for high rank coals that does not exist for low rank coals; ii) RDD enrichment in a number of minerals and/or elements related to the parent coal, the wear on mining machinery, lime gunited walls and acid mine drainage; and iii) the geochemical patterns of RDD obtained from DD can be compared with PM10 with relatively good agreement, demonstrating that the characterization of DD and RDD can be used as a proxy to help evaluate the geochemical patterns of suspended PM10. With regards to the toxicological properties of RDD, the Fe content and other by-products of pyrite oxidation, as well as that of anatase, along with Si, Mn and Ba, and particle size (among others), were highly correlated with Ascorbic Acid and/or Glutathione OP.
Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, Fussell JC, 2020, Air pollution and asthma: critical targets for effective action, Pulmonary Therapy, Vol: 7, Pages: 9-24, ISSN: 2364-1746
Evidence to advocate for cleaner air for people with asthma is not in short supply. We know that air pollution is associated with the development and worsening of the condition and that mitigating interventions can improve respiratory outcomes. We have clear targets, particularly traffic emissions, especially in urban areas, and plenty of potentially effective actions. Road traffic must be reduced, and what remains should be cleaner and greener. Urban green spaces, safe cycle networks and wider pavements will promote active travel and leisure time exercise. Healthcare professionals must ensure people are aware of their air quality, its impact on asthma and the appropriate behaviour to safeguard health. What remains are realistic policies and effective measures, based on the correct scientific evidence, to be taken forth with political courage and investment so that air pollution no longer contributes to the development or worsening of respiratory ill health.
Hoffmann B, Roebbel N, Gumy S, et al., 2020, Air pollution and health recent advances in air pollution epidemiology to inform the European Green Deal: a joint workshop report of ERS, WHO, ISEE and HEI, European Respiratory Journal, Vol: 56, ISSN: 0903-1936
Evangelopoulos D, Perez-Velasco R, Walton H, et al., 2020, The role of burden of disease assessment in tracking progress towards achieving WHO global air quality guidelines, International Journal of Public Health, Vol: 65, Pages: 1455-1465, ISSN: 0303-8408
OBJECTIVES: More than 90% of the global population live in areas exceeding the PM2.5 air quality guidelines (AQGs). We provide an overview of the ambient PM2.5-related burden of disease (BoD) studies along with scenario analysis in the framework of the WHO AQG update on the estimated reduction in the BoD if AQGs were achieved globally. METHODS: We reviewed the literature for large-scale studies for the BoD attributed to ambient PM2.5. Moreover, we used the latest WHO statistics to calculate the BoD at current levels and the scenarios of aligning with interim targets and AQG levels. RESULTS: The most recent BoD studies (2010 onwards) share a similar methodology, but there are differences in the input data which affect the estimates for attributable deaths (2.9-8.9 million deaths annually). Moreover, we found that if AQGs were achieved, the estimated BoD would be reduced by up to 50% in total deaths worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the BoD across countries, especially in those that do not align with the AQGs, is essential in order to inform actions to reduce air pollution globally.
Kelly FJ, 2020, Our change of Co-Editor-in-Chief and why the journal's future is bright, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, Vol: 13, Pages: 1147-1147, ISSN: 1873-9318
Kelly F, Fussell J, 2020, Toxicity of airborne particles – established evidence, knowledge gaps and emerging areas of importance, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol: 378, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 1364-503X
Epidemiological research has taught us a great deal about the health effects of airborne particulate matter (PM) particularly, cardiorespiratory effects of combustion-related particles. This has been matched by toxicological research to define underlying mechanistic pathways.To keep abreast of the substantial challenges that air pollution continues to throw at us, requires yet more strides to be achieved. For example, being aware of the most toxic components/sources and having a definitive idea of the range of associated disease outcomes. This review discusses approaches designed to close some of these knowledge gaps. These include a focus on particles arising from non-exhaust PM at the roadside and microplastics – both of which are becoming more relevant in the light of a shift in PM composition in response to global pressure to reduce combustion emissions. The application of hypothesis-free approaches in both mechanistic studies and epidemiology in unveiling unexpected relationships and generating novel insights is also discussed. Previous work, strengthening the evidence for both the adverse effects and benefits of intervention tell us that the sooner we act to close knowledge gaps, increase awareness and develop creative solutions, the sooner we can reduce the public health burden attributable to these complex and insidious environmental pollutants.
Clark S, Alli AS, Brauer M, et al., 2020, High-resolution spatiotemporal measurement of air and environmental noise pollution in sub-Saharan African cities: Pathways to Equitable Health Cities Study protocol for Accra, Ghana, BMJ Open, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2044-6055
Introduction: Air and noise pollution are emerging environmental health hazards in African cities, with potentially complex spatial and temporal patterns. Limited local data is a barrier to the formulation and evaluation of policies to reduce air and noise pollution. Methods and analysis: We designed a year-long measurement campaign to characterize air and noise pollution and their sources at high-resolution within the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Our design utilizes a combination of fixed (year-long, n = 10) and rotating (week-long, n = ~130) sites, selected to represent a range of land uses and source influences (e.g. background, road-traffic, commercial, industrial, and residential areas, and various neighbourhood socioeconomic classes). We will collect data on fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), weather variables, sound (noise level and audio) along with street-level time-lapse images. We deploy low-cost, low-power, lightweight monitoring devices that are robust, socially unobtrusive, and able to function in the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) climate. We will use state-of-the-art methods, including spatial statistics, deep/machine learning, and processed-based emissions modelling, to capture highly resolved temporal and spatial variations in pollution levels across Accra and to identify their potential sources. This protocol can serve as a prototype for other SSA cities. Ethics and dissemination: This environmental study was deemed exempt from full ethics review at Imperial College London and the University of Massachusetts Amherst; it was approved by the University of Ghana Ethics Committee. This protocol is designed to be implementable in SSA cities to map environmental pollution to inform urban planning decisions to reduce health harming exposures to air and noise pollution. It will be disseminated through local stakeholder engagement (public and private sectors), peer-reviewed publications, contribution to policy documents, media, a
Chatzidiakou L, Krause A, Han Y, et al., 2020, Using low-cost sensor technologies and advanced computational methods to improve dose estimations in health panel studies: results of the AIRLESS project, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Vol: 30, Pages: 981-989, ISSN: 1559-0631
BackgroundAir pollution epidemiology has primarily relied on fixed outdoor air quality monitoring networks and static populations.MethodsTaking advantage of recent advancements in sensor technologies and computational techniques, this paper presents a novel methodological approach that improves dose estimations of multiple air pollutants in large-scale health studies. We show the results of an intensive field campaign that measured personal exposures to gaseous pollutants and particulate matter of a health panel of 251 participants residing in urban and peri-urban Beijing with 60 personal air quality monitors (PAMs). Outdoor air pollution measurements were collected in monitoring stations close to the participants’ residential addresses. Based on parameters collected with the PAMs, we developed an advanced computational model that automatically classified time-activity-location patterns of each individual during daily life at high spatial and temporal resolution.ResultsApplying this methodological approach in two established cohorts, we found substantial differences between doses estimated from outdoor and personal air quality measurements. The PAM measurements also significantly reduced the correlation between pollutant species often observed in static outdoor measurements, reducing confounding effects.ConclusionsFuture work will utilise these improved dose estimations to investigate the underlying mechanisms of air pollution on cardio-pulmonary health outcomes using detailed medical biomarkers in a way that has not been possible before.
Levermore JM, Smith TEL, Kelly FJ, et al., 2020, Detection of microplastics in ambient particulate matter using Raman spectral imaging and chemometric analysis, Analytical Chemistry, Vol: 92, Pages: 8732-8740, ISSN: 0003-2700
Microplastics have been observed in indoor and outdoor air. This raises concern for human exposure, especially should they occur in small enough sizes, which if inhaled, reach the central airway and distal lung. As yet, methods for their detection have not spectroscopically verified the chemical composition of microplastics in this size-range. One proposed method is an automated spectroscopic technique, Raman spectral imaging; however, this generates large and complex data sets. This study aims to optimize Raman spectral imaging for the identification of microplastics (≥2 μm) in ambient particulate matter, using different chemometric techniques. We show that Raman spectral images analyzed using chemometric statistical approaches are appropriate for the identification of both virgin and environmental microplastics ≥2 μm in size. On the basis of the sensitivity, we recommend using the developed Pearson’s correlation and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis for the identification of microplastics in spectral data sets. Finally, we show their applicability by identifying airborne microplastics >4.7 μm in an outdoor particulate matter sample obtained at an urban sampling site in London, United Kingdom. This semiquantitative method will enable the procurement of exposure concentrations of airborne microplastics guiding future toxicological assessments.
Kelly FJ, Fussell JC, 2020, Global nature of airborne particle toxicity and health effects: a focus on megacities, wildfires, dust storms and residential biomass burning, Toxicology research, Vol: 9, Pages: 331-345, ISSN: 2045-452X
Since air pollutants are difficult and expensive to control, a strong scientific underpinning to policies is needed to guide mitigation aimed at reducing the current burden on public health. Much of the evidence concerning hazard identification and risk quantification related to air pollution comes from epidemiological studies. This must be reinforced with mechanistic confirmation to infer causality. In this review we focus on data generated from four contrasting sources of particulate air pollution that result in high population exposures and thus where there remains an unmet need to protect health: urban air pollution in developing megacities, household biomass combustion, wildfires and desert dust storms. Taking each in turn, appropriate measures to protect populations will involve advocating smart cities and addressing economic and behavioural barriers to sustained adoption of clean stoves and fuels. Like all natural hazards, wildfires and dust storms are a feature of the landscape that cannot be removed. However, many efforts from emission containment (land/fire management practices), exposure avoidance and identifying susceptible populations can be taken to prepare for air pollution episodes and ensure people are out of harm’s way when conditions are life-threatening. Communities residing in areas affected by unhealthy concentrations of any airborne particles will benefit from optimum communication via public awareness campaigns, designed to empower people to modify behaviour in a way that improves their health as well as the quality of the air they breathe.
Chng KR, Li C, Bertrand D, et al., 2020, Cartography of opportunistic pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in a tertiary hospital environment, Nature Medicine, Vol: 26, Pages: 941-951, ISSN: 1078-8956
Although disinfection is key to infection control, the colonization patterns and resistomes of hospital-environment microbes remain underexplored. We report the first extensive genomic characterization of microbiomes, pathogens and antibiotic resistance cassettes in a tertiary-care hospital, from repeated sampling (up to 1.5 years apart) of 179 sites associated with 45 beds. Deep shotgun metagenomics unveiled distinct ecological niches of microbes and antibiotic resistance genes characterized by biofilm-forming and human-microbiome-influenced environments with corresponding patterns of spatiotemporal divergence. Quasi-metagenomics with nanopore sequencing provided thousands of high-contiguity genomes, phage and plasmid sequences (>60% novel), enabling characterization of resistome and mobilome diversity and dynamic architectures in hospital environments. Phylogenetics identified multidrug-resistant strains as being widely distributed and stably colonizing across sites. Comparisons with clinical isolates indicated that such microbes can persist in hospitals for extended periods (>8 years), to opportunistically infect patients. These findings highlight the importance of characterizing antibiotic resistance reservoirs in hospitals and establish the feasibility of systematic surveys to target resources for preventing infections.
Mudway IS, Holgate S, Forman HJ, et al., 2020, Air pollution: consequences for cellular redox signaling, antioxidant defenses and disease, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol: 151, Pages: 1-1, ISSN: 0891-5849
Mudway IS, Kelly FJ, Holgate ST, 2020, Oxidative stress in air pollution research, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol: 151, Pages: 2-6, ISSN: 0891-5849
Fussell JC, Kelly FJ, 2020, Oxidative contribution of air pollution to extrinsic skin ageing, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol: 151, Pages: 111-122, ISSN: 0891-5849
Yan L, Carter E, Fu Y, et al., 2020, Study protocol: the INTERMAP China Prospective (ICP) study, Wellcome Open Research, Vol: 4, ISSN: 2398-502X
Background: Unfavourable blood pressure (BP) level is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), while the exact underlying reasons for unfavourable BP are poorly understood. The INTERMAP China Prospective (ICP) Study is a prospective cohort to investigate the relationship of environmental and nutritional risk factors with key indicators of vascular function (BP, arterial stiffness, carotid-intima media thickness) among middle-aged/older men and women.Methods: A total of 839 Chinese participants aged 40-59 years from three diverse regions of China were enrolled in INTERMAP in 1997/98; data collection included repeated BP measurements, 24-hour urine specimens, and 24-hour dietary recalls. In 2015/16, 574 of these 839 persons were re-enrolled along with 208 new participants aged 40-59 years that were randomly selected from the same study villages. Participant’s environmental and dietary exposures and health outcomes were assessed in this open cohort study, including BP, 24-hour dietary recalls, personal exposures to air pollution, grip strength, arterial stiffness, carotid-media thickness and plaques, cognitive function, and sleep patterns. Serum and plasma specimens were collected with 24-hour urine specimens. A follow-up visit has been scheduled for 2020-2021.Discussion: Winter and summer assessments of a comprehensive set of vascular indicators and their environmental and nutritional risk factors were conducted with high precision. We will leverage advances in exposome research to identify biomarkers of exposure to environmental and nutritional risk factors and improve our understanding of the mechanisms and pathways of their hazardous cardiovascular effects. The ICP Study is observational by design, thus subject to several biases including selection bias (e.g., loss to follow-up), information bias (e.g., measurement error), and confounding that we sought to mitigate through our study design and measurements. However, extensive effo
Abbasi S, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, et al., 2020, Elemental and magnetic analyses, source identification, and oxidative potential of airborne, passive, and street dust particles in Asaluyeh County, Iran, Science of the Total Environment, Vol: 707, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 0048-9697
One of the most important environmental issues in arid and semi-arid regions is deposition of dust particles. In this study, airborne, passive, and street dust samples were collected in Asaluyeh County, in August 2017, September 2017, and February 2018. The PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations for the sampling period ranged between 19.7 and 76.0 mug/m(3) and 47.16-348 mug/m(3) with an average of 46.4 mug/m(3) and 143 mug/m(3), respectively. Monthly dust deposition rates ranged from 5.2 to 26.1 g/m(2) with an average of 17.85 g/m(2). Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) applied to the dust compositional data indicated that Sb, Zn, Pb, Mo, Cu, and As come from anthropogenic sources while Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Co originate mostly from geogenic sources. The PMF results indicated that the geogenic material was the major source of passive and airborne dust samples. Elemental compositions were similar for passive dust and local surface soil. Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (chiIf and chifd%) showed that the local soil is entisol. Isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM-100mT/IRM1T) versus saturation IRM (SIRM) demonstrated that the background sample contains ferrimagnetic minerals, but with increasing SIRM, the concentration of soft magnetic magnetite-like phases increases and the magnetic particles are larger. Mrs./Ms. versus Bcr/Bc indicated that the magnetic particles sizes were probably between 120 and 1000 nm. Eu values and the mean Eu/Eu* and La/Al values clearly show that the airborne dust is most affected by oil industries, while passive dust samples primarily originated from local surface soils. These assumptions were confirmed by Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model results. The samples display a moderate level of oxidation towards ascorbic acid (OPAA) and glutathione (OPGSH). Regarding the passive and airborne dust samples, backward Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) modeling results display a significant positive
Wright SL, Ulke J, Font A, et al., 2020, Atmospheric microplastic deposition in an urban environment and an evaluation of transport, Environment International, Vol: 136, Pages: 105411-105411, ISSN: 0160-4120
Rivas I, Beddows DCS, Amato F, et al., 2020, Source apportionment of particle number size distribution in urban background and traffic stations in four European cities, Environment International, Vol: 135, Pages: 105345-105345, ISSN: 0160-4120
Meng Y, Kelly FJ, Wright SL, 2020, Advances and challenges of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A UK perspective, Environmental Pollution, Vol: 256, Pages: 113445-113445, ISSN: 0269-7491
Smith JD, Barratt BM, Fuller GW, et al., 2020, PM2.5 on the London Underground, Environment International, Vol: 134, Pages: 105188-105188, ISSN: 0160-4120
Smith RB, Beevers SD, Gulliver J, et al., 2020, Impacts of air pollution and noise on risk of preterm birth and stillbirth in London, ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, Vol: 134, ISSN: 0160-4120
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Carter E, Yan L, Fu Y, et al., 2020, Household transitions to clean energy in a multi-provincial cohort study in China, Nature Sustainability, Vol: 3, Pages: 42-50, ISSN: 2398-9629
Household solid fuel (biomass, coal) burning contributes to climate change and is a leading health risk factor. How and why households stop using solid fuel stoves after adopting clean fuels has not been studied. We assessed trends in the uptake, use, and suspension of household stoves and fuels in a multi-provincial cohort study of 753 Chinese adults and evaluated determinants of clean fuel uptake and solid fuel suspension. Over one-third (35%) and one-fifth (17%) of participants suspended use of solid fuel for cooking and heating, respectively, during the past 20 years. Determinants of solid fuel suspension (younger age, widowed) and of earlier suspension (younger age, higher education, and poor self-reported health status) differed from the determinants of clean fuel uptake (younger age, higher income, smaller households, and retired) and of earlier adoption (higher income). Clean fuel adoption and solid fuel suspension warrant joint consideration as indicators of household energy transition. Household energy research and planning efforts that more closely examine solid fuel suspension may accelerate household energy transitions that benefit climate and human health.
Kelly FJ, Fussell JC, 2020, Metabolomics as a tool to unravel the oxidative stress-induced toxicity of ambient air pollutants, OXIDATIVE STRESS: EUSTRESS AND DISTRESS, Editors: Sies, Publisher: ACADEMIC PRESS LTD-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, Pages: 463-488, ISBN: 978-0-12-818606-0
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Preston GW, Dagnino S, Ponzi E, et al., 2020, Relationships between airborne pollutants, serum albumin adducts and short-term health outcomes in an experimental crossover study, Chemosphere, Vol: 239, ISSN: 1879-1298
Exposure to air pollution can have both short-term and long-term effects on health. However, the relationships between specific pollutants and their effects can be obscured by characteristics of both the pollution and the exposed population. One way of elucidating the relationships is to link exposures and internal changes at the level of the individual. To this end, we combined personal exposure monitoring (59 individuals, Oxford Street II crossover study) with mass-spectrometry-based analyses of putative serum albumin adducts (fixed-step selected reaction monitoring). We attempted to infer adducts' identities using data from another, higher-resolution mass spectrometry method, and were able to detect a semi-synthetic standard with both methods. A generalised least squares regression method was used to test for associations between amounts of adducts and pollution measures (ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter), and between amounts of adducts and short-term health outcomes (measures of lung health and arterial stiffness). Amounts of some putative adducts (e.g., one with a positive mass shift of approximately 143Da) were associated with exposure to pollution (11 associations), and amounts of other adducts were associated with health outcomes (eight associations). Adducts did not appear to provide a link between exposures and short-term health outcomes.
Pettit C, Wentz E, Randolph B, et al., 2020, Tackling the Challenge of Growing Cities: An Informed Urbanisation Approach, OPEN CITIES | OPEN DATA: COLLABORATIVE CITIES IN THE INFORMATION ERA, Editors: Hawken, Han, Pettit, Publisher: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, Pages: 197-219, ISBN: 978-981-13-6604-8
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Kelly FJ, Levermore J, Wright S, 2020, Inhalable Microplastics: A New Cause for Concern?, Editors: Cocca, DiPace, Errico, Gentile, Montarsolo, Mossotti, Avella, Publisher: SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, Pages: 101-105, ISBN: 978-3-030-45908-6
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