Publications
588 results found
Sinharay R, Gong J, Barratt B, et al., 2018, Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to walking down a traffic-polluted road compared with walking in a traffic-free area in participants older than 60 years with chronic lung or heart disease and age-matched healthy controls: a randomised, crossover study (vol 391, pg 339, 2017), LANCET, Vol: 391, Pages: 308-308, ISSN: 0140-6736
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- Citations: 1
Liu S, Grigoryan H, Edmands WMB, et al., 2018, Cys34 Adductomes Differ between Patients with Chronic Lung or Heart Disease and Healthy Controls in Central London, Environmental Science and Technology (Washington), Vol: 52, Pages: 2307-2313, ISSN: 0013-936X
Oxidative stress generates reactive species that modify proteins, deplete antioxidant defenses, and contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). To determine whether protein modifications differ between COPD or IHD patients and healthy subjects, we performed untargeted analysis of adducts at the Cys34 locus of human serum albumin (HSA). Biospecimens were obtained from nonsmoking participants from London, U.K., including healthy subjects (n = 20) and patients with COPD (n = 20) or IHD (n = 10). Serum samples were digested with trypsin and analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Effects of air pollution on adduct levels were also investigated based on estimated residential exposures to PM2.5, O3 and NO2. For the 39 adducts with sufficient data, levels were essentially identical in blood samples collected from the same subjects on two consecutive days, consistent with the 28 day residence time of HSA. Multivariate linear regression revealed 21 significant associations, mainly with the underlying diseases but also with air-pollution exposures (p-value < 0.05). Interestingly, most of the associations indicated that adduct levels decreased with the presence of disease or increased pollutant concentrations. Negative associations of COPD and IHD with the Cys34 disulfide of glutathione and two Cys34 sulfoxidations, were consistent with previous results from smoking and nonsmoking volunteers and nonsmoking women exposed to indoor combustion of coal and wood.
Gulliver J, Morley D, Dunster C, et al., 2018, Land use regression models for the oxidative potential of fine particles (PM 2.5 ) in five European areas, Environmental Research, Vol: 160, Pages: 247-255, ISSN: 0013-9351
Sinharay R, Gong J, Barratt B, et al., 2017, Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to walking down a traffic-polluted road compared with walking in a traffic-free area in participants aged 60 years and older with chronic lung or heart disease and age-matched healthy controls: a randomised, crossover study, Lancet, Vol: 391, Pages: 339-349, ISSN: 0140-6736
BackgroundLong-term exposure to pollution can lead to an increase in the rate of decline of lung function, especially in older individuals and in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), whereas shorter-term exposure at higher pollution levels has been implicated in causing excess deaths from ischaemic heart disease and exacerbations of COPD. We aimed to assess the effects on respiratory and cardiovascular responses of walking down a busy street with high levels of pollution compared with walking in a traffic-free area with lower pollution levels in older adults.MethodsIn this randomised, crossover study, we recruited men and women aged 60 years and older with angiographically proven stable ischaemic heart disease or stage 2 Global initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) COPD who had been clinically stable for 6 months, and age-matched healthy volunteers. Individuals with ischaemic heart disease or COPD were recruited from existing databases or outpatient respiratory and cardiology clinics at the Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and age-matched healthy volunteers using advertising and existing databases. All participants had abstained from smoking for at least 12 months and medications were taken as recommended by participants' doctors during the study. Participants were randomly assigned by drawing numbered disks at random from a bag to do a 2 h walk either along a commercial street in London (Oxford Street) or in an urban park (Hyde Park). Baseline measurements of participants were taken before the walk in the hospital laboratory. During each walk session, black carbon, particulate matter (PM) concentrations, ultrafine particles, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were measured.FindingsBetween October, 2012, and June, 2014, we screened 135 participants, of whom 40 healthy volunteers, 40 individuals with COPD, and 39 with ischaemic heart disease were recruited. Concentrations of black carbon, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and ul
Smith RB, Fecht D, Gulliver J, et al., 2017, Impact of London's road traffic air and noise pollution on birth weight: retrospective population based cohort study, BMJ, Vol: 359, ISSN: 1756-1833
Objective To investigate the relation between exposure to both air and noise pollution from road traffic and birth weight outcomes.Design Retrospective population based cohort study.Setting Greater London and surrounding counties up to the M25 motorway (2317 km2), UK, from 2006 to 2010.Participants 540 365 singleton term live births.Main outcome measures Term low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA) at term, and term birth weight.Results Average air pollutant exposures across pregnancy were 41 μg/m3 nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 73 μg/m3 nitrogen oxides (NOx), 14 μg/m3 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), 23 μg/m3 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10), and 32 μg/m3 ozone (O3). Average daytime (LAeq,16hr) and night-time (Lnight) road traffic A-weighted noise levels were 58 dB and 53 dB respectively. Interquartile range increases in NO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, and source specific PM2.5 from traffic exhaust (PM2.5 traffic exhaust) and traffic non-exhaust (brake or tyre wear and resuspension) (PM2.5 traffic non-exhaust) were associated with 2% to 6% increased odds of term LBW, and 1% to 3% increased odds of term SGA. Air pollutant associations were robust to adjustment for road traffic noise. Trends of decreasing birth weight across increasing road traffic noise categories were observed, but were strongly attenuated when adjusted for primary traffic related air pollutants. Only PM2.5 traffic exhaust and PM2.5 were consistently associated with increased risk of term LBW after adjustment for each of the other air pollutants. It was estimated that 3% of term LBW cases in London are directly attributable to residential exposure to PM2.5>13.8 μg/m3during pregnancy.Conclusions The findings suggest that air pollution from road traffic in London is adversely affecting fetal growth. The results suggest little evidence for an independent exposure-response effect of traffic related noise on b
Wright SL, Kelly FJ, 2017, Threat to human health from environmental plastics, BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol: 358, Pages: 1-2, ISSN: 0959-535X
Camina N, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, 2017, Redox-active metals impact the highest oxidative potential values in the urban and roadside locations in London, European-Respiratory-Society (ERS) International Congress, Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Barratt B, Chatzidiakou L, Moore E, et al., 2017, Characterisation of COPD exacerbations using personal environmental exposure monitoring, European-Respiratory-Society (ERS) International Congress, Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Mann EH, Ho T-R, Pfeffer PE, et al., 2017, Vitamin D Counteracts an IL-23–Dependent IL-17A<sup>+</sup>IFN-<i>γ</i><sup>+</sup> Response Driven by Urban Particulate Matter, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Vol: 57, Pages: 355-366, ISSN: 1044-1549
Kelly FJ, Fussell JC, 2017, Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease outcomes following exposure to ambient air pollution, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol: 110, Pages: 345-367, ISSN: 0891-5849
Butland BK, Atkinson RW, Crichton S, et al., 2017, Air pollution and the incidence of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in the South London Stroke Register: a case–cross-over analysis, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol: 71, Pages: 707-712, ISSN: 0143-005X
Wright SL, Kelly FJ, 2017, Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue?, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol: 51, Pages: 6634-6647, ISSN: 0013-936X
Steyn M, Zitouni K, Kelly F, et al., 2017, Relationship of Glutathione Peroxidase Activity (GPx) to Sex-Specific Differences in Vascular Stiffness and Central Obesity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, 77th Scientific Sessions of the American-Diabetes-Association, Publisher: AMER DIABETES ASSOC, Pages: A121-A122, ISSN: 0012-1797
Szigeti T, Dunster C, Cattaneo A, et al., 2017, Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter characteristics within office buildings — The OFFICAIR study, Science of The Total Environment, Vol: 587-588, Pages: 59-67, ISSN: 0048-9697
Kelly FJ, Dempsey DJ, 2017, Experiences and Motives of Australian Single Mothers by Choice Who Make Early Contact with their Child’s Donor Relatives, Medical Law Review, Pages: fww038-fww038, ISSN: 0967-0742
Moreno T, Kelly FJ, Dunster C, et al., 2017, Oxidative potential of subway PM<sub>2.5</sub>, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 148, Pages: 230-238, ISSN: 1352-2310
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- Citations: 51
Thurston GD, Kipen H, Annesi-Maesano I, et al., 2017, A joint ERS/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? An analytical framework, European Respiratory Journal, Vol: 49, Pages: 1600419-1600419, ISSN: 0903-1936
<jats:p>The American Thoracic Society has previously published statements on what constitutes an adverse effect on health of air pollution in 1985 and 2000. We set out to update and broaden these past statements that focused primarily on effects on the respiratory system. Since then, many studies have documented effects of air pollution on other organ systems, such as on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. In addition, many new biomarkers of effects have been developed and applied in air pollution studies.</jats:p><jats:p>This current report seeks to integrate the latest science into a general framework for interpreting the adversity of the human health effects of air pollution. Rather than trying to provide a catalogue of what is and what is not an adverse effect of air pollution, we propose a set of considerations that can be applied in forming judgments of the adversity of not only currently documented, but also emerging and future effects of air pollution on human health. These considerations are illustrated by the inclusion of examples for different types of health effects of air pollution.</jats:p>
Halonen JI, Dehbi H-M, Hansell AL, et al., 2017, Associations of night-time road traffic noise with carotid intima-media thickness and blood pressure: The Whitehall II and SABRE study cohorts, Environment International, Vol: 98, Pages: 54-61, ISSN: 0160-4120
Camina N, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, 2017, Quantifying The Impact Of Ambient Ozone And Nitrogen Dioxide On The Oxidative Potential Of Urban Pm2.5, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society (ATS), Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Camina N, Green DC, Kelly FJ, et al., 2016, LOCAL SOURCES RATHER THAN INTERACTIONS WITH OXIDISING CO-POLLUTANT GASES DETERMINE THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN PARTICULATE MATTER OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A149-A149, ISSN: 0040-6376
Griffiths CJ, Mudway I, Wood H, et al., 2016, IMPACT OF THE LONDON LOW EMISSION ZONE ON CHILDREN'S RESPIRATORY HEALTH: A SEQUENTIAL YEARLY CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY 2008-2014, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A182-A182, ISSN: 0040-6376
Desikan A, Crichton S, Hoang U, et al., 2016, Effect of Exhaust- and Nonexhaust-Related Components of Particulate Matter on Long-Term Survival After Stroke, Stroke, Vol: 47, Pages: 2916-2922, ISSN: 0039-2499
<jats:sec> <jats:title>Background and Purpose—</jats:title> <jats:p>Outdoor air pollution represents a potentially modifiable risk factor for stroke. We examined the link between ambient pollution and mortality up to 5 years poststroke, especially for pollutants associated with vehicle exhaust.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods—</jats:title> <jats:p> Data from the South London Stroke Register, a population-based register covering an urban, multiethnic population, were used. Hazard ratios (HR) for a 1 interquartile range increase in particulate matter <2.5 µm diameter (PM <jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> ) and PM <10 µm (PM <jats:sub>10</jats:sub> ) were estimated poststroke using Cox regression, overall and broken down into exhaust and nonexhaust components. Analysis was stratified for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes and was further broken down by Oxford Community Stroke Project classification. </jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results—</jats:title> <jats:p> The hazard of death associated with PM <jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> up to 5 years after stroke was significantly elevated ( <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> =0.006) for all strokes (HR=1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.53) and ischemic strokes (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08–1.62). Within ischemic subtypes, PM <jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> pollution increased mortality risk for total anterior circulation infarcts by 2-fold (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.17–3.48; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> =0.012
Moore E, Hashmi M, Sultana K, et al., 2016, Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) to recruit participants from primary care to investigate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations., British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2016
Moore EA, Chatzidiakou L, Kuku M-O, et al., 2016, Global associations between air pollutants and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations: a systematic review, European Respiratory Society Congress 2016, Publisher: European Respiratory Society, Pages: PA1126-PA1126, ISSN: 0903-1936
Background: COPD exacerbations (AECOPD) affect lung function decline and quality of life. The effect of exposure to different air pollutants on AECOPD is unclear.Aim: We systematically reviewed the literature examining associations between air pollutants and hospital admissions for AECOPD.Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS & Science Citation Index were searched until September 2015. Inclusion criteria focused on studies presenting solely a COPD outcome defined by hospital admissions, and a measure of gaseous air pollutants and particle fractions. The association between each pollutant with COPD admissions was investigated in meta-analyses using random-effects models. Analyses were stratified by geographical clusters to investigate the evidence worldwide.Results: 46 studies were included and results showed marginal positive associations. The number of included studies was small with high heterogeneity between them and there was evidence of small-study bias. Geographical clustering of the effects of pollution on COPD hospital admissions was evident and reduced heterogeneity significantly. The most consistent association was between a 1mg/m3 increase in carbon monoxide levels with COPD related admissions; Odds Ratio: 1.2 (95%CI: 1.01-1.03).Conclusions: There is mixed evidence on the effects of pollution on AECOPD. Limitations of previous studies include the low spatio-temporal resolution of pollutants, inadequate control for confounding factors, and the use of aggregated health data that ignore personal characteristics. The need for personal exposure monitoring in a large number of geographical locations is evident.
Smith JD, Mitsakou C, Kitwiroon N, et al., 2016, London Hybrid Exposure Model: Improving Human Exposure Estimates to NO<sub>2</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> in an Urban Setting, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol: 50, Pages: 11760-11768, ISSN: 0013-936X
Camina N, Ho T-R, Hawrylowicz CM, et al., 2016, Urban Particulate Matter Collected During Ozone Episodes Has an Enhanced Capacity to Drive Dendritic Cell Maturation, Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Pages: S52-S52, ISSN: 0891-5849
Kelly FJ, 2016, Twin problems of climate change and air pollution, BMJ, Pages: i5620-i5620
Wragg FPH, Fuller SJ, Freshwater R, et al., 2016, An automated online instrument to quantify aerosol-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) for ambient measurement and health-relevant aerosol studies, ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, Vol: 9, Pages: 4891-4900, ISSN: 1867-1381
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- Citations: 40
Walton RT, Mudway IS, Dundas I, et al., 2016, Air pollution, ethnicity and telomere length in east London schoolchildren: An observational study, Environ Int, Vol: 96, Pages: 41-47, ISSN: 1873-6750
BACKGROUND: Short telomeres are associated with chronic disease and early mortality. Recent studies in adults suggest an association between telomere length and exposure to particulate matter, and that ethnicity may modify the relationship. However associations in children are unknown. OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between air pollution and telomere length in an ethnically diverse group of children exposed to high levels of traffic derived pollutants, particularly diesel exhaust, and to environmental tobacco smoke. METHODS: Oral DNA from 333 children (8-9years) participating in a study on air quality and respiratory health in 23 inner city London schools was analysed for relative telomere length using monochrome multiplex qPCR. Annual, weekly and daily exposures to nitrogen oxides and particulate matter were obtained from urban dispersion models (2008-10) and tobacco smoke by urinary cotinine. Ethnicity was assessed by self-report and continental ancestry by analysis of 28 random genomic markers. We used linear mixed effects models to examine associations with telomere length. RESULTS: Telomere length increased with increasing annual exposure to NOx (model coefficient 0.003, [0.001, 0.005], p<0.001), NO2 (0.009 [0.004, 0.015], p<0.001), PM2.5 (0.041, [0.020, 0.063], p<0.001) and PM10 (0.096, [0.044, 0.149], p<0.001). There was no association with environmental tobacco smoke. Telomere length was increased in children reporting black ethnicity (22% [95% CI 10%, 36%], p<0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Pollution exposure is associated with longer telomeres in children and genetic ancestry is an important determinant of telomere length. Further studies should investigate both short and long-term associations between pollutant exposure and telomeres in childhood and assess underlying mechanisms.
Kelly FJ, Fussell JC, 2016, Health effects of airborne particles in relation to composition, size and source, Airborne Particulate Matter: Sources, Atmospheric Processes and Health, Editors: Harrison, Hester, Querol, Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry, Pages: 344-382, ISBN: 9781782624912
Uncertainty regarding the sources and chemical/physical properties of particular matter (PM) responsible for adverse health effects remains, despite momentous research efforts. The ambitious 10 year US NPACT initiative is deemed to have made a valuable contribution to the policy arena by demonstrating that no particle components can as yet be conclusively ruled out as not having an effect on public health. Upon focusing on studies conducted in different regions of world, within air sheds that vary with respect to a PM composition, size and source the very complex issue of differential toxicity is reaffirmed. Not only are individual PM characteristics and sources associated with certain effects in some locations and not in others but also, strengths of associations between effects and individual chemical components of the ambient mix vary from one effect to another. To further our understanding so that we can definitively conclude, or otherwise, that additional indicators have a role in protecting public health more effectively than the targeting total PM mass, comparison and synthesis of existing data through systematic reviews and quantitative meta-analysis must continue. Future studies should embrace refined modeling techniques and PM speciation data, enhance individual and population indoor/outdoor exposure, incorporate specific disease categories and better define susceptible individuals. Regionally specific studies are also needed to predict the impact of effective and sustainable control strategies. Owing to future population growth and increased ambient PM2.5 concentrations, mortality from air pollution has been estimated to double by 2050—a statistic that calls for global air quality control measures, informed by sophisticated developments in research, and interpretation of the latter into region-specific clean air policies.
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